The piezoelectric energy harvester has become a new powering option for some low-power electronic devices such as MEMS (Micro Electrical Mechanical System) sensors. Piezoelectric materials can collect the ambient vibrations energy and convert it to electrical energy. This thesis is intended to demonstrate the behavior of a piezoelectric energy harvester system at elevated temperature from room temperature up to 82°C, and compares the system’s performance using different piezoelectric materials. The systems are structured with a Lead Magnesium Niobate-Lead Titanate (PMN-PT) single crystal patch bonded to an aluminum cantilever beam, Lead Indium Niobate-Lead Magnesium Niobate-Lead Titanate (PIN-PMN-PT) single crystal patch bonded to an aluminum cantilever beam and a bimorph cantilever beam which is made of Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT). The results of this experimental study show the effects of the temperature on the operation frequency and output power of the piezoelectric energy harvesting system. The harvested electrical energy has been stored in storage circuits including a battery. Then, the stored energy has been used to power up the other part of the system, a wireless resonator force sensor, which uses frequency conversion techniques to convert the sensor’s ultrasonic signal to a microwave signal in order to transmit the signal wirelessly.

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No / The ability of a cell to adhere and transmit traction forces to a surface reveals the cytoskeleton integrity of a cell. Shear sensitive liquid crystals were discovered with new function in sensing cell traction force recently. This liquid crystal has been previously shown to be non-toxic, linear viscoelastic and sensitive to localized exerted forces. This paper reports the possibility of extending the application of the proposed liquid crystal based cell force sensor in sensing traction forces of osteoblast-like (MG-63) and human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell lines exerted to the liquid crystal sensor. Incorporated with cell force measurement software, force distributions of both cell types were represented in force maps. For these lowly contractile cells, chondrocytes expressed regular forces (10 – 90 nN, N = 200) around the circular cell body whereas HaCaT projected forces (0 – 200 nN, N = 200) around the perimeter of poly-hedral shaped body. These forces are associated with the organisation of the focal adhesion expressions and stiffness of the LC substrate. From the results, liquid crystal based cell force sensor system is shown to be feasible in detecting forces of both MG63 and HaCaT.

Most robotic systems reported for MRI-guided prostate interventions use manual needle insertion, based on a previously acquired image, which requires withdrawing the patient from the scanner multiple times during the procedure. This makes the intervention longer, more expensive and elongating the discomfort to patient and, most importantly, less accurate due to the virtually inevitable motion of the target. As a remedy, automated needle placement methods were proposed, putting human supervision out of the control loop. This thesis presents the development of enabling technologies for human-operated in-room master-slave needle placement under real-time MRI guidance, while the patient is kept in the scanner and having the process of needle placement under continuos control of the physician. The feasibility of teleoperated needle insertion was demonstrated by developing a 1-DOF (degree of freedom) MRI-compatible master-slave system, which was integrated with a 4-DOF robot for transperineal prostate biopsy and brachytherapy. An accuracy study was conducted on a robotic system for MRI-guided prostate needle placement. Different error sources were identified and quantified. This study concluded that errors occurring during needle insertion have the most significant contribution to needle placement error. In order to compensate for these errors, teleoperated needle steering under real-time MRI guidance was proposed. A 2-DOF piezo-actuated MRI-compatible needle steering module was developed and integrated with the aforementioned 4-DOF transperineal robot, yielding a fully actuated 6-DOF (x, y, z, yaw, pitch, roll) robotic platform for MRI-guided prostate interventions. A novel MRI-compatible master robot was also developed to enable teleoperated needle steering inside the MRI room. MRI-compatible controller hardware and software were developed. A novel MRI-compatible force/torque sensor was devised using Fiber Bragg Grating for force measurement in MRI room. Phantom experiments proved the feasibility iii of teleoperated needle steering under real-time MRI guidance. A system was also developed for real-time 3D shape tracking of a bevel-tip needle with Fiber Bragg Grating sensors embedded along the needle shaft. The needle profile was overlaid on the real-time MR image, yielding real time navigation with accuracy better than 0.5 mm. The experimental system is presently being refitted for clinical safety and feasibility trials on real patients. / Thesis (Ph.D, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2013-05-30 12:26:18.732

