There is increasing interest in linking food system policies and land use planning practices to healthier diets and healthier communities. Little is known about the process of regional food system policy making or the impact of planning and policy decisions in shaping community food environments, including healthy retail opportunities. The Region of Waterloo’s (ROW) Regional Official Plan (ROP) was adopted in 2009 and includes a progressive commitment to support the regional food system through actions to facilitate access to healthy, local food. The policies point to the multiple health, environmental, and local economic benefits of a strong and diverse regional food system and include efforts to: protect the Region’s agricultural land; permit a full range of agriculture- and farm-related uses on agricultural land (to support farmer viability); provide a mix of uses, including food destinations, within close proximity to each other; permit temporary farmers’ markets; and support community and rooftop gardens. The purpose of this research was to examine Waterloo Region’s policy and planning environment as a case study for ‘what works’ with respect to potential points of intersection for improving public health goals and addressing other community priorities. This was achieved by obtaining multi-sectoral perspectives on the ROP’s regional food policies, current food system planning practices at the local level, and access to food. The objectives of this research were: (1) to examine the process of food system policy making in Waterloo Region through multi-sectoral perspectives and to identify the key contextual factors, facilitators and barriers at the individual-, organizational- and system-levels; (2) to identify current planning policies and practices that affect the location, promotion and establishment of healthy retail outlets; (3) to describe the role and motivation of new and existing regional food system participants, including the Region’s Public Health (PH) and Planning (RP) Departments and other key food system stakeholders, in contributing to food system change; and (4) to develop a conceptual framework to illustrate the process of food system policy making and features of food system change at the regional level. In-depth, semi-structured interviews (n=47) were conducted with regional decision makers (n=15); regional and local staff experts in public health and planning (n = 16); and regional food system stakeholders (n=16). Food system stakeholders included local food producers, retailers and distributors, and representatives from other levels of government and community interest groups. Participants were recruited primarily through expert and snowball sampling and a Project Advisory Committee (PAC) was established with academic experts and representatives from PH and RP to help guide early stages of recruitment and research. Two interview guides were used and adapted from earlier tobacco policy work in the Region. All interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim and constructivist grounded theory methods were used to code and identify emerging themes from the data. Key overarching themes and sub-themes related to food system policy making and food system change included: “strategic positioning” and its underlying sub-themes of “aligned agendas”; “issue framing” and “visioning” which emerged as important ways to influence and affect policy and environmental change. The significance of “local and historical context”, “partnerships”, “multi-sectoral participation” and “knowledge transfer” also contributed to an improved understanding of food system change in Waterloo Region. “Legitimacy” was noted to be a concern in the absence of an appropriate mandate to address food system issues however by engaging in “partnerships”, one’s ability to participate ‘legitimately’ in food system change improved. An important finding was that “food access” had different meanings to participants and may reflect the various lenses through which local food system concerns are viewed. A number of key facilitators of food system policy making were identified and included: food system champions; politically astute leaders; a common issue frame; a collaborative partnership between PH and RP; external partnerships with the community; and food- and agriculture policy networks. Several key barriers to food system policy making included: new areas of practice for PH and RP staff; limited capacity to act without committed partners; inter-jurisdictional relations and tensions with municipal planners; and dominant ‘cheap food’ values. Local-level barriers affecting healthy retail access related to gaps in regional food system coordination and legislative planning support and pointed to an important disconnect between the Region’s vision for the regional food system and the current planning realities at the municipal level. Early signs of policy and environmental change to improve access to healthy food can be seen as evidence of PH’s commitment, groundwork and capacity building efforts over the past decade and their strategic alignment with other regional priorities and partners. These findings can be used to support ongoing community planning considerations in Waterloo Region and to inform similar food policy and planning initiatives in other jurisdictions. A G.E.N.E.R.A.T.E. Change Model was developed as an 8-Step guide for multi-sectoral collaboration and policy and environmental change at the regional level. Steps include: (1) ‘grounding the work’ (groundwork); (2) engaging multi-sectoral stakeholders; (3) negotiating positions and partnerships (establishing legitimacy); (4) exchanging knowledge (ideas and policy options); (5) recognizing points of intersection for policy and environmental change options; (6) aligning agendas, establishing a common issue frame, and setting a vision for change; (7) transferring expert knowledge to decision makers; and (8) evaluating policy and environmental change. At a time when there is mounting interest and consideration of possible food policy strategies at federal, provincial and regional-levels in Canada, findings from this research serve as an important example of how multiple cross-sectoral benefits can be achieved through coordinated and collaborative action.

