A melhoria da fertilidade do solo é relevante para a recuperação de pastagem degradada, e o fornecimento de nitrogênio junto com o enxofre passa a ser uma alternativa, tendo em vista a forte relação entre esses nutrientes. Objetivou-se estudar a influência das combinações de doses de nitrogênio e de enxofre na recuperação de pastagem de capim-Braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens), avaliando-se variáveis relacionadas à produção e ao valor nutritivo do capim, nos períodos chuvoso e seco de um ano agrícola. O experimento foi realizado em uma fazenda no município de Piracicaba, SP, em pastagem de capim-Braquiária que estava degradada. Utilizaramse cinco doses de nitrogênio (0, 150, 300, 450 e 600 kg ha-1 ano-1) e cinco doses de enxofre (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 kg ha-1 ano-1), combinadas em fatorial 5x5 fracionado, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. A fonte de nitrogênio foi nitrato de amônio e a de enxofre foi o gesso agrícola, aplicadas em três vezes no período das águas (17/11/2005, 23/12/2005 e 28/01/2006). As avaliações no campo foram realizadas a cada 35 dias no período das águas (de 21/12/2005 a 10/05/2006), totalizando cinco avaliações, e a cada 56 dias no período da seca (de 05/07/2006 a 25/10/2006), totalizando três avaliações. Os cortes das plantas foram realizados em área delimitada de 0,25 m2, a 5 cm da superfície do solo para a estimativa da área foliar e da relação lâmina foliar:colmo mais bainha, e a 10 cm da superfície do solo para a quantificação da produção de massa seca da parte aérea e avaliação do valor nutritivo. Os resultados demonstraram que a combinação de doses de nitrogênio e de enxofre alterou a produção de massa seca da parte aérea, a relação lâmina foliar:colmo mais bainha e a proporção de nitrogênio solúvel (Nsol) e de nitrogênio não protéico (NnP) em avaliações próximas a última aplicação dos adubos contendo nitrogênio e enxofre, e também alterou a concentração de proteína bruta (PB), o teor de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e de fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) na primeira avaliação do período seco. O nitrogênio foi o nutriente que mais influenciou a alteração das variáveis analisadas no capim-Braquiária no primeiro ano de recuperação, proporcionando a variação da produção de massa seca da parte aérea, da área foliar, da relação lâmina foliar:colmo mais bainha, da concentração de PB, do teor de FDN e de FDA, da digestibilidade \"in vitro\" da massa seca (DIVMS) e da proporção de Nsol e de NnP, tanto no período chuvoso como no seco. O enxofre demonstrou influência na variação da DIVMS e na proporção de Nsol e de NnP somente no período chuvoso. O método de espectroscopia de reflectância no infravermelho próximo (NIRS) apresentou resultados satisfatórios para a estimativa da concentração de PB, dos teores de FDN e de FDA e da DIVMS para o capim-Braquiária. / Soil fertility improve is very important for degraded pasture recovery, and the supply of both nitrogen and sulphur in one option for that, when anyone take into consideration the relationship between these nutrients. The objective was to study the effects of combinations between nitrogen rates and sulphur rates for the recovery of a Signalgrass (Brachiaria decumbens) pasture, evaluating variables related to forage yield and nutritive value during the wet and dry seasons in an agricultural year. The experiment was carried out in a farm at the Piracicaba country, State of São Paulo, in a degraded pasture of Signalgrass. Five nitrogen rates (0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 kg ha-1 year-1) and five sulphur rates (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 kg ha-1 year-1) were combined in a 5x5 fractionated factorial, in a randomized block design, with three replications. Nitrogen was supplied as ammonium nitrate and sulphur as gypsum, and the fertilizations were split into three applications during the wet season (Nov.17.2005; Dec.23.2005 and Jan.28.2006). Field evaluations were done at 35-days intervals during the wet season (from Dec.21.2005 to May.10.2006), in a number of five evaluations, and at 56-days intervals during the dry season (July.05.2006 to Oct.25.2006), with three evaluations. Plants were harvested in a 0,25 m2 area, in a 5 cm height from the soil surface for leaf area and leaf lamina:culm plus sheath ratio, and in a 10 cm heigth for forage yield and nutritive value determinations. The results showed that the nitrogen and sulphur rates changed forage yield, leaf lamina:culm plus sheath and soluble nitrogen (Nsol) and non-proteic nitrogen (NnP) in evaluations near the time of the last fertilizations with nitrogen and sulphur, and also changed crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) concentrations in the first evaluation of the dry season. Nitrogen was the most influencing nutrient for the analysed variables of Signalgrass, in the first year of pasture recovery, resulting in changes in forage yield, leaf area, leaf lamina:culm plus sheath ratio, CP, NDF and ADF concentrations, \"in vitro\" digestibility of dry mass (IVDDM) and both Nsol and NnP proportions, in the wet and dry seasons. Sulphur affected IVDDM and both Nsol and NnP proportions during the wet season. The near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) showed good results for the estimation of CP, NDF and ADF concentrations and IVDDM in Signalgrass.