La téléopération ouvre des possibilité nouvelles d'interaction avec le micro-monde. Avec des systèmes adaptés il devient possible de manipuler des éléments aux échelles microscopiques. L'ajout d'un retour haptique apporte une information supplémentaire nécessaire à une interaction naturelle. Cette thèse aborde la problématique de la conception d'une chaîne de téléopération haptique par la conception de ses éléments clefs. La première partie décrit l'optimisation de l'interface haptique à un degré de liberté haute fidelité issue des précédents travaux du laboratoire. Un premier travail augmente la précision des efforts produits. Cette amélioration est liée à une optimisation de la mesure de la vitesse de l'interface à des fréquences d’échantillonnage élevées. Un second point traite de la validation et quantification précise des forces de l'interface. La deuxième partie décrit deux nouveaux capteurs de force conçu spécifiquement pour les interactions avec le micro-monde. Ces fonctionnent sur le même principe de mesure par compensation. Deux approches sont suivies pour augmenter les fréquences des forces mesurable par le capteur. La première s'attache à réduire la masse en concevant un nouveau capteur à l'échelle micrométrique avec des technologies MEMS. Une deuxième approche modifie la conception du capteur et supprime la raideur dans le guidage. La troisième partie décrit la conception d'une nouvelle interface haptique à plusieurs degrés de liberté. Les éléments clefs de sa conception sont l'utilisation d'un palier à air, pour un guidage sans frottement, et de moteurs linéaires à induction, pour une inertie réduite. / Teleoperation opens up new possibilities for interaction with the micro-world. Adequate systems make it possible for human to manipulate elements on microscopic scales. An added haptic feedback provides information crucial for a natural interaction. A bilateral coupling between the subsystems offers the best haptic transparency. This thesis addresses the design of a complete haptic teleoperation chain by focusing on its key elements. Three parts are detailed: The first part describes improvements of the high fidelity one degree of freedom haptic interface designed previously. First, the precision of the forces produced is improved. This improvement is related to the measurement of the motor velocity at high sampling frequencies. Then, the device is precisely caracterized. The second part describes the design of two new force sensors designed specifically for interactions with the micro-world. The forces are measured by compensation. Two approach are observed to expand the frequencies of forces measurable by the sensors. First approach try to reduce the mass, a new sensor on a micrometric scale is built with MEMS technologies. The second approach offer a new design of the sensor. In particular, the stiffness in the guidance is removed. The third part describes the design of a new haptic interface with multiple degrees of freedom. This interface combines the performances of the one degree of freedom interface with a 2D configuration. The key elements of its design are the an air bearing for frictionless guidance and linear induction motors for reduced inertia.

The mechanical properties of biomaterials play important roles in performing their specialized functions: synthesizing, storing, and transporting biomolecules; maintaining internal structures; and responding to external environments. Besides biological cells, there are also many other biomaterials that are highly deformable and have a diameter between 1μm and 100μm, comparable to that of most biological cells. For example, many polymeric microcapsules for drug delivery use are spherical particles of micrometers size. In order to mechanically characterize individual micrometer-sized biomaterials, the capability of capturing high-resolution and low-magnitude force feedback is required. This research focuses on the development of micro devices and experimental techniques for quantifying the mechanical properties of alginate-chitosan microcapsules. The micro devices include microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) capacitive force sensors and force-feedback microgrippers, capable of measuring sub-μN forces. Employing the MEMS devices, systems were constructed to perform the micro-scale compression testing of microcapsules. The force sensors are capable of resolving forces up to 110μN with a resolution of 33.2nN along two independent axes. The force sensors were applied to characterizing the mechanical properties of hydrogel microparticles without assembling additional end-effectors. The microcapsules were immobilized by a PDMS holding device and compressed between the sensor probe and holding device. Young's modulus values of individual microcapsules with 1%, 2%, and 3% chitosan coating were determined through the micro-scale compression testing in both distilled deionized (DDI) water and pH 7.4 phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The Young's modulus values were also correlated to protein release rates. Instead of compressing the microcapsule against the wall of the holding device, a force-feedback MEMS microgripper with the capability of directly compressing the microcapsule between two gripping arms has been used for characterizing both the elastic and viscoelastic properties of the microcapsules during micromanipulation. The single-chip microgripper integrates an electrothermal microactuator and two capacitive force sensors, one for contact detection (force resolution: 38.5nN) and the other for gripping force measurements (force resolution: 19.9nN). Through nanoNewton force measurements, closed-loop force control, and visual tracking, the system quantified the Young's modulus values and viscoelastic parameters of alginate microcapsules, demonstrating an easy-to-operate, accurate compression testing technique for characterizing soft, micrometer-sized biomaterials.

