No description available.

Apesar da evolução tecnológica, estudos sobre a estabilidade de nutrientes em alimentos preparados em Serviços de Alimentação têm recebido pouca atenção. No entanto, é cada vez maior o número de pessoas que fazem suas refeições nestes estabelecimentos. Uma vez que o conteúdo em vitaminas é um dos fatores mais importantes na determinação da qualidade dos alimentos processados, o objetivo deste estudo foi definir métodos de análise quantitativa para tiamina, riboflavina e ácido nicotínico por CLAE em carnes, para, então, avaliar a influência da preparação em Serviço de Alimentação sobre o conteúdo destas vitaminas em diferentes cortes de carnes bovina, suína e de frango. Objetivou-se também avaliar a estabilidade das vitaminas citadas após métodos de preparação tradicionais comparados com métodos de preparação em forno combinado (um dos equipamentos de cocção mais modernos utilizados em Serviço de Alimentação). As amostras de carnes foram grelhadas, fritas, assadas e refogadas ou cozidas sem imersão em água utilizando-se o forno combinado e também equipamentos industriais de modelo convencional. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a tiamina foi a vitamina mais afetada pelos métodos de preparo em Serviço de Alimentação (47,2 a 84,7% de retenção em carne bovina; 49,6 a 79,8% de retenção em carne suína e 53,7 a 81,1% de retenção em carne de frango). Para riboflavina as porcentagens de retenção foram de 69,3% a 91,4% em carne bovina; 71,8% a 92,7% em carne suína e 60,1 a 92,3% em carne de frango. A estabilidade do ácido nicotínico foi, de um modo geral, maior em carne bovina (60,7 a 91,5% de retenção), intermediária em carne de frango (65,1 a 84,4% de retenção) e menor em carne suína (62, 8 a 77,0% de retenção). Para a grande maioria das preparações, o uso do forno combinado (em comparação com os equipamentos convencionais) preservou mais as três vitaminas, sugerindo que este equipamento é a melhor opção para preparação de carnes bovina, suína e de frango quando se deseja uma maior estabilidade destas vitaminas. Nos três tipos de carnes preparadas de formas semelhantes as perdas das vitaminas foram associadas às perdas de umidade e às condições de preparo das carnes / Despite the progress achieved, studies on nutrient retention in food service preparation have not received much attention. However, more and more people eat at these places. Since vitamin content is one of the most important factors in determining processed food quality, the objetive of this study was to define quantitative analysis methods for thiamin, riboflavin and nicotinic acid by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in meat in order to evaluate the influence of food service preparation on the content of these vitamins on different beef, pork and chicken cuts. Another objeticve was to evaluate these vitamins\' retention under conventional preparation methods, compared to combined oven, one of the most modern cooking methods used in food service. Samples of meat were charbroiled, fried, roasted and cooked without water in a combined oven and in conventional equipments. The results showed that thiamin was the vitamin most affected by the food service preparation methods (47.2 to 84,7% of retention in beef; 49.6 to 79.8% of retention in pork and 53.7 to 81.1% of retention in chicken). Riboflavin content retention was from 69.3 to 91.4% in beef; 71.8 to 92.7% in pork and 60.1 to 92.3% in chicken. Nicotinic acid retention was, in general, higher in beef (60.7 to 91.5%), medium in chicken (65.1 to 84.4%) and lower in pork (62.8 to 77.0%). For most preparations, the use of combined oven preserved the three vitamins better than the other conventional equipments. The results obtained indicate that, as far as food service is concerned, the combined oven is the best option for beef, pork and chicken preparation when a greater thiamin, riboflavin and nicotinic acid stability is desired. In the three types of meat prepared in a similar manner, vitamins losses were associated to moisture loss and to the conditions of meat preparation