Meadow bromegrass (<i>Bromus riparius</i> Rehm.) is a recently introduced pasture grass in western Canada. Its leafy production and rapid regrowth have made it the most widely used grass species for pasturing beef animals in this region. As relatively little breeding work has been done on this species, there is little information on its breeding behaviour. The main objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters and assess breeding methodologies for meadow bromegrass. Forty-four meadow bromegrass genotypes from the three available cultivars and forty half-sib (polycross (PX) and open-pollinated (OP)) and selfed (S1) progenies were evaluated for morphological and agronomic characters, and molecular (RAPD) markers. Genetic variation for total biological yield, head weight, seed yield, harvest index, height, growth habit, spread, and volume was significant in the OP and S1 tests. Genetic variation estimates for dry matter yield were negative (PX), not significant (OP), or moderate (S1). Estimated geneticvariation for quality traits and those characters which were visually evaluated was not significant, except for growth habit (OP and S1) and acid-detergent fiber (ADF) (S1). Among progeny lines, RAPD marker variation found in the half-sib progenies accounted for about 15% of the total variation. In the S1 test the variation among progeny lines was twice that of the half-sib progenies. Correlations between the different characters demonstrated that is possible to simultaneously improve both seed and forage yield. Since leafiness was found to be correlated with dry matter yield but not with seed yield it may be possible to simultaneously improve all three characters. Rankings of progenies by the half-sib tests for forage and seed yield were not changed by the use of the synthetic parental value (SVi) which includes information from selfed progeny. The PX progeny test did not discriminate parents as well as the OP and S1 tests, which may be due to non-random pollination in the polycross. The S1 progeny test showed the highest predicted response to selection, followed by the OP test. Heritability estimates from the OP and S1 tests for total biological yield, seed yield, harvest index, and height, were similar to those found in the clonal evaluation test. Therefore, a clonal evaluation test will provide sufficient information to choose parents for breeding an improved synthetic cultivar for these characters. Observed dissimilarity of ranking of progeny lines over progeny tests for some traits (head weight, seed yield, and harvest index) was due to discrepancies between the PX and OP tests. No differences in progeny line ranking among the progeny tests were observed for all other traits. Analysis of variance on marker frequency means showed that interaction between genotypes and progeny lines was also not significant.

Master of Science in Veterinary Science / A investigation into soil nutrient and the change soil physical properties was carried out for three pasture systems for dairy cows; the complementary forage rotation (CFR) which comprised of brassica (Brassica napus )/clover (Trifolium resupinatum ) and maize (Zea mays) capable of achieving more than 40 t/ha, the typical intensive pasture (PI) with kikuyu grass (Penisetum clandestinum) over-sown with ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum ) and the extensive system (PE); on two soil types (brown chromosol and black vertisol) . The study demonstrated that the CFR system was capable of doubling its yield by using similar fertilizers (N, P and K) and water inputs compared to these of the PI system resulting of greater nutrients (N and K) and water use efficiencies. Overall, the nutrient lost through runoff water was very limited for two intensive systems and nearly nil for PE system. Also similar trends were observed for soil physical properties in the intensive systems except for the topsoil (0-10 cm) where light acidification (P= 0.04) was recorded in the CFR probably due to the soil works before the maize sowing.

