A diversidade de frutas produzidas no Brasil constituiu-se numa alternativa de consumo quando industrializadas na forma de farinha tornando-se fonte de compostos bioativos, fibra alimentar e minerais. Podem ainda, ter seu uso inserido como ingrediente no desenvolvimento de novos produtos alimentícios mais saudáveis e isentos ou com reduzido teor de glúten. O presente trabalho objetivou a caracterização, estudo da composição química e qualidade nutricional de farinhas comerciais de frutas, bem como, o uso da tecnologia de imagem digital para estabelecer seus padrões de colorações. Coletaram-se 10 diferentes farinhas comerciais de frutas sendo elas, açaí (AÇ), ameixa (AM), banana verde (BV), coco (CO), laranja (LA), limão (LI), maçã (MA), mamão (MM), maracujá (MR) e uva (UV) e para cada tipo de farinha três lotes distintos foram avaliados. Realizaram-se as medidas em triplicata dos parâmetros de umidade, atividade de água, resíduo mineral fixo, proteínas, fibra alimentar (duplicata), pH, minerais como Cu (cobre), Fe (ferro), Zn (zinco), Mn (manganês), Na (sódio), K (potássio), Ca (cálcio), Mg (magnésio), P (fósforo), Co (cobalto), Cd (cádmio), Cr (cromo), Pb (chumbo), teor de vitamina C, conteúdo total de antocianinas, potencial antioxidante (DPPH, ABTS), cor instrumental no espaço de cor (CIE L*a*b*; CIE C*h* e XYZ. As imagens dos 10 tipos de farinhas comerciais de frutas foram obtidas por câmara digital sendo processadas em software desenvolvido conforme formas de programação para o estudo das imagens digitais. Outras características das farinhas comerciais de frutas foram provenientes de informações analíticas instrumentais: difratometria de Raios-X, espectroscopia na região de absorção no infravermelho, e estudo por termogravimetria. O teor de umidade para todas as farinhas comerciais de frutas estudadas apresentou-se abaixo de 15 % e a atividade de água (Aw) foi inferior a 0,5000 demonstrando que as farinhas apresentavam estabilidade microbiológica. O pH mostrou-se variável de acordo com características oriundas de cada fruta. Para o conteúdo de cinzas, observou-se variação de 1,93 % ± 0,8 (MA) a 6,53 % ± 0,14 (MR). O conteúdo de proteínas variou de 1,59 % ± 0,09 (MA) e 6,59 % ± 0,86 (MR). O maior conteúdo de fibra alimentar foi encontrado na farinha comercial de coco (9,40 % ± 1,98), porém, não diferiu estatisticamente da farinha comercial de laranja (7,63 % ±0,81). Para a (LA) destacou-se o conteúdo mineral de Ca (412,81 mg.100g-1 ± 86,12) enquanto que (MM) apresentou maior teor do mineral K (952,11 mg.100g-1 ± 35,11) e Zn (2,67 mg.100g-1 ± 0,62) para (CO). Os minerais Fe e P (10,96 mg.100g-1 ± 3,08 e 107,06 mg.100g-1 ±51,59, respectivamente) prevaleceram para (UV). Para a análise de vitamina C os resultados encontrados refletem sua instabilidade perante as condições de exposição a temperatura e luz, principalmente, sendo que, o maior teor encontrado foi para AÇ (0,061±0,01 mg.100g-1). Para a metodologia de DPPH a variação foi de 0,035 ± 0,029 a 0,921 ± 0,063 μMTE. g-1 para (UV) e (MR), respectivamente, e, pela metodologia de ABTS foi de 1,135 ± 0,257 e 12,730 ± 1,914 μM Trolox.g-1 para CO e LI, respectivamente. Quanto aos resultados de antocianinas o maior valor observado foi para (CO) (1,132 mg.100g-1) não diferindo estatisticamente das demais amostras analisadas. O conteúdo de antioxidantes, bem como, o conteúdo total de antocianinas apresentou-se relativamente baixo, provavelmente devido ao processamento e condições inadequadas de armazenagem de tais amostras. A análise de espectroscopia de absorção por infravermelho revelou semelhanças de grupos funcionais (OH, C-H, C-O, C-C, 6 C-OH, CH2 e amido) quando comparamos as farinhas comerciais de frutas e farinha de trigo comercial tipo 1. A análise de difração de Raios X possibilitou uma tentativa de atribuição de cristalinidade. Sendo classificadas em tipo A as farinhas comerciais de (AÇ, AM, BV e MR); Tipo B a (BV); Tipos C as farinhas comerciais de (UV, MA e MM); e, as farinhas de (MM, CO, LA e LI) foram classificadas no Tipo V. A análise termogravimétrica possibilitou resultados que remetem ao uso industrial das farinhas em estudo, para a produção de produtos de panificação, podendo ser aquecidas acima de 180 °C, sendo que, o evento de degradação com maior temperatura foi observado para (CO; 442 °C). Considerando as características de cor resultante para os diferentes espaços de canais de cor (L*, a*, b*; H, S, V; L, U, V e X, Y, Z) para cada farinha