This study resituates the twentieth-century origins of lifestyle reform movements by examining the cultural politics of nourishment in the Tokugawa period (1600-1868), when the move toward a shared, authoritative, and seemingly objective system of dietary reform began to take shape, apart from the influence of modern nutritional sciences or the nation-state. A host of popular writers adapted older knowledge on medicine and longevity to communicate rules for dietary conduct that could apply across the spectrum of status and class. The celebration of nourishment in the emerging cultural marketplace of Tokugawa Japan in part represented an attempt to bring society back into alignment through a rhetoric that bundled self-regulation, morality, and individual and collective prosperity into a holistic sense of what the body could become in the world when properly fueled. Surrendering to a desire for the delicious was tantamount to shirking one’s duty, inviting disease, and weakening not only the individual body but the household as well. This tension between self-regulation and an expanded, socially embedded conception of bodily care became the animating logic behind the dispensation and reception of dietary advice in Japan from the eighteenth century on. As the core component in a system of healthy being, nourishing life in late-Tokugawa Japan transcended the personal longevity regimens from which it had once originated to become a perceived cure for social ills. Developments in the Tokugawa and Meiji periods reveal an ongoing tension between a universal healthy diet rooted in human physiology and Japan-specific nutritional standards meant to apply only locally. This study seeks to demonstrate how difficult it can be to isolate and identify a Japanese diet in light of waves of historical change, not only in patterns of eating but in thought and motivation behind competing visions of what to eat and why. Each new iteration of advice represents another attempt to distill and communicate priorities that often extend beyond immediate physiological concerns of bodily care. Following dietary guidance into the past compels us to think of nourishment not as a progression to an increasingly sophisticated and complete understanding of the ways in which food affects how the body performs in the world, but as a contingent struggle between systems of self-care with their own logics, claims to efficacy, and extra-physiological concerns rooted in the historical contexts from which they emerged. Chapter One examines Kaibara Ekiken’s (1630-1714) Precepts on Nourishing Life (Yōjōkun, 1713), a text that marked a turning point at which previously esoteric principles of health migrated from medical systems to an emerging popular culture of nourishment. By the end of the Tokugawa period, Yōjōkun had become both a set of specific principles recorded by Ekiken and a “brand” that others could use to legitimize their own dietary sensibilities. Ekiken carved out a new position from the earlier Chinese and Japanese longevity texts from which he drew inspiration, adapting a model of alimentary choice and personal responsibility to his own historical moment. Chapter Two explores the rise of new knowledge, new knowledge makers, and new knowledge consumers in vernacular dietary guidebooks. These guides changed the implicit structure of authority between ordinary people and those from whom they sought advice on health. Assertions that guidebooks alone could provide all the care one needed altered the terms of the relationship between everyday readers and experts by inserting a new layer of access to knowledge without the need for firsthand consultation. Despite emerging from the realm of medical knowledge, new nourishing life (yōjō) manuals betrayed a growing skepticism of doctors and medicinal healing, subordinating them to preventive nourishment regimens. Chapter Three investigates how the commercial publishing culture of late Tokugawa Japan created a venue for non-specialist authors to comment on the social place of the well-nourished body developed in nourishing life guides. Literary storybooks explored the moral and economic dimensions of health, highlighting excess, gluttony, wealth, and income disparity as themes in who should or could eat what. The chapter focuses on two ‘tales of the stomach,’ which aimed to demystify digestion and the workings of the inner body by personifying foods and bodily responses to them. I argue for a more expansive view of food publications in the Tokugawa period, as well as an understanding of didacticism inclusive enough to account for shared dietary themes across genres. Chapter Four concludes the dissertation by tracing the encounter between Tokugawa dietary health and Western scientific nutrition in the Meiji period (1868-1912), as the fledgling Japanese empire negotiated its new position vis-à-vis the West on political, cultural, and corporeal grounds. The new nutritional sciences were a novel departure from the norms of dietary thinking not only in Japan but in Europe and America, where views on diet had been largely commensurable with those of nourishing life until around the middle of the nineteenth century. Late Meiji doctor Ishizuka Sagen and the civil organizations founded to advance his ideas were among the first to use a “chemical theory of nutrition” to challenge new norms of Western science by evoking a traditionalist vision of a Japanese diet of brown rice, whole grains, miso, and vegetables. Yet vernacular advice persisted as the medium for recording and communicating nourishment to the public, and Tokugawa understandings of yōjō continued to live on in new forms.