Master of Science in Veterinary Science / A investigation into soil nutrient and the change soil physical properties was carried out for three pasture systems for dairy cows; the complementary forage rotation (CFR) which comprised of brassica (Brassica napus )/clover (Trifolium resupinatum ) and maize (Zea mays) capable of achieving more than 40 t/ha, the typical intensive pasture (PI) with kikuyu grass (Penisetum clandestinum) over-sown with ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum ) and the extensive system (PE); on two soil types (brown chromosol and black vertisol) . The study demonstrated that the CFR system was capable of doubling its yield by using similar fertilizers (N, P and K) and water inputs compared to these of the PI system resulting of greater nutrients (N and K) and water use efficiencies. Overall, the nutrient lost through runoff water was very limited for two intensive systems and nearly nil for PE system. Also similar trends were observed for soil physical properties in the intensive systems except for the topsoil (0-10 cm) where light acidification (P= 0.04) was recorded in the CFR probably due to the soil works before the maize sowing.

Master of Science in Veterinary Science / A investigation into soil nutrient and the change soil physical properties was carried out for three pasture systems for dairy cows; the complementary forage rotation (CFR) which comprised of brassica (Brassica napus )/clover (Trifolium resupinatum ) and maize (Zea mays) capable of achieving more than 40 t/ha, the typical intensive pasture (PI) with kikuyu grass (Penisetum clandestinum) over-sown with ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum ) and the extensive system (PE); on two soil types (brown chromosol and black vertisol) . The study demonstrated that the CFR system was capable of doubling its yield by using similar fertilizers (N, P and K) and water inputs compared to these of the PI system resulting of greater nutrients (N and K) and water use efficiencies. Overall, the nutrient lost through runoff water was very limited for two intensive systems and nearly nil for PE system. Also similar trends were observed for soil physical properties in the intensive systems except for the topsoil (0-10 cm) where light acidification (P= 0.04) was recorded in the CFR probably due to the soil works before the maize sowing.

O manejo do pastejo tem grande influência sobre produtividade animal a pasto, resposta à adubação e longevidade da pastagem, seja em sistemas adubados ou não adubados. É necessário conhecer o manejo do pastejo mais adequado para cada sistema. Neste estudo em Piracicaba SP, Brasil, foram analisadas respostas de Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia adubado (A) e não adubado (NA), à manejos do pastejo com interrupção da rebrota aos 95% de interceptação luminosa (I.L.) e três severidades de desfolha (alturas de resíduo de 20cm, 30cm, e 50cm). As pastagens adubadas receberam 572 kgN.ha-1, 472 kgK2O.ha-1 e 230 kgP2O5.ha-1, e as pastagens não adubadas não receberam nenhum tipo de fertilização. O pastejo foi realizada por bovinos. O delineamento foi o de blocos completos casualizados, com 6 tratamentos (A20, A30, A50, NA20, NA30 e NA50) e 5 repetições, totalizando 30 unidades experimentais (piquetes) de 400 m² cada. O período de avalições foi de julho de 2010 a março de 2011. Não foi possível atingir 95% de I.L. nos tratamentos NA20 e NA30, que tiveram entrada aos 91% e 89% respectivamente, nos demais tratamentos a entrada dos animais ficou entre 94% e 96% de I.L.. O intervalo entre pastejos do tratamento NA50 foi de 130 dias, e dos tratamentos adubados 90d, 29d e 17d, para os períodos de inverno primavera e verão respectivamente. Não houve diferença de alturas de entrada nos tratamentos não adubados (91cm). A altura de entrada do tratamento A50 foi maior que ás dos tratamentos A30 e A20 (74cm x 56cm e 50cm respectivamente). A massa de forragem em pré pastejo variou entre 3596 e 9518 kgMS.ha-1, apresentando maior proporção de material morto e menor proporção de folhas nos resíduos de 50cm. A massa seca total em pós pastejo foi maior quanto maior a altura de resíduo (1224, 1926 e 5556 kgMS.ha-1 para os resíduos de 20cm, 30cm e 50cm respectivamente). A massa seca de folhas verdes em pós pastejo foi maior nos resíduos de 