The mechanical properties of biomaterials play important roles in performing their specialized functions: synthesizing, storing, and transporting biomolecules; maintaining internal structures; and responding to external environments. Besides biological cells, there are also many other biomaterials that are highly deformable and have a diameter between 1μm and 100μm, comparable to that of most biological cells. For example, many polymeric microcapsules for drug delivery use are spherical particles of micrometers size. In order to mechanically characterize individual micrometer-sized biomaterials, the capability of capturing high-resolution and low-magnitude force feedback is required. This research focuses on the development of micro devices and experimental techniques for quantifying the mechanical properties of alginate-chitosan microcapsules. The micro devices include microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) capacitive force sensors and force-feedback microgrippers, capable of measuring sub-μN forces. Employing the MEMS devices, systems were constructed to perform the micro-scale compression testing of microcapsules. The force sensors are capable of resolving forces up to 110μN with a resolution of 33.2nN along two independent axes. The force sensors were applied to characterizing the mechanical properties of hydrogel microparticles without assembling additional end-effectors. The microcapsules were immobilized by a PDMS holding device and compressed between the sensor probe and holding device. Young's modulus values of individual microcapsules with 1%, 2%, and 3% chitosan coating were determined through the micro-scale compression testing in both distilled deionized (DDI) water and pH 7.4 phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The Young's modulus values were also correlated to protein release rates. Instead of compressing the microcapsule against the wall of the holding device, a force-feedback MEMS microgripper with the capability of directly compressing the microcapsule between two gripping arms has been used for characterizing both the elastic and viscoelastic properties of the microcapsules during micromanipulation. The single-chip microgripper integrates an electrothermal microactuator and two capacitive force sensors, one for contact detection (force resolution: 38.5nN) and the other for gripping force measurements (force resolution: 19.9nN). Through nanoNewton force measurements, closed-loop force control, and visual tracking, the system quantified the Young's modulus values and viscoelastic parameters of alginate microcapsules, demonstrating an easy-to-operate, accurate compression testing technique for characterizing soft, micrometer-sized biomaterials.

Les équipementiers automobiles d’organes à hautes exigences sécuritaires travaillent sans cesse sur l’amélioration de la sûreté de fonctionnement de leurs systèmes et préparent leur insertion dans l’air du véhicule autonome. Dans ce cadre, nous avons travaillé sur la conception et le développement d’un capteur de force pour la direction à assistance électrique (DAE) avec le défi de proposer une solution sans fil, facile à fabriquer et à intégrer au système. Dans cette thèse, des travaux de modélisation et d’expérimentation ont porté principalement sur deux aspects : le capteur de force et son alimentation sans fil. Pour la mesure de force, une solution basée sur l'utilisation d'un matériau piézoélectrique a été proposée. L’utilisation d’un tel matériau pour la mesure de la composante dynamique de la force est largement répandu, cependant la mesure statique reste extrêmement réduite aux applications MEMS (mesure de pression). La technique repose sur l’onde acoustique de volume (Bulk Acoustic Wave). Un échantillon piézoélectrique inséré dans une structure, soumis à une force voit sa fréquence de résonance varier. Des travaux de modélisation analytique, éléments finis et multi-échelle ainsi que de l’expérimentation ont permis de comprendre les phénomènes physiques mis en jeux dans ce type de transducteur et de proposer des orientations pour la conception du transducteur de force optimal. Un démonstrateur a été mis en place permettant la mesure d’une force statique maximale de 1500 N. L'alimentation sans fil du capteur est assurée par la technique du couplage magnétique résonant. Vu le caractère conducteur et ferromagnétique de l’environnement du système de direction, une approche de modélisation basée sur la méthode des éléments finis et la méthode des constantes localisées a été mise en place afin d’étudier le comportement d’une telle technique dans cet environnement. Par la suite, une conception a été proposée et un prototype a été réalisé. Des mesures expérimentales ont montré que la conception répond au cahier des charges imposé par l’entreprise. / Original equipment manufacturer for automotive components with high safety requirements are continually working to improve the system safety and prepare their integration to the driverless car. Within this context, we worked on the design and development of a force sensor for the electric power steering (EPS) system with the challenge of providing a wireless solution, easy to manufacture and to integrate to the system. In this thesis, modeling and experimental activities have focused mainly on two aspects: the force sensor and its wireless power supply system. For force measurement, a solution based on piezoelectric material was proposed. The use of such material to measure the dynamic component of the force is widespread; however, static force measurement remains extremely limited to MEMS applications (pressure measurement). The technic utilizes the bulk acoustic wave (BAW). The resonance frequency of a piezoelectric specimen positioned within a mechanical structure varies with an externally applied force. Analytic modeling activities, finite element method based and multi-scale approach with experimentation activities allow the understanding of the physical mechanisms behind the observed behavior of the transducer and to propose guidance for optimal design of the force transducer. A demonstrator was set up and showed a static force measurement capability up to 1500N.The wireless power supply is achieved by the resonant magnetic coupling technique. In order to analyze the effect of the environment of the electric power steering system characterized by conductive and ferromagnetic parts, a modeling approach based on the finite element method and the lumped-element method was adopted. Afterwards, a design was proposed and a prototype was carried out. The experimental measurement shows that the design meets the company requirements.

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