L'objectif de la présente étude était double : (i) étudier le lien entre la force, la puissance musculaire des membres inférieurs et l'aptitude à répéter des sprints linéaire ou quadrangulaire chez les footballeurs U17 (ii) confronter les astreintes cardiovasculaires et bioénergétiques imposées par ces deux types de sprints. Dix-sept (n=17) footballeurs d'élite Canadien U17 ont effectué dans un ordre randomisé deux types de sprints répétés, linéaires ou quadrangulaires (40 m linéaire ou sur un carré de 4x10 m) étant séparés l'un de l'autre de 48 heures. Les deux types d'exercices ont consisté en la répétition de 6 sprints (6 x 40-m/20-sec) linéaire (RSL) ou quadrangulaire (RSQA). La puissance anaérobie des membres inférieurs était mesurée avec le test de Wingate (30-sec) quant à la force et la puissance explosive étaient évaluées à l'aide d'un accéléromètre (Myotest) au cours d'un test de détente verticale (DV) de type Squat Jump (90°). La fréquence cardiaque (FC) était enregistrée par télémétrie battement à battement en mode R-R et la concentration du lactate plasmatique ([La-]) était dosée 2 minutes après chaque type de sprint ainsi que le test de Wingate. Ces mesures étaient complétées par une mesure de la perception de l'effort sur l'échelle de Borg (RPE). Trois indices de performance ont été calculés pour les exercices de sprints répétés (RSL et RSQA), le meilleur sprint sur 40 m, la moyenne des 6 sprints et l'indice de décrément (ID). On a noté une forte corrélation entre le meilleur sprint linéaire (40 m) avec la force et la puissance musculaire (moyenne et le pic) développées au test de DV (r2=0.56 et 0.46, p<0.0, respectivement). La corrélation de la moyenne des temps en RSL (6 x 40 m) avec le pic de puissance et l'indice de fatigue (IF) mesurée avec le test de Wingate était statistiquement faible (r2=0.29 et 0.31, p<0.05 respectivement). Par ailleurs, aucune corrélation n'a été retrouvée entre les indices de l'aptitude à répéter des sprints linéaire et quadrangulaire. Les réponses physiologiques (FC [La-] et le RPE) étaient nettement plus élevées (p<0.001) lors de la RSQA comparée à la RSL. La force et la puissance (pic et moyenne) musculaire mesurées avec le Myotest sont de meilleurs prédicteurs de l'aptitude à répéter des sprints linéaires que les performances (puissance et IF) dérivées du test de Wingate. Par ailleurs, la sollicitation cardiaque et bioénergétique est plus importante lors de la RSQA comparée à la RSL. Décidément, nous concluons que l'aptitude à répéter des sprints linéaires et celle à répéter des sprints quadrangulaires sont deux habiletés motrices de registre physiologique différent qui doivent être entraînées et évaluées séparément. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Football, physiologie, test de Wingate, Myotest, sprints répétés.

Tyrimuose dalyvavo 22 Lietuvos Olimpinio Sporto Centro ( LOSC) 16-17 metų futbolininkai. Buvo atlikti trys vienodi tyrimai per metus. Fiziniam išsivyvstymui nustatyti, fiziniui, bei funkciniui pajėgumui nustatyti – atlikti laboratoryjoje, bei futbolo technikos tyrimai – atlikti dirbtinos dangos futbolo aikštėje. Tyrimų rezultatai fizinio išsivystymo, fzinių ir funkcinių galių su kiekvienu tyrimu gerėjo, tai leidžia daryti prielaida, kad treniruočių procesas yra veiksmingas. Įvairiapusiškai gerėja jaunųjų futbolininkų meistriškumas futbolo srityje. LOSC jaunųjų futbolininkų fizinis išsivystymas kinta, tai turi įtakos jauno organizmo augimas, bei fizinis krūvis. Futbolininkų ūgis rodikliai jau pasiekė aukščiausios lygos futbolininkų ūgio rodiklius. Tačiau dydžiausias skirtumas yra kūno masės ir raumenų masė, bei ir raumenų jėgos. LOSC jaunųjų futbolininkų fizinis pajėgumas, o tiksliau anaerobinis alaktatinis – glikolitinis galingumas su kiekvienu tyrimu ženkliai augo nuo 8,44 ± 0,09 W/kg iki 9,21 ± 0,21 W/kg. LOSC jaunųjų futbolininkų kraujotakos ir kvėpavimo sistemos funkcinio pajėgumo būklė yra gera pas daugumą, jie nestokoja aerobines ištvermės. RI indeksas buvo 3,8 ± 0,6 II tyrime funkcinis pajėgumas buvo RI – 5,4 ± 0,7, bei III tyrime kraujotakos ir kvėpavimo sistemos funkcinis pajėgumas ženkliai pagerėjo iki 3 ± 0,6. LOSC jaunųjų futbolininkų techninikos rezultatai mažai kito, statistiškai patikimi rezultatai buvo kamuolio smūgiavimo nuo 16m ( p<0,01 ; p<0,05) ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Changeover of Physical and Functional Capacities of LOSC Young Football Players of 16-17 Years Old within the Yearly Period of Trainings.

Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for a Masters Degree in Technology, in the Department of Chiropractic at the Durban University of Technology, 2008 / Introduction: One of the most important responsibilities of a rugby coach towards players is that of injury prevention and advice. Often these responsibilities fall solely on the coach, but sometimes he has the benefit of sports medical personnel at his service. Therefore in order for the coach to best service this sport and industry, his/her knowledge and perception of Chiropractic and other sports medical personnel is critical. Objective: To establish an understanding of Durban rugby coaches’ perceptions and knowledge of Chiropractic to formulate initiatives aimed at bridging gaps and building co-operation between coaches and various medical personnel that they have at their disposal. Methods: A survey was distributed to 149 rugby coaches within 23 high schools and 67 rugby coaches within 24 rugby clubs, resulting in a total of 219 rugby coaches in the greater Durban area received a questionnaire for completion and return. Results: Of the 85 coaches that participated (38.8% response rate), the majority were White (95%), male (99%), with a mean age of 37.36 years and coached at the amateur level (65.1%). School coaches dominated the participants with 67.1% with 61 (71.8%) having obtained a rugby coaching qualification and 26 (30.6%) having another professional sport, fitness or medical qualification besides that of rugby coaching. Most (94.9%) participants referred players to a health professional for examination and / or treatment. This included Physiotherapists, 80% of the time, GPs 70.6% of the time and Chiropractors, 60% of the time. Twenty-nine (34.1%) had a Chiropractor on their medical management team and 28 (96.6%) said it was a positive experience. Of those who did not have a Chiropractor on the team, 82.4% said they would consider it in the future. Over half (65.5%) had personally been treated by a Chiropractor. The 3 most frequent conditions associated with Chiropractic included: Disc herniation (42.6%), low back pain (36.1%) and whiplash (32.8%). Notwithstanding this outcome, the level of knowledge was low with the mean knowledge score (an aggregate knowledge score derived statistically from all questions relating to the knowledge of Chiropractic) of the group was 55.8% (SD 21.9%), even though the range varied from 0 to 96%. Although the coaches’ knowledge of Chiropractic was low, most participants (76.2%) had a favourable view of the Chiropractic profession. Furthermore the coaches perception of Chiropractic related significantly to their knowledge (p = 0.037). In addition the higher their knowledge scores the more positive their view. Conclusion: This study established what knowledge base is available that could promote rugby coaches greater understanding of the Chiropractic profession and related medical personnel. There was a positive association between increased knowledge and a better perception of Chiropractic, suggesting that if knowledge were improved, then perception and attitude towards Chiropractic and related medical personnel would further improve. This increased awareness may improve knowledge, understanding, communication and utilization with the Chiropractic profession and related medical personnel and ultimately these professions within rugby may gain a greater level of acceptance.

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The present paper explores the effects player transfers have on share price for publicly traded football clubs in Europe. The study utilizes two samples: one English sample from 1997—2004, and another more contemporary European sample from 2007—2014. Preliminary analysis assesses share price links with team performance, financial variables, and two STOXX indices. Further analysis includes 12 event studies testing for abnormal returns resulting from player transfers. Of these 12 event studies, half of the transfers yield abnormal returns. Though results varied, there remains ample evidence from this paper for academics to further study the topic of player news and share prices for publicly traded football clubs.

The purpose of the study was to determine what spectator security measures have been taken by collegiate football stadium operators because of or as a direct result of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Subjects consisted of Assistant Athletic Directors, Associate Athletic Directors, Directors of Football Operations, an Associate Director, a Coordinator of Football Operations, an Executive Associate Athletic Director, and a Police Sergeant. Percentages were used to analyze the data. A self-constructed survey was designed to asses the spectator security measures that had changed within the Big Ten and MidAmerican Conference football stadiums. The survey was administered using the inQsit® program developed at Ball State University. An on-line survey was sent to 25 universities: 11 universities for the Big Ten and 14 universities in the MidAmerican Conference. Data was collected concerning one research question.With a return rate of 64%, 100% of the universities indicated changing their security measures as a direct result of September 11, 2001. Respondents reported an increase in book bag searches (56%) and body searches (25%). Respondents also identified, as security changes, an increase in law enforcement during football games (100%), restricting air space (94%), notifying ticket buyers ahead of time of security changes (81 %) and the event-operating budget was affected, and changes were made regarding items allowed to be carried into the stadium. / School of Physical Education