50cm (248, 470 e 1616 kgMS.ha-1 para os resíduos de 20cm, 30cm e 50cm respectivamente). A proporção de folhas no resíduo não variou entre alturas nos tratamentos adubados (28%), mas foi decrescente conforme reduções no resíduo dos não adubados (34%, 22% e 13% nos resíduos de 50cm, 30cm e 20cm respectivamente). O acúmulo total dos tratamentos adubados e não adubados foi de 19514 e 8897 kgMS.ha-1 respectivamente. O acúmulo dos pastos adubados foi de 3204, 7484 e 9703 kgMS.ha-1 no inverno, primavera e verão respectivamente. A proporção de perdas em relação ao cúmulo foi maior nos resíduos de 50cm em relação aos de 20cm e 30cm (46% x 30% e 29% respectivamente). A densidade populacional de perfilhos foi de 672 e 521 perfilhos.m-2 em pastos adubados e não adubados respectivamente. A infestação por plantas invasoras foi maior nos resíduos de 20cm, independentemente da adubação. É possível que o manejo do pastejo mais adequado seja de alturas pré e pós pastejo mais altas sem adubação, e mais baixas com adubação intensiva. / In pasture based production systems, grazing management has great influence over productivity, responses to fertilization and pasture longevity. There may be differences between best ways of managing the grazing process in tropical grasses under different fertility conditions. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of defoliation severity associated with defoliation frequency based in light interception (95%) over Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia grasslands under hi and low fertilization. The experiment was conducted at São Paulo State University, Piracicaba SP Brazil. Treatments were factorial combinations of 2 fertility conditions, fertilized (F) and unfertilized (UF) grasslands and 3 defoliation intensities (20cm, 30cm and 50cm post grazing heights). Fertilized treatments received 572 kg N.ha-1, 472 kg K2O.ha-1 e 230 kg P2O5.ha-1, and unfertilized didnt receive any kind of fertilization. Beef cattle steers were used as defoliation agents. Treatments were distributed among the 30 experimental units (400 m² paddocks) according to a complete and randomized block design, with 6 treatments (F20, F30, F50, NF20, NF30 and NF50) and 5 replications. The evaluation period was from July, 2010 to March 2011. Unfertilized treatments with the lower post grazing heights (20cm and 30cm) could not reach 95% of light interception due to it leaves morphology (upright) and small tiller population. Grazing intervals were the same among fertilized treatments in the summer (17 days). Pasture height in the moment that it achieved 95% of light interception were higher for the unfertilized grasslands, and for the higher post grazing treatments. Smaller post grazing heights were related with greater leaf and less dead material proportion in the pre grazing forage mass. There was no effect of the residual heights over the leaf proportion in the post grazing mass considering the fertilized pastures. Lower defoliation intensities were related with bigger proportions of forage losses due to grazing process. Fertilized treatments produced 19514 kg of DM.ha-1 while the unfertilized treatments produced 8897 kg of DM.ha-1 in 198 days, and there was no influence of residual heights over this characteristic. Tiller densities were affected only by fertilization and not by the grazing intensity. However, the grazing intensity had effect in to the weed appearance.

As pastagens ocupam a maior parte da área agrícola e contribuem com a segunda e a quinta atividades que compõem o PIB agropecuário brasileiro, a carne e o leite. A crescente utilização da irrigação de pastagens surgiu primordialmente em áreas leiteiras, juntamente com processos que aprimoram a produção, e posteriormente espalhou-se por áreas de gado de corte. Assim surge a necessidade de um manejo adequado da irrigação de pastagens, e é fundamental conhecer sua evapotranspiração, seus limites produtivos e suas caracteristicas nesse processo de intensificação. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o consumo de água, os valores do coeficiente de cultura (Kc) e os parâmetros produtivos e biométricos de duas gramíneas tropicais (Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça e Cynodon spp.), em cultivos exclusivos e consorciados em sobressemeadura com aveia preta e azevém. Como objetivos secundários, buscou-se: (i) medir os parâmetros biométricos de altura do dossel forrageiro (ADF) e indice de area foliar (IAF) entre os ciclos identificando o melhor período de corte, (ii) estimar o acúmulo médio de graus dias de desenvolvimento (GDD) nas diferentes estações do ano correlacionando com o crescimento das forrageiras, (iii) estimar o consumo de água das plantas com a sonda FDR Diviner 2000&reg; e correlacionar seus dados com o consumo de água medido em lisímetros de pesagem. O estudo foi realizado na Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" (ESALQ/USP) em Piracicaba-SP (Latitude 22°42\'14\"S; Longitude 47°37\'24\"O; Altitude de 569 m). Os experimentos foram conduzidos de março de 2015 a fevereiro de 2017, com delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com 4 tratamentos: 1- capim Mombaça em cultivo exclusivo, 2- capim Mombaça em cultivo sobressemeado com aveia e azevém, 3 - Cynodon spp em cultivo exclusivo; 4 - Cynodon spp em cultivo sobressemeado com aveia e azevém. Foram utilizados a aveia preta (Avena strigosa) cv. Embrapa 29 (Garoa) e azevém (Lolium multiflorum) cv. Fepagro São Gabriel. As calibrações dos métodos de lisimetria e da sonda FDR (Diviner 2000&reg;) apresentaram bons ajustes, com altos coeficientes de correlação. Os resultados de consumo de água pelas gramíneas mostraram uma grande variação por período e dentro dos ciclos com grandes consumos de água, obtendo vários valores de Kc maiores que 1. Foram obtidas boas correlações entre crescimento, IAF e acúmulo de graus dias (GDD). Os valores acumulados de evapotranspiração de cultura (Kc) obtidos com o sensor FDR foram maiores que os medidos nos lisímetros. Os resultados detalhados encontram-se no desenvolvimento de cada capítulo deste trabalho. / Pastures represent the largest part of the agricultural area and contribute to the second and fifth activities that make up the Brazilian GPD, meat and milk. The increasing use of pasture irrigation primarily arose in dairy areas, along with processes that improve the production, and subsequently reache areas of beef cattle. Thus, there is a need for an adequate irrigation management, and it is fundamental to know the crop evapotranspiration of pastures, their productive limits and their characteristics in this intensification process. Therefore, this work aimed to determine the crop water consumption, the values of crop coefficient (Kc), and the productive and biometric parameters of two tropical grasses (Panicum maximum cv. \'Mombasa\' and Cynodon spp.) single cropped and intercropped in oversseeding with black oats and ryegrass . As secondary goals, it sought: (i) measuring the biometric parameters of forage canopy height (ADF) and leaf area index (LAI) between the cycles, identifying the best cutting period; (ii) estimating the mean accumulation of degree-days of development (GDD) in the different seasons, correlating them with forage growth; (iii) estimating the crop water consumption with the FDR probe Diviner 2000&reg; and correlating its data with the crop water consumption measured on weighing lysimeters. The study was carried out at the \"Luiz de Queiroz\" College of Agriculture (ESALQ/USP), at Piracicaba, SP (Latitude 22°42\'14\"S; Longitude 47°37\'24\"W; Altitude de 569 m a.s.l.). The experiments were conducted from March 2015 to February 2017, with a randomized complete block design with 4 treatments: 1 - single cropped \'Mombasa guinea grass ; 2- \'Mombasa\' guinea grass intercropped with oats and ryegrass; 3 - single cropped Cynodon spp.; 4 - Cynodon spp. intercropped with oats and ryegrass. The winter forages were black oats (Avena strigosa) cv. Embrapa 29 (Garoa) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) cv. Fepagro São Gabriel. The calibrations of the lysimeters and the FDR probe had good adjustments, with high correlation coefficients. The results obtained of crop water consumption by the grasses showed a great variation by period and inside the growing cycles with great water consumption, often obtaining Kc values above 1. Good correlations were obtained between crop growth, LAI and degrees-days accumulation (GDD). The accumulated values of crop coefficient (Kc) were higher with the FDR sensor than with the lysimeters. The detailed results can be found in the chapters of this work.