Yeung Chi-wang. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-144). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract (in English) --- p.i / Abstract (in Chinese) --- p.iv / Acknowledgement --- p.vi / Contents --- p.vii / List of Figures --- p.xi / List of Tables --- p.xiii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature review --- p.3 / Chapter 2.1 --- Nutritional facts of fish --- p.3 / Chapter 2.2 --- Aroma of fish --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Carbonyls and alcohols --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Sulphur-containing compounds --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Bromophenols --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Hydrocarbons --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Off flavor in fish --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Autoxidation of fish meat --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- (Z)-4-heptenal in cooked and stored fish --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Volatile acids --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3 --- Salted-dried fish in Hong Kong --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Salted-dried fish used in this study --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Salting methods of the salted-dried fish used in this study --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Salting method used in Tai O --- p.15 / Chapter 2.4 --- Aroma analysis --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Extraction methods --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4.1.1 --- Steam distillation methods --- p.20 / Chapter 2.4.1.2 --- Solvent extraction methods --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4.1.3 --- Headspace methods --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Screening of important aroma contributing volatile compounds --- p.23 / Chapter 2.5 --- Overview --- p.26 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Method Development --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2 --- Methodology --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Reproducibility of injection mode --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Optimization of the sample preparation procedure --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with cooled injection system (GC-MS-CIS) --- p.30 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Reproducibility of the cooled injection system --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Efficiency of different injection modes --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Optimal equilibrium Time --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Conclusion --- p.37 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Volatile compounds in the headspace of salted-dried fish --- p.38 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.38 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.39 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.39 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Headspace analysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) --- p.42 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- "Identification, quantification and odor activity values (OAV) of compounds" --- p.43 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.44 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.45 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Headspace profiles of three salted-dried fishes in Hong Kong --- p.45 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Aldehydes and alcohols --- p.63 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Hydrocarbons and ketones --- p.66 / Chapter 4.3.1.3 --- Nitrogen- (N-)containing and sulfur- (S-)containing compounds --- p.68 / Chapter 4.3.1.4 --- "Esters, furans and pyrazines" --- p.72 / Chapter 4.3.1.5 --- "Acids, pyrroles and pyridine" --- p.73 / Chapter 4.3.1.6 --- Important aroma contributing compounds in salted-dried fish --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Influence of steaming on the salted-dried fish headspace --- p.75 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Difference in the headspace of salted-dried fish purchased between the first and second year --- p.76 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Influence of salting methods on the salted-dried fish aroma --- p.76 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Difference between salted-dried fish purchased at Sai Wan and Tai O --- p.78 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- Difference between salted-dried fish produced from difference fish species --- p.78 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusion --- p.79 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Aroma active compounds in salted-dried fish --- p.81 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.81 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.82 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.82 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Gas chromatography static headspace analysis and olfactometry GC-SHA-O and aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) --- p.84 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Compound identification --- p.85 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Calculation of flavor dilution (FD) factor --- p.85 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.86 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Aroma active compounds in salted-dried fish --- p.86 / Chapter 5.3.1.1 --- Strong and Potent aromas --- p.87 / Chapter 5.3.1.2 --- Roasted aromatic aromas --- p.94 / Chapter 5.3.1.3 --- Floral aromas --- p.95 / Chapter 5.3.1.4 --- Vegetative aromas --- p.96 / Chapter 5.3.1.5 --- Penetrating aromas --- p.97 / Chapter 5.3.1.6 --- Common aromas --- p.98 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Characteristic of aroma active compounds between steamed and non-steamed salted-dried fish --- p.99 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Differences in aroma active compounds between regular and delayed salted-dried fish --- p.100 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Characteristic aroma of different species of salted-dried fish --- p.105 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- Characteristic aroma of salted-dried fish purchased at Sai Wan and Tai O --- p.108 / Chapter 5.3.6 --- Characteristic aroma of salted-dried fish purchased in 2001 and 2002 --- p.108 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusion --- p.108 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Important volatile compounds in salted-dried fish --- p.112 / Chapter 6.1 --- Comparison between OAV and SHA-O --- p.112 / Chapter 6.2 --- Overall conclusion --- p.114 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Effects of steaming on salted-dried fish aroma --- p.114 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Effects of salting methods on salted-dried fish aroma --- p.117 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Characteristics aroma of salted-dried fish prepared from different fish species --- p.120 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Characteristics aroma of salted-dried fish purchased from different locations --- p.120 / Chapter 6.2.5 --- Characteristics aroma of salted-dried fish purchased from different periods --- p.125 / References --- p.128 / Appendix --- p.145