This practicum analyzes the leadership, management practices, and organizational structure of five university gardening organizations, to determine if they have had an impact on the spaces of agricultural production in the cities in which they exist. The research concludes that if university gardens/farms are to become successful demonstration projects within their cities they must: 1) have strong, collaborative, and flexible leadership structures; 2) effectively communicate with stakeholders; 3) generate consistent funding; 4) demonstrate their success on campus and within their communities; 5) create linkages with academic and community organizations; 6) create goals and objectives that overlap with university and municipal strategic plans. Furthermore, this study illustrates that university gardens/farms are important to planners as ‘living laboratories’ of urban food production; as well as educational tools that build the capacity of residents to grow local food, and understand the importance of agricultural urbanism (AU) for city planning and design.

This practicum analyzes the leadership, management practices, and organizational structure of five university gardening organizations, to determine if they have had an impact on the spaces of agricultural production in the cities in which they exist. The research concludes that if university gardens/farms are to become successful demonstration projects within their cities they must: 1) have strong, collaborative, and flexible leadership structures; 2) effectively communicate with stakeholders; 3) generate consistent funding; 4) demonstrate their success on campus and within their communities; 5) create linkages with academic and community organizations; 6) create goals and objectives that overlap with university and municipal strategic plans. Furthermore, this study illustrates that university gardens/farms are important to planners as ‘living laboratories’ of urban food production; as well as educational tools that build the capacity of residents to grow local food, and understand the importance of agricultural urbanism (AU) for city planning and design.

There is increasing interest in linking food system policies and land use planning practices to healthier diets and healthier communities. Little is known about the process of regional food system policy making or the impact of planning and policy decisions in shaping community food environments, including healthy retail opportunities. The Region of Waterloo’s (ROW) Regional Official Plan (ROP) was adopted in 2009 and includes a progressive commitment to support the regional food system through actions to facilitate access to healthy, local food. The policies point to the multiple health, environmental, and local economic benefits of a strong and diverse regional food system and include efforts to: protect the Region’s agricultural land; permit a full range of agriculture- and farm-related uses on agricultural land (to support farmer viability); provide a mix of uses, including food destinations, within close proximity to each other; permit temporary farmers’ markets; and support community and rooftop gardens. The purpose of this research was to examine Waterloo Region’s policy and planning environment as a case study for ‘what works’ with respect to potential points of intersection for improving public health goals and addressing other community priorities. This was achieved by obtaining multi-sectoral perspectives on the ROP’s regional food policies, current food system planning practices at the local level, and access to food. The objectives of this research were: (1) to examine the process of food system policy making in Waterloo Region through multi-sectoral perspectives and to identify the key contextual factors, facilitators and barriers at the individual-, organizational- and system-levels; (2) to identify current planning policies and practices that affect the location, promotion and establishment of healthy retail outlets; (3) to describe the role and motivation of new and existing regional food system participants, including the Region’s Public Health (PH) and Planning (RP) Departments and other key food system stakeholders, in contributing to food system change; and (4) to develop a conceptual framework to illustrate the process of food system policy making and features of food system change at the regional level. In-depth, semi-structured interviews (n=47) were conducted with regional decision makers (n=15); regional and local staff experts in public health and planning (n = 16); and regional food system stakeholders (n=16). Food system stakeholders included local food producers, retailers and distributors, and representatives from other levels of government and community interest groups. Participants were recruited primarily through expert and snowball sampling and a Project Advisory Committee (PAC) was established with academic experts and representatives from PH and RP to help guide early stages of recruitment and research. Two interview guides were used and adapted from earlier tobacco policy work in the Region. All interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim and constructivist grounded theory methods were used to code and