avaliada neste estudo os dados mostraram ser de propriedade intrínseca da fruta que as origina se estabelecendo um sistema médio de cor que indicou uniformidade de amostra nos diversos lotes individuais de cada farinha. E, ainda, uma análise estatística de correlação entre o comparativo de cor instrumental e a aplicação da tecnologia de imagem digital indicou ser possível estabelecer uma correlação positiva para o conjunto de pigmentos bioativos, em particular, os dados de antocianinas, exceto para (CO). Os parâmetros físico-químicos determinados no presente estudo foram eficientes na análise da qualidade técnica e do perfil nutricional das farinhas comerciais de frutas e demonstraram que podem ser uma alternativa para enriquecer a alimentação da população tornando-a mais saudável e equilibrada. / The diversity of fruits produced in Brazil constitutes an alternative of consumption when industrialized in the form of flour, becoming a source of dietary bioactive compounds, fiber and minerals. They can also be used as an ingredient in the development of new, healthier and gluten-free food products. The present work aimed at the characterization, the study of chemical composition and nutritional quality of commercial fruit flour, as well as the use of digital image technology to establish a comparison their coloring patterns. Ten different samples of commercial fruit flour were collected and they were açaí (AÇ), plum (AM), green banana (BV), coconut (CO), orange (LA), lemon (LI), apple (MA), papaya (MM), passion fruit (MR) and grape (UV), and for each type of flour, three different batches were evaluated. The measurement of parameters were performed in triplicate for moisture, water activity, fixed mineral residue, proteins, dietary fiber (duplicate), pH, minerals like Cu (copper), Fe (iron), Zn (zinc), Mn (manganese), Na (sodium), K (potassium), Ca (calcium), Mg (magnesium), P (phosphorus), Co (cobalt), Cd (cadmium), Cr (chromium), Pb (cead), vitamin C content, total content of anthocyanins, antioxidant potential (DPPH, ABTS), instrumental color in color space CIE L*a*b*; CIE C*h* e XYZ. The images were obtained by digital camera and processed in software developed according to forms of programming for the study of digital imaging. Other characteristics of commercial fruit flours were derived from instrumental analytical information: X-ray diffractometry, spectroscopy in the infrared absorption region and study by thermogravimetry. The moisture content for all commercial fruit flour studied was below 15 % and the water activity (Aw) was less than 0.5000, demonstrating that the flours presented microbiological stability. The pH was variable according to the characteristics of each fruit. For the ashes content, it was observed a variation from 1.93 % ± 0.8 (MA) to 6.53 % ± 0.14 (MR). The protein content varied from 1.59 % ± 0.09 (MA) to 6.59 % ± 0.86 (MR). The highest dietary fiber content was found in the coconut commercial flour (9.40 % ±1.98). Although, it did not differ statistically from the orange commercial flour (7.63 % ± 0,81). For (LA), the Ca mineral content (412.81mg.100g-1 ±86.12) was highlighted, while (MM) presented higher K mineral content (952.11mg.100g-1 ±35.11) and Zn (2.67 mg.100g-1 ± 0.62) for (CO). Fe and P minerals (10.96 mg.100g-1 ± 3.08 and 107.06 mg.100g-1 ± 51.59, respectively) prevailed for (UV). For the analysis of vitamin C, the results found reflect its instability in the conditions of exposure to temperature and light, mainly considering that the highest content found was for (AÇ) (0.061 ± 0.01 mg.100g-1). For the DPPH methodology, the variation was of 0.035 ± 0.029 to 0.921 ± 0.063 μMTE.g-1 for (UV) and (MR), respectively and, by the ABTS methodology was of 1.135±0.257 and 12.730 ± 1.914 μM Trolox.g-1 for (CO) and (LI), respectively. Regarding the anthocyanins results, the highest value was observed for (CO) (1.132 mg.100g), which did not differ statistically from the other samples analyzed. The antioxidant content as well as the total anthocyanin content was relatively low, probably due to inadequate processing and storage conditions of such samples. The analysis of infrared absorption spectroscopy revealed similarities of functional groups (OH, C-H, C-O, C-C, C-OH, CH2 and starch) when compared to commercial fruit flours and wheat flour type 1. The X-ray diffraction analysis enabled an attempt to assign crystallinity being classified in type A the commercial flours of 8 (AÇ, AM, BV