<div><div><div><p>Binary code analysis is widely used in many applications, including reverse engineering, software forensics and security. It is very critical in these applications, since the analysis of binary code does not require source code to be available. For example, in one of the security applications, given a potentially malicious executable file, binary analysis can help building human inspectable representations such as control flow graph and call graph.</p><p>Existing binary analysis can be roughly classified into two categories, that are static analysis, and dynamic analysis. Both types of analysis have their own strengths and limitations. Static binary analysis is based on the result of scanning the binary code without executing it. It usually has good code coverage, but the analysis results are sometimes not quite accurate due to the lack of dynamic execution information. Dynamic binary analysis, on the other hand, is based on executing the binary on a set of inputs. On the contrast, the results are usually accurate but heavily rely on the coverage of the test inputs, which sometimes do not exist.</p><p>In this thesis, we first present a novel systematic binary analysis framework called X-Force. Basically, X-Force can force the binary to execute without using any inputs or proper environment setup. As part of the design of our framework, we have proposed a number of techniques, that includes (1) path exploration module which can drive the program to execute different paths; (2) a crash-free execution model that could detect and recover from execution exceptions properly; (3) overcoming a large number of technical challenges in making the technique work on real world binaries.</p><p>Although X-Force is a highly effective method to penetrate malware self-protection and expose hidden behavior, it is very heavy-weight. The reason is that it requires tracing individual instructions, reasoning about pointer alias relations on-the-fly, and repairing invalid pointers by on-demand memory allocation. To further solve this problem, we develop a light-weight and practical forced execution technique. Without losing analysis precision, it avoids tracking individual instructions and on-demand allocation. Under our scheme, a forced execution is very similar to a native one. It features a novel memory pre-planning phase that pre-allocates a large memory buffer, and then initializes the buffer, and variables in the subject binary, with carefully crafted values in a random fashion before the real execution. The pre-planning is designed in such a way that dereferencing an invalid pointer has a very large chance to fall into the pre-allocated region and hence does not cause any exception, and semantically unrelated invalid pointer dereferences highly likely access disjoint (pre-allocated) memory regions, avoiding state corruptions with probabilistic guarantees.</p></div></div></div>

O sistema de execução forçada é o instrumento previsto no Código de Processo Civil Brasileiro destinado a satisfazer o credor de obrigações pecuniárias contidas em sentenças ou em títulos executivos extrajudiciais. Trata-se de sistema cujo bom funcionamento não só interessa às partes de um litígio, mas a toda sociedade, em função de suas importantes repercussões sociais e econômicas. Por meio da execução forçada o Juiz invade o patrimônio do devedor, independentemente da vontade deste, e expropria bens em benefício do credor. Para o adequado funcionamento da execução forçada é essencial que o ato processual de penhora de bens do devedor seja efetivo. A penhora consiste em apreender e afetar juridicamente bens do devedor, os quais ficam vinculados ao Juízo da execução até o momento próprio de realização da expropriação dos bens. A penhora é ato processual que incide sobre a realidade econômica e social e padece de suas contingências. O objetivo desta dissertação de Mestrado é investigar a relação entre o ato de penhora e seu objeto, a partir da premissa de que o método ou a forma de apreensão judicial deve estar plenamente adaptado aos atributos sociais, jurídicos e econômicos do bem que se pretende apreender. Nesse contexto, será investigado o regime da penhora do Código de Processo Civil Brasileiro, bem como serão estudados os tipos de penhora de bens de significação econômica mais importante na realidade atual. / The system of forced execution is the instrument set forth in the Brazilian Code of Civil Procedure destined to satisfy the creditor of pecuniary obligations contained in judgments or in extrajudicial execution instruments. It is a system, the good functioning of which is of interest not only to the parties in a litigation, but also to society as a whole, in view of its important social and economic repercussions. The Judge, by means of the forced execution, invades the debtors assets, irrespective of the will of the latter, and expropriates assets to the benefit of the creditor. For the proper functioning of the forced execution, it is essential that the procedural act of levy of the debtors assets be effective. The levy consists of seizing and legally affecting the debtors assets, which become bound to the Court of the execution until the specific time of performance of the expropriation of the assets. The levy is a procedural act which applies to economic and social reality, and lacks its contingencies. The objective of this Masters dissertation is to investigate the relationship between the act of levy and its object, starting from the premise that the method or the form of judicial seizure must be fully adapted to the social, juridical and economic attributes of the asset which is intended to be seized. In this context, the regime of levy in the Brazilian Code of Civil Procedure will be investigated, as well studying the types of levy of assets of the most important economic significance in the current reality.