identify emerging themes from the data. Key overarching themes and sub-themes related to food system policy making and food system change included: “strategic positioning” and its underlying sub-themes of “aligned agendas”; “issue framing” and “visioning” which emerged as important ways to influence and affect policy and environmental change. The significance of “local and historical context”, “partnerships”, “multi-sectoral participation” and “knowledge transfer” also contributed to an improved understanding of food system change in Waterloo Region. “Legitimacy” was noted to be a concern in the absence of an appropriate mandate to address food system issues however by engaging in “partnerships”, one’s ability to participate ‘legitimately’ in food system change improved. An important finding was that “food access” had different meanings to participants and may reflect the various lenses through which local food system concerns are viewed. A number of key facilitators of food system policy making were identified and included: food system champions; politically astute leaders; a common issue frame; a collaborative partnership between PH and RP; external partnerships with the community; and food- and agriculture policy networks. Several key barriers to food system policy making included: new areas of practice for PH and RP staff; limited capacity to act without committed partners; inter-jurisdictional relations and tensions with municipal planners; and dominant ‘cheap food’ values. Local-level barriers affecting healthy retail access related to gaps in regional food system coordination and legislative planning support and pointed to an important disconnect between the Region’s vision for the regional food system and the current planning realities at the municipal level. Early signs of policy and environmental change to improve access to healthy food can be seen as evidence of PH’s commitment, groundwork and capacity building efforts over the past decade and their strategic alignment with other regional priorities and partners. These findings can be used to support ongoing community planning considerations in Waterloo Region and to inform similar food policy and planning initiatives in other jurisdictions. A G.E.N.E.R.A.T.E. Change Model was developed as an 8-Step guide for multi-sectoral collaboration and policy and environmental change at the regional level. Steps include: (1) ‘grounding the work’ (groundwork); (2) engaging multi-sectoral stakeholders; (3) negotiating positions and partnerships (establishing legitimacy); (4) exchanging knowledge (ideas and policy options); (5) recognizing points of intersection for policy and environmental change options; (6) aligning agendas, establishing a common issue frame, and setting a vision for change; (7) transferring expert knowledge to decision makers; and (8) evaluating policy and environmental change. At a time when there is mounting interest and consideration of possible food policy strategies at federal, provincial and regional-levels in Canada, findings from this research serve as an important example of how multiple cross-sectoral benefits can be achieved through coordinated and collaborative action.

xvii, 330 p. : ill., maps. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / This dissertation is a sociological study of the Sicilian bluefin tuna fishery. It will examine the social and ecological transformation of this fishery during the modern era. This will be analyzed utilizing a sociological framework that draws on theory from environmental sociology. The Sicilian fishery has been exploited for its abundant tuna for over a millennium, providing a major source of protein for Mediterranean civilizations. However, within the last half century there has been exponential expansion of industrialized methods of production and increasing capture efforts. This has culminated in the development of bluefin tuna "ranches," which have become a highly controversial method for supplying global markets. Escalating pressure on the fishery has contributed to a host of environmental and social concerns, including pushing this important fishery to the brink of collapse. Using a combination of primary and secondary source data such as interviews with local fishers and those in the tuna ranching sector, data compiled by international agencies such as the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) as well as archival data on the Sicilian bluefin tuna fishery, I will employ sociological methods and analyze the recent changes in social life and the environment in Sicilian fishing communities. Subsequently, this project will shed light on the globalized and industrialized nature of the modern agri-food system and lead to a better understanding of its social and environmental impacts. / Committee in charge: Richard York, Chairperson, Sociology; John Foster, Member, Sociology; Yvonne Braun, Member, Sociology; Joseph Fracchia, Outside Member, Honors College