and MR); Type B the commercial flour (BV). Type C the commercial flours of (UV, MA e MM); and the flours of (MM, CO, LA and LI) were classified as type V. The thermogravimetric analysis allowed results that refer to the use of these flours under study for a production of bakery products, which can be heated above 180 °C, and the highest temperature degradation event was observed for (CO; 442 °C). Considering the resulting color characteristics for the different color channel spaces (L*, a*, b*; H, S, V; L, U, V e X, Y, Z) for each flour evaluated in this study the data showed to be of intrinsic property of the fruit that originates them, establishing a medium color system that indicated sample uniformity in the several individual each batches of flour. Also, a statistical analysis of the correlation between instrumental color comparison and the application of digital imaging technology indicated that it is possible to establish a positive correlation with the bioactive compounds, especially anthocyanins, data except for (CO). The physicochemical parameters determined in the present study were efficient in the analysis of the technical quality and nutritional profile of commercial fruit flours and demonstrated that they can be an alternative to enrich the food of the population making it healthier and more balanced.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-23T16:26:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AMANDA MARIA TENÓRIO DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2013..pdf: 1397750 bytes, checksum: b6766de376b80097dc0bfc537bab8aa0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-23T16:26:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AMANDA MARIA TENÓRIO DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2013..pdf: 1397750 bytes, checksum: b6766de376b80097dc0bfc537bab8aa0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Face ao aumento de peso e ao aparecimento de doenças cardiovasculares na população mundial em decorrência do consumo de alimentos altamente calóricos, o desenvolvimento de alimentos com baixo ou reduzido teor de gordura e ricos em fibras torna-se essencial. Desta forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de iogurte com propriedades funcionais utilizando fibra solúvel e a Bifidumbacterium lactis com efeito probiótico, promovendo a saúde e não a cura de doenças. O processo de fermentação foi preservado até atingir um pH de 4,6 para uma temperatura controlada de 40 °C. Foram realizadas análises físicas e físicoquímicas: cor; viscosidade aparente; pH; acidez expressa em ácido láctico, teor de extrato seco total e desengordurado; teor de gordura do iogurte produzido e o estudo do armazenamento do produto pós-acidificação. Foi determinada a viabilidade das bactérias lácticas tradicionais (Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus), com combinação com a bactéria probiótica (Bifidobacterium lactis) durante teste de vida útil do produto por quarenta e cinco dias. Foram realizados testes sensoriais de aceitação com provadores treinados. O pH do iogurte produzido foi de 4,45 com viscosidade de 1 minuto e 37 segundos e foi verificado alteração da acidez no 45º dia e pela equipe de degustadores alterou-se o ciclo de vida útil. / In view of the increased weight and cardiovascular diseases in the world population as a result of consumption of high-calorie food, the development of foods with low or reduced fat and high in fiber becomes critical. Thus, this work aimed at the development of functional properties using yogurt with soluble fiber and Bifidumbacterium lactis with probiotic effect, promoting health rather than curing diseases. The fermentation process was maintained until reaching a pH of 4.6 to a controlled temperature of 40°C. Analyses physical and physical-chemical properties: color, viscosity, pH, acidity expressed as lactic acid, content of total solids and degreased;-fat yogurt produced and the study of the storage of the product after acidification. It was determined the viability of traditional lactic bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus) in combination with probiotic bacteria (Bifidobacterium lactis) for testing the product life of forty-five days. Tests were conducted with sensory acceptance trained panelists. The pH of the yoghurt produced with a viscosity of 4.45 was 1 minute and 37 seconds, and change of acidity was observed on the 45th day and by the team of panelists changed cycle life.