O sistema de execução forçada é o instrumento previsto no Código de Processo Civil Brasileiro destinado a satisfazer o credor de obrigações pecuniárias contidas em sentenças ou em títulos executivos extrajudiciais. Trata-se de sistema cujo bom funcionamento não só interessa às partes de um litígio, mas a toda sociedade, em função de suas importantes repercussões sociais e econômicas. Por meio da execução forçada o Juiz invade o patrimônio do devedor, independentemente da vontade deste, e expropria bens em benefício do credor. Para o adequado funcionamento da execução forçada é essencial que o ato processual de penhora de bens do devedor seja efetivo. A penhora consiste em apreender e afetar juridicamente bens do devedor, os quais ficam vinculados ao Juízo da execução até o momento próprio de realização da expropriação dos bens. A penhora é ato processual que incide sobre a realidade econômica e social e padece de suas contingências. O objetivo desta dissertação de Mestrado é investigar a relação entre o ato de penhora e seu objeto, a partir da premissa de que o método ou a forma de apreensão judicial deve estar plenamente adaptado aos atributos sociais, jurídicos e econômicos do bem que se pretende apreender. Nesse contexto, será investigado o regime da penhora do Código de Processo Civil Brasileiro, bem como serão estudados os tipos de penhora de bens de significação econômica mais importante na realidade atual. / The system of forced execution is the instrument set forth in the Brazilian Code of Civil Procedure destined to satisfy the creditor of pecuniary obligations contained in judgments or in extrajudicial execution instruments. It is a system, the good functioning of which is of interest not only to the parties in a litigation, but also to society as a whole, in view of its important social and economic repercussions. The Judge, by means of the forced execution, invades the debtors assets, irrespective of the will of the latter, and expropriates assets to the benefit of the creditor. For the proper functioning of the forced execution, it is essential that the procedural act of levy of the debtors assets be effective. The levy consists of seizing and legally affecting the debtors assets, which become bound to the Court of the execution until the specific time of performance of the expropriation of the assets. The levy is a procedural act which applies to economic and social reality, and lacks its contingencies. The objective of this Masters dissertation is to investigate the relationship between the act of levy and its object, starting from the premise that the method or the form of judicial seizure must be fully adapted to the social, juridical and economic attributes of the asset which is intended to be seized. In this context, the regime of levy in the Brazilian Code of Civil Procedure will be investigated, as well studying the types of levy of assets of the most important economic significance in the current reality.

Le contentieux contractuel éclate lorsque l'une des parties n'exécute plus ou pas ses obligations. La préoccupation essentielle en matière contractuelle, consiste à lutter contre une rupture abusive et arbitraire du contrat. La particularité du droit civil français en matière de rupture du contrat, est la place très importante qu'occupe le juge judiciaire. L'assurance de la protection des intérêts des parties et la garantie d'une sanction juste et équitable, reposent en effet, sur les épaules du juge. Il est par conséquent inconcevable que le juge soit écarté du jeu de la rupture contractuelle. L'orientation traditionnelle a toujours fait du juge un pilier dans le domaine de la séparation contractuelle, mais cette tendance commence quelque peu à se dissiper. Le juge doit toujours jouer un rôle très important en droit des contrats en général et dans sa rupture en particulier. Une protection efficace des parties donnerait à l'intervention du juge une utilité plus importante. Il est primordial, que le juge soit un acteur, en matière de rupture contractuelle, dont le rôle serait la garantie du respect des lois et la protection complète des parties ; le cas contraire, pourrait réduire alors la portée du code civil actuel à un simple catalogue de lois régissant l'anéantissement du contrat. / Contractual litigation arises when one of the parties fails to fulfill its obligations. Its main concern is to fight against abusive and arbitrary breach of contracts. In the French civil law, the judge occupies a very important place when debating breach of contracts. It is impossible to alienate the judge when it comes down to contract breaches. In fact, he insures that the interests of every concerned party are protected. He also guarantees that fair and equitable sanctions will be applied. Traditionally, the judge was very important when discussing breach of contracts. However, this trend is beginning to dissipate. In general, the judge plays a very important role in contract law, but his role is primordial when disputing contract termination. Effective protection of the parties would give the intervention of the judge a greater utility. It is essential that the judge remains an important actor when it comes to breach of contract as his role is to guarantee that the law is respected and that every party is adequately protected. On the contrary, it could reduce the importance of the current Civil Code to a mere catalog of laws governing the annulment contracts