Apesar da evolução tecnológica, estudos sobre a estabilidade de nutrientes em alimentos preparados em Serviços de Alimentação têm recebido pouca atenção. No entanto, é cada vez maior o número de pessoas que fazem suas refeições nestes estabelecimentos. Uma vez que o conteúdo em vitaminas é um dos fatores mais importantes na determinação da qualidade dos alimentos processados, o objetivo deste estudo foi definir métodos de análise quantitativa para tiamina, riboflavina e ácido nicotínico por CLAE em carnes, para, então, avaliar a influência da preparação em Serviço de Alimentação sobre o conteúdo destas vitaminas em diferentes cortes de carnes bovina, suína e de frango. Objetivou-se também avaliar a estabilidade das vitaminas citadas após métodos de preparação tradicionais comparados com métodos de preparação em forno combinado (um dos equipamentos de cocção mais modernos utilizados em Serviço de Alimentação). As amostras de carnes foram grelhadas, fritas, assadas e refogadas ou cozidas sem imersão em água utilizando-se o forno combinado e também equipamentos industriais de modelo convencional. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a tiamina foi a vitamina mais afetada pelos métodos de preparo em Serviço de Alimentação (47,2 a 84,7% de retenção em carne bovina; 49,6 a 79,8% de retenção em carne suína e 53,7 a 81,1% de retenção em carne de frango). Para riboflavina as porcentagens de retenção foram de 69,3% a 91,4% em carne bovina; 71,8% a 92,7% em carne suína e 60,1 a 92,3% em carne de frango. A estabilidade do ácido nicotínico foi, de um modo geral, maior em carne bovina (60,7 a 91,5% de retenção), intermediária em carne de frango (65,1 a 84,4% de retenção) e menor em carne suína (62, 8 a 77,0% de retenção). Para a grande maioria das preparações, o uso do forno combinado (em comparação com os equipamentos convencionais) preservou mais as três vitaminas, sugerindo que este equipamento é a melhor opção para preparação de carnes bovina, suína e de frango quando se deseja uma maior estabilidade destas vitaminas. Nos três tipos de carnes preparadas de formas semelhantes as perdas das vitaminas foram associadas às perdas de umidade e às condições de preparo das carnes / Despite the progress achieved, studies on nutrient retention in food service preparation have not received much attention. However, more and more people eat at these places. Since vitamin content is one of the most important factors in determining processed food quality, the objetive of this study was to define quantitative analysis methods for thiamin, riboflavin and nicotinic acid by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in meat in order to evaluate the influence of food service preparation on the content of these vitamins on different beef, pork and chicken cuts. Another objeticve was to evaluate these vitamins\' retention under conventional preparation methods, compared to combined oven, one of the most modern cooking methods used in food service. Samples of meat were charbroiled, fried, roasted and cooked without water in a combined oven and in conventional equipments. The results showed that thiamin was the vitamin most affected by the food service preparation methods (47.2 to 84,7% of retention in beef; 49.6 to 79.8% of retention in pork and 53.7 to 81.1% of retention in chicken). Riboflavin content retention was from 69.3 to 91.4% in beef; 71.8 to 92.7% in pork and 60.1 to 92.3% in chicken. Nicotinic acid retention was, in general, higher in beef (60.7 to 91.5%), medium in chicken (65.1 to 84.4%) and lower in pork (62.8 to 77.0%). For most preparations, the use of combined oven preserved the three vitamins better than the other conventional equipments. The results obtained indicate that, as far as food service is concerned, the combined oven is the best option for beef, pork and chicken preparation when a greater thiamin, riboflavin and nicotinic acid stability is desired. In the three types of meat prepared in a similar manner, vitamins losses were associated to moisture loss and to the conditions of meat preparation

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1995. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted.

Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1995. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted.

The concept of flow injection (PIA), introduced as a simple and convenient principle, has established itself as a well defined analytical technique. With achievement and improvement of FIA as a general analytical laboratory technique, on-site monitoring and process analysis becomes a reality. It introduces a great improvement in the objectivity of the analysis, accuracy of the analytical information and greatly enhances the rate of the analytical process. The aim of this research was to determine the content of selected substances of biological importance from food industry (chloride, zinc, a-amylase), and also from the pharmaceutical industry (paracetamol). The importance of adopting FIA systems for these purposes is to increase the objectivity and the speed of their determination, and also to give the possibility of on-line assay. Because only reliable methods can be automated, it was necessary to choose between the methods available for the assay of chloride, zinc, a-amylase and paracetamol. The next step was to optimize the FIA system, and after it to evaluate the FIA/spectrophotometric systems. The results obtained for all substances proved a high reliability. The sample rate was high. Practically no sample interaction was recorded. These characteristics obtained for the proposed methods made them suitable to be used on-line in food and pharmaceutical industry, respectively. / Dissertation (MSc (Chemistry))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Chemistry / unrestricted