The purpose of this study was to determine the: 1) knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors toward hydration and fluid replacement among collegiate football players at an NCAA Division I University, overall , and the relationship, if any, by position on the team, number of seasons played, and previous nutrition education; 2) relationship between the athletes’ hydration knowledge, attitudes and behaviors; 3) current sources of nutrition information likely to be used by the football players; and 4) players’ perception of the adequacy of, and barriers to, their fluid intake before, during, and after exercise. The players’ mean Hydration Knowledge Score was 14.2 ± 1.4 out of 17 (83.5%). Common misconceptions included: 60% thought water, rather than sports drinks, should be consumed when exercising for more than one hour; 54% did not believe sports drinks are better at restoring muscle glycogen than water; 47% believed salt tablets kept players from getting dehydrated; and 42% indicated thirst is the best indicator of dehydration. No differences were detected by number of seasons, position or previous nutrition education. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

This event study analyzes the share price reactions of the owning corporation investors in relation to the Chinese and Korean football clubs' success. Guangzhou Evergrande FC, Beijing Guoan FC, Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors FC, and Pohang Steelers FC are examined which are owned by Evergrande Group, CITIC Group, Hyundai Motors Company, and POSCO Group, respectively. It is assumed that successful events of the football clubs such as winning championships and major players and head coach acquisitions will have a positive boost to the daily returns of the owning corporations. The results are strongest for Pohang Steelers FC but other football clubs also suggest similar trends. The findings offer some tangible support for the assumption that the recent global arms race in transfer spending by football clubs can create value for the owners and suggest that the investments may lead to positive returns.

This thesis investigates why British Asians are under-represented as professional footballers proportionally to their numbers in the overall population. Fundamentally, it is both an account of how young, male, British Asian footballers interpret and explain their under-representation in the professional game, and a critical analysis of the strategies and policies employed by the anti-racist football movement to overcome this phenomenon. The central problematic is that anti-racist football organisations are often out of touch with contemporary manifestations of "Asianness" and so the ideologies that underpin their schemes and initiatives are often in direct conflict with the attitudes and aspirations of young, male, British Asian footballers themselves. Using ethnographic research methods - namely semi- structured interviews with large numbers of professional and amateur British Asian footballers, professional football coaches and members of anti-racist football organisations, together with observations of matches, training sessions and social occasions involving British Asian players - this thesis seeks to overcome the previous "silencing" of British Asian footballers. It places their oral testimonies at the centre of the analysis of exclusion. Theoretically, this thesis examines how football interacts with issues of `race', ethnicity, nation, class, locality, family, generation, religion, style and consumption to construct new articulations and experiences of "Asianness". Consequently, the analysis calls for sociological frameworks that no longer essentialise and dichotomise "South Asian" and "British" cultures but that, instead, appreciate how, in the twenty-first century, these elements are actively fused to create specifically British Asian identities and lifestyles. In this regard, this thesis provides a sensitive and timely contribution to the fields of ethnic and racial studies, football and young people.

Risk management is composed of three major elements viz., hazard identification, risk estimation and risk evaluation. The aim of hazard identification and risk estimation is to identify the outcomes from risk, the magnitude of the associated con&quences from risk, and the estimation of the probabilities of these outcomes. Previous work focused on hazard identification and risk estimation and identified the relatively high risks associated with playing professional football. By adhering to the risk management process, the aim of this thesis was to determine the significance of these high risks to football clubs and their players. A theoretical framework was designed to evaluate the influence of player injury on the financial and playing performance of professional football clubs. This framework was also used to assess, through use of cost benefit analysis, the practicalities of investing in suitable injury prevention strategies, to reduce the risks to football clubs and their players. Former professional footballers were surveyed to investigate the long-term medical and socioeconomic consequences associated with the high risks of playing professional football. The results identified the high financial costs associated with player injury on professional football clubs. Although the high risks of player injury have a relatively minor effect on teamperformance of the Premier League clubs, this effect still has a relatively major influence on the financial performance of the club. In contrast, the influence of player injury to teamperformance was relatively major for Division I and Division 2 clubs, but this had a relatively minor effect on financial performance. The application of cost benefit analysis to the investment of specialist personnel to reduce the risks of injury demonstrated that the proposals were practicable for Premier League and Division I clubs only. In addition, it was also demonstrated that the high risks associated with playing professional football have a significant influence on the long-term well-being of foriner players. One-third of former players had been medically diagnosed osteoarthritic in a lower limb joint. The majority of players also perceived that injury had a negative influence on their present and future welfare. The results demonstrate that the consequences associated with the relatively high acute injury risk also have a significant effect on the financial and playing performance of football clubs and the future welfare of their players.