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation levels in the final rearing stage, on pasture productivity aspects, body performance and animal behavior. Forty-four Bradford calves were used, prior to this study, the calves were weaned on Tifton 85 pasture, fed supplementation with an average age of nine months and average weight of 204.00; 211.00; 248.00 and 254,00kg in treatments S- 0,0; S- 0,5; S- 1,0 and S- 1,5 respectively. The treatments consisted of four levels of cracked-corn supplementation S- 0.0; S- 0.5; S- 1.0 and S- 1.5% of body weight (BW). The grazing method was continuous stocking with variable number of regulatory calves to keep the forage mass (FM) at the desired level of 1300 kg DM ha-1. For the variables related to the pasture, forage mass (FM), accumulation rate (AR) and herbage allowance (HA), no interaction (P>0.05) was found among the supplementation levels and the periods the pasture was used. MF, AR and HA presented interaction over the periods of use. However, when these variables were evaluated according to the treatments, except for herbage allowance, all others showed no significant difference. It was noted that the increase in supplementation level decreased forage supply linearly 2.876 kg MS (100 kg BW) -1. The stocking rate, body weight, body condition score and weight gain per area, showed interactions among periods and the treatments (P <0.05). The variable average daily gain weight showed no interaction (P> 0.05) among supplementation levels and periods of grazing. For the variables, rest time, rumination and time at feeding station, showed no interactions (P> 0.05) among treatments and periods. Rest and feeding station time, when analyzed according to supplementation levels showed a crescent linear regression, however, rumination time decreased linearly with the level of supplementation. When the variables were evaluated for the period of grazing, it was observed that time variables such as rest and rumination time, presented a quadratic behavior. Stocking rate presented interaction (P <0.05) among treatments and periods and increased as the supplementation level associated with the advancement of the physiological stage of the pasture increased. Displacement variables and bite size showed no significant difference (P> 0.05) according to the supplementation levels. Bite showed interaction (P <0.05) among treatments and periods. The black oats and ryegrass consortium, combined with supplementation provided the calves an increase in average daily weight gain, body condition, increases the stocking capacity of the pasture, reduces the time devoted to grazing, reduces rest time and increases rumination time. / Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de níveis de suplementações na fase final da recria, sobre os aspectos de produtividade de pastagem, desempenho corporal e comportamento animal. Utilizaram-se 44 bezerros, da raça Braford previamente a este estudo, os bezerros foram desmamados em pastagem de tifton 85, após foram alocados na pastagem de aveia preta e azevém, com idade média de nove meses, e peso médio inicial de 204,00; 211,00; 248,00 e 254,00kg nos níveisl 0,0; 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5% PD de suplemento, respectivamente. Os tratamentos consistiram em quatro níveis de suplementação 0,0; 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5 % do peso vivo (PV), a base de milho moído. O método de pastejo adotado foi de lotação contínua, com número variável de bezerros reguladores para manter a massa de forragem (MF) pretendida de 1300 kg MS ha-1. Para as variáveis relacionadas à pastagem, massa de forragem, taxa de acúmulo (TA) e oferta de forragem (OF), não apresentou interação (P>0,05) entre os níveis de suplementação e os períodos de utilização da pastagem. A MF, TA e OF apresentaram interação ao longo dos períodos de utilizações. Já quando essas variáveis foram avaliadas de acordo com os níveis de suplementação, com exceção da oferta de forragem, as demais não apresentaram diferença significativa. Notou-se que o aumento do nível de suplementação diminuiu linearmente 2,876 kg MS (100 kg PV)-1 a oferta de forragem. A carga animal, peso corporal, escore de condição corporal e ganho de peso por área, apresentaram interações entre os períodos e os níveis de suplementação estudados (P<0,05). Já as variáveis comportamentais, tempo de ócio, ruminação e comedouro, não apresentaram interações (P>0,05) entre os níveis de suplementação e os períodos. O tempo destinado ao ócio e o tempo destinado ao comedouro, quando analisado em função dos níveis de suplementação apresentaram regressão linear crescente, porém, o tempo destinado à ruminação apresentou comportamento linear decrescente, com o nível de suplementação. Quando avaliou-se essas variáveis em relação ao período de utilização da pastagem observaram-se que para as variáveis tempo destinado ao ócio e tempo de ruminação, apresentou comportamento quadrático. A taxa de lotação apresentou interação (P<0,05) entre os níveis de suplementação e os períodos, conforme aumentou do nível de suplementação associado ao avanço do estágio fisiológico da pastagem, incrementaram a taxa de lotação animal. O consórcio entre a pastagem de aveia preta e azevém, associado com a suplementação proporcionaram os bezerros incremento no ganho de peso médio diário, aumenta a capacidade de suporte da pastagem, diminui o tempo destinado ao pastejo, reduz o tempo destinado ao ócio e aumenta o tempo de ruminação.