<p>The development of reliable, robust and low-cost sensor devices is growing in importance and an ongoing challenge. From environmental monitoring and household safety to food and biopharmaceutical industries, the necessity for specific analyte detection is crucial. Over the years researchers have come up with myriad materials that can be used for efficient sensing devices. The materials employed are governed by application and performance criteria as well as the sensing mechanism, which might be based on physical or chemical principles. In this thesis, two different types of electrochemical sensor technologies were examined with special attention paid to the application of the devices, the materials used, and their feasibility for scalable manufacturing.</p> <p>In the first study, binary mixtures of conducting and semiconducting nanomaterials were explored as promising candidates for the manufacturing of low-cost ethylene sensor on flexible substrates. Ethylene (C2H4) is a small plant hormone which has been shown to affect the growth and senescence of flowers, leaves and fruits. Currently available devices have demonstrated high ethylene sensitivities with great potential for technology size reduction; however, some are not practical for use outside of the laboratory, lack portability, or require more research to demonstrate their reproducibility and stability in different environments, as well as selectivity to C2H4 in large-scale applications. Conductometric gas sensors based on a combination of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and exfoliated molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) coated with molecular receptors is demonstrated for the selective detection of ethylene, including details on materials preparation, manufacturing, and characterization. Mixtures of CNTs and exfoliated MoS2 were deposited onto screen-printed interdigitated electrodes on plastic substrates, with optimization for scalable and continuous manufacturing by roll-to-roll methods. C2H4 detection levels of 0.1 ppm were readily achieved with responses on the second timescale.</p> <p>The second sensor technology shows how thin-film potentiometric electrodes based on ion-selective membranes can be designed to tolerate sterilizing radiation while providing excellent performance and signal stability. This sensor's development was motivated by the expanding need for single-use bioreactor systems in the biopharmaceutical industry, which require strict control over cell culture conditions for several weeks or more. Until recently, critical analysis has been conducted mostly by offline or “at-line” sampling of aliquots withdrawn from the sterile bioreactor. The latter is inefficient and can increase the risk of contamination. Inspired by the challenges related to cost, integration and performance following irradiation a potentiometric pH electrode was developed, intended for single-use applications. It was shown to be radiation-tolerant while providing reliable data comparable to a commercial pH meter over a period of three months. The electrodes exhibited quasi-linear signal drifts of +0.28 mV/day or 0.005 pH units/day. Thin-film γ-irradiated electrodes could provide accurate pH readings in sterilized culture media using a single-point calibration, within 0.07 pH units of a commercial meter with glass electrode and daily calibration. Furthermore, to advance the development of market-ready sensors past the conceptual stage, a few automated processes for scalable membrane deposition were investigated.</p>

<p>    </p> <p>Additive manufacturing (or 3D printing) is one of the manufacturing processes which is currently being explored for its applicability under space boundary conditions, also known as in-space manufacturing. The space boundary conditions specifically affect material properties which in turn affect the printability of materials in space. Printing of soft materials in space is a novel application and the intent of this research was to print the softest of materials: edible materials, as a case study. 3D food printing is a novel food delivery method of using food products to either reproduce as a more aesthetically pleasing product or to print more nutrient-diverse foods. Launch of payload carrier and the boundary conditions of low Earth orbit including a vacuum environment, microgravity, temperature fluctuations, etc. These conditions make printing difficult, and my thesis is to overcome the boundary conditions (except microgravity) using a 3D soft material printer operating within a CubeSat. A CubeSat is a small satellite usually launched as an auxiliary payload used for basic Earth observation and radio communication. The printer must be able to survive launch and operation conditions, print within a simulated space environment, and adhere to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) specific definition of additive manufacturing. The 3D soft material printer was designed, fabricated, and tested using space and CubeSat boundary conditions for determining optimal design. Testing conditions including: (1) printing under Earth conditions showing it follows ASTM standards, (2) surviving NASA standards for vibration testing for microsatellites under launch conditions, (3) completing a print under a vacuum setting. The results of the testing would prove a small microsatellite could print in the vacuum of space and survive launch parameters. Further work would provide insight into the design of food printers being readily available in smaller sizes and its operability in microgravity condition. </p>