Rising fertilizer prices have led a return to the use of grass-legume mixtures to reduce N costs and improve pasture productivity. The objective of this study was to determine optimal species combinations of binary grass-legume mixtures to improve forage production and pasture nutritive value in irrigated pastures of the Intermountain West. The study was conducted at the Utah State University Intermountain Pature Research Facility near Lewiston, UT. Tall Fescue (TF), Orchardgrass (OG), and meadow brome (MB) were grown with alfalfa (ALF), birdsfoot trefoil (BFTF), and cicer milkvetch (CMV) in legume-grass mixes and monocultures at planting ratios of 25:75, 50:50, 75:25. Grass monocultures were fertilized with 0 (0 N), 67 (67 N), or 134 kg N ha-1 (134 N). Forage was harvested four times each season during 2011-2012. Forage of the mixtures and monocultures from the first and third harvests was analyzed for crude protein (CP) and neutral-detergent fiber (NDF). Average forage production of the unfertilized TF, MB, and OG monocultures was 11.03, 9.76, and 8.10 Mg ha-1, respectively. TF-ALF, OG-ALF, and MB-ALF grass-legume mixes averaged 24.0, 35.0, and 41.0% higher forage production than their respective unfertilized grass monocultures. The grass-legume mixtures with the highest CP were MB-ALF 159, TF-ALF 159, and TF-OG-159 g kg-1 and average 59, 43 and 51% higher than their respective unfertilized grass monocultures. Likewise, the mixtures with the lowest NDF were OG-ALF 453 g kg-1, OG-BFTF 469 g kg-1, and MB-ALF 480 g kg-1. These mixtures had 10, 7, and 18% lower NDF than their respective unfertilized grass monocultures. Individual harvests had similarly higher yields and CP, with lower NDF for the mixtures than the unfertilized grass monocultures. The grass-legume mixture with the 50:50 planting ratio were most productive and had high forage quality. The grass-legume mixtures had similar forage production as the grass monocultures at 134 kg N ha-1. The grass-legume mixtures also had higher CP and lower NDF than the grass monocultures. Cicer milkvetch did not perform well in irrigated pastures. Grass-legume mixtures with ALF and BFTF can be used to replace commercial N while increasing forage nutritive value.

As pastagens ocupam uma grande extensão territorial no Brasil constituindo a principal fonte de alimento para os ruminantes. Entretanto, seu manejo, ainda é frequentemente realizado de forma extensiva e extrativista, tornando a atividade pouco competitiva. O estudo de estratégias de manejo do pastejo sob lotação contínua contribui para a diversificação e intensificação dos sistemas de produção de ruminantes baseados em pastagens. O objetivo foi descrever e explicar diferenças no potencial produtivo e nas características qualitativas, através de atributos estruturais e químico-bromatológicos da Brachiaria híbrida (Brachiaria ssp.) Convert HD 364 em resposta ao manejo do pastejo sob lotação contínua mimetizada e taxa de lotação variável. O experimento foi conduzido em Piracicaba, no verão de 2013. Foram testadas três intensidades de desfolhação determinadas por alturas de manejo de dossel (10, 25 e 40 cm) em combinação com dois ritmos de crescimento (50 e 250 kg N ha-1 ano-1) num arranjo fatorial (3 x 2) e delineamento em blocos completos casualizados. Variáveis-resposta medidas incluíram massa, acúmulo e taxa de acúmulo de forragem, IAF, composição morfológica e valor nutritivo (Proteína bruta - PB, Fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro- FDN, Digestibilidade in vitro da matéria orgânica - DIVMO) da forragem. Os maiores valores de acúmulo e taxa de acúmulo foram registrados para os dosséis mantidos a 40 cm de altura (12650 kg MS ha-1ano-1 e 110 kg MS ha-1 dia-1, respectivamente) e para dosséis adubados com 250 kg N ha-1(13974 kg MS ha-1ano-1 e 126 kg MS ha-1dia-1, respectivamente). Esse mesmo tratamento apresentou os maiores valores de IAFs (8,1). A massa de forragem não sofreu influência do N, mas respondeu ao aumento da altura e foi maior para os pastos mantidos a 40 cm (14650 kg MS ha-1). Mais N (250 kg ha-1) resultou em maior proporção de folhas (26 %). Maior proporção de colmo (40%) ocorreu no dosséis de 40 cm e adubados com 50 kg N ha-1 e proporções de material morto foram maiores (49%) nos tratamentos de 10 cm de altura e 50 kg de N ha-1. Dosséis de 10 cm adubados com 50 kg N ha-1, embora com menor produtividade, resultaram em maior DIVMO (670 g kg-1) e PB (153 g kg-1 e 165 g