Submitted by PAULO DE OLIVEIRA NETO null (paulo_oliveira_01@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-09-13T00:45:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PauloDeOliveiraNeto_PGAD_TUPA_Abril2017.pdf: 1380682 bytes, checksum: 5085c6195fc9e8d317dfbd9a08dfa8d7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-09-15T13:22:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveiraneto_p_me_tupa.pdf: 1380682 bytes, checksum: 5085c6195fc9e8d317dfbd9a08dfa8d7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-15T13:22:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveiraneto_p_me_tupa.pdf: 1380682 bytes, checksum: 5085c6195fc9e8d317dfbd9a08dfa8d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-20 / A urbanização decorrente do processo de industrialização brasileira,ocorrida a partir da segunda parte do século XX, período pós Segunda Guerra Mundial, causou influência nos aspectos infra estruturais dos grandes centros, com processo massivo de desenvolvimento da produção dos bens de consumo e o estímulo da indústria e, consequentemente, o crescimento populacional da malha urbana. Passado este período, e após a entrada de sucessivas estagnações e recessões econômicas, ocorreram problemas estruturais socioeconômicos quanto à saúde e as questões sociais, ocasionando, entre outras mazelas, a insegurança alimentar. É nesse aspecto, da segurança alimentar e nutricional nos centros urbanos que é abordada a Agricultura Urbana. A atividade concentra-se na produção agrícola dentro de espaços urbanos, e espera-se que promova, além da melhoria no meio ambiente e reorganização dos espaços urbanos ociosos e poluídos, a segurança alimentar com benefícios a saúde dos praticantes da atividade. O presente estudo consistiu em analisar o impacto da Agricultura Urbana sobre a Segurança Alimentar dos praticantes consumidores da atividade de Agricultura Urbana e Periurbana (AUP) no município de Maringá, Estado do Paraná, por meio da avaliação das escalas de insegurança alimentar bem como análise estatística descritiva e regressão múltipla linear. Além disso, foram caracterizados seus integrantes e disponibilidade de alimentos, em quantidade e qualidade socialmente desejáveis. Como resultado, identificou-se que a atividade não tem produzido um quadro de segurança alimentar que atenda às necessidades básicas nutricionais dos praticantes consumidores, os quais estão em situação de insegurança alimentar, e é utilizada, por grande parte da população na situação de segurança alimentar para fins de lazer e terapia. / The urbanization resulting from the Brazilian industrialization process, which occurred after the second part of the twentieth century, after the Second World War, influenced the infra-structural aspects of large centers, with a massive process of development of the production of consumer goods and the stimulation of industry and, consequently, the population growth of the urban network. After this period, and after the entry of successive stagnations and economic recessions, there were socioeconomic structural problems regarding health and social issues, causing, among other problems, food insecurity. It is in this aspect of food and nutritional security in urban centers that Urban Agriculture is addressed. The activity focuses on agricultural production within urban spaces, and is expected to promote, in addition to improving the environment and reorganization of idle and polluted urban spaces, food security with health benefits of practitioners. The present study consisted in analyzing the impact of Urban Agriculture on the Food Safety of consumers of the Urban and Periurban Agriculture (AUP) activity in the city of Maringá, State of Paraná, through the evaluation of food insecurity scales as well as statistical analysis descriptive and linear multiple regression. In addition, its members and food availability were characterized in a quantity and quality that was socially desirable. As a result, it was identified that the activity has not produced a food safety framework that meets the basic nutritional needs of the practicing consumers, which are food insecure, and is used by a large part of the population in the food security situation for leisure and therapy purposes.