kg-1, para 10 cm e 250 kg N ha-1, respectivamente). O teor de FDN foi maior para 40 cm (545g kg-1) e com 50 kg N ha-1(550 g kg-1). A adubação nitrogenada promove ganhos em produtividade e resulta em forragem com melhor valor nutritivo, enquanto que incrementos em altura do dossel promovem maior acúmulo total e taxa média de acúmulo de forragem, até o ponto em que ocorre estabilidade da produção (25 cm), sendo assim o tratamento que apresentou melhor eficiência produtiva aliada a um bom valor nutritivo foi o com 25 cm de altura do dossel e 250 kg ha-1 de N. / Pastures occupy a large area in Brazil and are key to the country\'s livestock industry, which is almost exclusively forage-based. Grazing management, however, is largely empirical in the country, and technical guidelines for managing specific grasses are either scarce or poorly adopted, which hinders the competitiveness of the activity. Establishing sound management guidelines for key grasses can improve animal output and profitability of the livestock enterprise. The objective was to describe and explain differences in the productive potential and the qualitative traits of Convert HD 364 brachiariagrass through the characterization of agronomic and sward structural attributes as well as forage nutritive in response to three grazing intensities and under two growth rates under continuous stocking and variable stocking rate in a mob-grazing experimental protocol. The study was conducted in Piracicaba, in summer of 2013. Experimental paddocks received treatments corresponding to all possible combinations among three sward heights (10, 25, and 45 cm) and two growth rates generated by two N rates (50 and 250 kg N ha-1) split-applied monthly during the experimental period. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a factorial arrangement. Response variables included forage accumulation and accumulation rate, LAI, plant-part composition of forage on offer, as well as plant-part composition and nutritive value (crude protein - CP, neutral detergent insoluble fiber - NDF digestibility in vitro organic matter - IVDMD) of forage. The highest values of forage accumulation and accumulation rate were recorded for swards kept at 40 cm (12650 kg DM ha-1 yr-1 and 110 kg ha-1 d-1, respectively) and for swards fertilized with 250 kg N ha-1 (13974 kg DM ha-1 yr-1 and 126 kg DM ha-1 day-1, respectively). This same combination resulted the highest LAI (8.1). Forage mass was affected by sward height but not by N rates being higher for 40-cm (14650 kg DM ha-1). Treatments with higher N (250 kg ha-1) resulted in forage with a higher proportion of leaf (26%). Higher percentages of stem (40%) were measured in swards grazed at 40 cm and fertilized with 50 kg N ha-1 while the proportion of dead material was higher (49%) in 10-cm swards receiving 50 kg N ha-1 of N. Swards kept at 10 cm and receiving 50 kg N ha-1, although less productive, resulted in forage with higher IVOMD (670 g kg-1). Forage in 10-cm swards had 153 g kg-1 crude protein and that from swards receiving 250 kg N ha-1 had 165 g kg-1. Neutral detergent fiber concentration was higher in forage from 40-cm swards (545 g kg-1) and from those receiving 50 kg N ha-1 (550 g kg-1), which is also associated with the maturity of the tissues at the time of harvest. Nitrogen fertilization promotes gains in productivity and results in forage with better nutritive value, whereas increases in canopy height promote higher total accumulation and rate of herbage accumulation, up to 25 cm. The treatment that combines high productivity with high nutritive value is 25 cm canopy height and 250 kg ha-1.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Researches with the use of inoculants containing bacteria that promote plant growth have been increasing over the years, due to concerns about pollution and high costs of fertilizers. Therefore the objective of this research was to evaluate the forage yield, nutritive value, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and the N recovery of Coastcross-1 pastures inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense subjected to cut. The experimental design was randomized blocks with three replications, in a factorial scheme. The factors were the inoculation (without inoculation, inoculated just in the implantation and reinoculated in the second year), levels of nitrogen (0, 100 and 200 kg of N/ha/year) and periods of the years where cuts were made. Forage yield, daily accumulation rate, forage mass, botanical and structural pasture composition, crude protein content, in situ digestibility of organic matter and total digestible nutrients of Coastcross-1 were evaluated during two years. Forage yield without nitrogen fertilizer use in pastures was in the first year 9.1, 11.7 and 11.7 t of DM/ha, and in the second year 8.6, 11.2 and 11.5 t of DM/ha, to inoculation factor, respectively. The average Coastcross-1 contribution in pastures without nitrogen fertilization was 47.9, 58.5 and 62.7%, respectively to the inoculation. There was reduction in Coastcross-1 crude protein content when pasture fertilized with 200 kg of N/ha/year was inoculated. The forage yield and Coastcross-1 contribution rises with the inoculation without nitrogen fertilizers use; and reinoculation is not necessary. To evaluate BNF and the N recovery two treatments were considered for each variable. Evaluations were carried out during one year. To estimate the BNF the treatments were: Coastcross-1 inoculated and Coastcross-1 uninoculated, both without nitrogen fertilization. The biologically fixed nitrogen was 53.8 and 23.0 kg/ha/year for Coastcross-1 inoculated and uninoculated, respectively. In Coastcross-1 without nitrogen fertilization, inoculation elevates the BNF. To estimate the N recovery the treatments were: Coastcross-1 inoculated and Coastcross-1 uninoculated, both fertilized with 100 kg of N/ ha/year. Isotopic recovery of N was 16.5 and 13.7 kg/ha/year for Coastcross-1 inoculated and uninoculated, respectively. Inoculation increases recovery of N in Coastcross-1. The forage yield increase when don’t use nitrogen fertilizers with the inoculation is related to the increase of biological nitrogen fixation. / Pesquisas com o uso de inoculantes contendo bactérias promotoras do crescimento vegetal vêm aumentando ao longo dos anos, devido a preocupações com a poluição e o elevado custo dos fertilizantes. Desta forma, nesta pesquisa objetivou-se avaliar a produção de forragem, o valor nutritivo, a fixação biológica de nitrogênio (FBN) e a recuperação do nitrogênio (N) fertilizante em pastos de Coastcross-1, inoculados com Azospirillum brasilense e submetidos ao regime de corte. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, em esquema fatorial. Os fatores foram o uso da inoculação (não inoculado, inoculado somente no plantio e reinoculado no segundo ano), doses de N (0, 100 e 200 kg de N/ha/ano) e os períodos do ano em que foram realizados cortes dos pastos. Avaliaram-se no decorrer de dois anos agrícolas a produção de forragem, a taxa de acúmulo de forragem, a massa de forragem, as composições botânica e estrutural do pasto, o teor de proteína bruta, a digestibilidade in situ da matéria orgânica e os nutrientes digestíveis totais da Coastcross-1. As produções de forragem, nos pastos sem aplicação de N, no primeiro ano, foram de 9,1; 11,7 e 11,7 t de MS/ha, e no segundo ano de 8,6; 11,2 e 11,5 t de MS/ha, para o fator inoculação, respectivamente. A participação média da Coastcross-1 nos pastos sem adubação nitrogenada foi de 47,9; 58,5 e 62,7%, respectivamente para o fator inoculação. Houve redução nos teores de proteína bruta da Coastcross-1, quando o pasto adubado com 200 kg de N/ha/ano foi inoculado. Há aumento na produção de forragem e na participação da Coastcross-1 com a inoculação na implantação dos pastos, quando não há aplicação de N, sendo que, a reinoculação não é necessária. Para a avaliação da FBN e da recuperação do N, foram considerados dois tratamentos para cada variável. As coletas foram realizadas durante um ano agrícola. Para a estimativa da FBN os tratamentos foram: a Coastcross-1 inoculada no plantio e a Coastcross-1 não inoculada, ambas sem adubação nitrogenada. O N biologicamente fixado foi de 53,8 e 23,0 kg/ha/ano para Coastcross-1 inoculada e não inoculada, respectivamente. A inoculação eleva a FBN na Coastcross-1 não submetida à adubação nitrogenada. Para a estimativa da recuperação do N aplicado os tratamentos foram: a Coastcross-1 inoculada no plantio e a Coastcross-1 não inoculada, ambas submetidas à adubação com 100 kg de N/ha/ano. A recuperação isotópica de N foi de 16,5 e 13,7 kg/ha/ano para Coastcross-1 inoculada e não inoculada, respectivamente. A inoculação aumenta a recuperação do N fertilizante aplicado pela Coastcross-1. A elevação da produção de forragem em pastos não submetidos à adubação nitrogenada causada pela inoculação tem relação com o aumento da FBN.