Mobile produce markets (MPM) are a community-based strategy to improve produce access in areas with few fruits and vegetables (FV) retail options. The purpose of this thesis is to assess the functionality of MPM in low-income urban neighborhoods. This thesis includes three studies. Study 1 investigates FV availability in areas around MPM locations (n=13). We found limited fresh FV availability in stores, but high prevalence of 100% juice, and canned FV and beans. Study 2 applied questionnaire data from MPM shoppers (n=143) to assess MPM experiences. Chi Square was used to compare shopping behaviors between older (≥ 60) and younger (18-59.9 years) adults. Separate logistic regression models were used to predict Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) use, money spent, shopping frequency, and distance travelled to MPM, with age, race/ethnicity, sex, living alone/with others, and EBT in models. Participants indicated positive experiences with five dimensions of access: availability (variety), accessibility (location), affordability (price), acceptability (freshness), and accommodation (EBT use). Older shoppers were more likely to be long-term shoppers (P=0.002) and use EBT (P=0.012). Living alone predicted EBT use (P=0.03), shopping weekly (P=0.03), and traveling < 1 mile (P=0.02). In Study 3, we interviewed 16 farmers to investigate experiences and perceptions of local markets including MPM. Income and community interaction were prominent themes. Farmers identified community organizations as important liaisons to coordinate MPM distribution and communicate community needs. MPM offer a promising strategy for serving low-income and minority populations—to be organized by communities themselves and to bring needed food directly to neighborhoods.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / It is well established that the modern global food system is highly unsustainable, distorted by industrialisation and corporate consolidation, with negative repercussions on the environment and biodiversity as well as human health. Innovative approaches are necessary to push food systems to be more sustainable, equitable, and healthy for all people regardless of income and wealth. In the Cape Town area, the food system is failing to adequately nourish the poor, while climate change poses increasing challenges to the region’s agricultural system. Conceptualising food systems as complex adaptive social ecological systems and utilising the Multilevel Perspective (MLP) framework, this thesis looks at the burgeoning economy in neglected and underutilised species (NUS) in the Cape Town area as a potential innovation that could make the local food system more socially and ecologically resilient. Though at present NUS are only marginally included in the local food system and policy debates, they are increasingly appearing in the food service industry, driven by international gastronomic trends. They hold potential as climate resilient, nutritionally dense, and socially and culturally significant foods in the region, but also carry ecological and social risks. This thesis critically examines the fledgling NUS economy in the Cape Town area, using participant observation and semistructured interviews to unpack its primary motivations and challenges, and ultimately contributes towards a better understanding of the NUS economy as it develops locally. This research shows that the main risks associated with NUS are negative ecological repercussions, privatisation of the NUS economy, and the reproduction and further entrenchment of unequal power dynamics in the region. In order to mitigate these risks and actualise the related benefits associated with NUS, engagement with the ecological, social, and political context of NUS needs to be significantly deepened. This is particularly true for those working in food service, who appear to be driving the NUS economy, and will require education around sustainability and TEK as well as a foregrounding of power-awareness.

Background: The relevance of the food system for economic, environmental and social well-being is vital to consider. However, there is a lack of research covering issues and performance assessments of the supply chains in the food industry. Due to pressures on the natural environment and unsustainable production and distribution, Short Food Supply Chains (SFSC’s) have arisen as an alternative model to conventional supply chains. However, there is a need for more research in the field as its showing to be a growing trend in the food industry. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to study the topic of SFSC, where the focus in this paper is to explore what advantages and barriers food producers experience when operating within a SFSC. Method: This study is exploratory and follows an inductive and qualitative approach, where 6 semi-structured interviews with local food producers were used to collect data. The data was analysed and connected to previous literature using a thematic analysis.   Conclusion: The findings in this research illuminates that the advantages and barriers from selling through SFSC´s depends on the circumstances of the channel and the characteristics of the producers. They experienced advantages in their organization such as a high professional satisfaction, fair compensation and autonomy. The social proximity between the actors also facilitated the management of information and allowed for supply chain flexibility. However, producers also faced barriers such as the lack of proper governance in the SFSC channels, and logistical challenges such as the uncertainty of production and the difficulty of ensuring the efficiency of transportations. The analysis of SFSC’s is still in its early stages and the necessary innovations to attain the full positive effects have yet to be implemented.