As restingas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro são áreas de sedimentação predominantemente quaternária, descontínuas geograficamente, formadas em função das mudanças paleoclimáticas, flutuações do nível do mar e transporte longitudinal de sedimentos. A diversidade e a estrutura da vegetação halófila-psamófila presente nestas restingas são os principais focos deste estudo, onde foram analisadas a similaridade florística, as formas de vida e síndrome de dispersão, o padrão de riqueza e diversidade, a distribuição das espécies e os parâmetros de cobertura vegetal, serrapilheira, solo desnudo e salinidade da água do mar. Foram amostradas nove áreas de restinga, a saber, Praia do Sul, Marambaia, Grumari, Marapendi, Maricá, Massambaba, Barra de São João, Jurubatiba e São João da Barra. Foram encontradas 90 espécies, distribuídas em 33 famílias, 69 gêneros, sendo as famílias de maior riqueza específica: Asteraceae (10), Poaceae (9 espécies), Fabaceae (9) e Rubiaceae (6). Foi registrada uma baixa riqueza de espécies nas áreas avaliadas, variando de 25 a 48. Somente 11 espécies ocorreram em todas as áreas (Alternanthera maritima, Blutaparon portulacoides, Canavalia rosea, Cereus fernambucensis, Euphorbia hyssopifolia, Ipomoea imperati, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Panicum racemosum, Remirea maritima, Sporobolus virginicus, Stenotaphrum secundatum), e 12 são dominantes, em uma ou mais áreas (Allagoptera arenaria, Alternanthera maritima, Blutaparon portulacoides, Canavalia rosea, Ipomoea imperati, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Mollugo verticillata, Panicum racemosum, Remirea maritima, Spermacoce capitata, Sporobolus virginicus, Stenotaphrum secundatum), existindo um grande número de espécies raras. O índice de diversidade de Shannon variou de 1,49 a 2,40, e a equabilidade de Pielou de 0,82 a 0,60. O agrupamento formou dois grandes grupos, sendo o primeiro constituído por Barra de São João, Praia do Sul, Marambaia, Grumari e Marapendi, e o segundo por Jurubatiba, São João da Barra, Maricá e Massambaba. As áreas mais similares floristicamente foram Maricá e Massambaba (58%), Grumari e Marapendi (56%), e Barra de São João e Praia do Sul (50%). A vegetação apresenta uma flora característica, com diferença na composição entre as áreas, e similaridade entre áreas geograficamente mais próximas. Um terço das espécies identificadas são caméfitos (34,56%), seguida por fanerófitos (20,98%), geófitos (16,04%), hemicriptófitos (12,34%), terófitos (13,58%) e duas lianas. Na dispersão predomina a autocoria (41,97%), anemocoria (33,33%) e zoocoria (24,69%). O tamanho das áreas perpendicularmente ao mar não está relacionado com aumento da riqueza, nem apresenta o padrão de aumento com o distanciamento do mar. Existem diferenças da riqueza e da diversidade entre as áreas, não havendo uma homogeneidade ao longo do litoral. Há uma zonação, com espécies distribuídas próximas ao mar (Allagoptera arenaria, Alternanthera maritima, Blutaparon portulacoides, Canavalia rosea, Cassytha filiformis, Cereus fernambucensis, Hydrocotyle bonariensis, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Schinus terebinthifolia, Sophora tomentosa, Stenotaphrum secundatum, Cyrtocymura scorpioides), e ao longo do gradiente perpendicular ao mar (Chamaecrista flexuosa, Euphorbia hyssopifolia, Ipomoea imperati, Mollugo verticillata, Panicum racemosum, Paspalum maritimum, Remirea maritima, Sporobolus virginicus). O modelo de série logarítmica é o que melhor representa a vegetação, independente da diversidade ou riqueza. A cobertura vegetal variou entre as áreas. A serrapilheira e o solo desnudo estão estreitamente relacionados com a cobertura vegetal, havendo variação entre as áreas. / The restingas of the State of Rio de Janeiro are predominantly quaternary sedimentation areas, geographically discontinued, formed on the basis of palaeoclimatic changes, sea level fluctuations and longitudinal sediment transport. The diversity and structure of halophyte-psammophyte present in these restingas are the main focus of this study, which analyzes the floristic, life form and dispersal syndrome, as well as the pattern richness and diversity, the distribution of species, and vegetation cover, leaf litter, bare soil, and salinity of sea water. Nine areas of restinga were sampled, Praia do Sul, Marambaia, Grumari, Marapendi, Maricá, Massambaba, Barra de São João, Jurubatiba and São João da Barra. 90 species were found which were distributed in 33 families, 68 genera, being the largest specific richness families: Asteraceae (10), Poaceae (9 species), Fabaceae (9) and Rubiaceae (6). Was recorded a low species richness in areas evaluated, ranging from 25 to 48. Only 11 species occurred in all areas (Alternanthera maritima, Blutaparon portulacoides, Canavalia rosea, Cereus fernambucensis, Euphorbia hyssopifolia, Ipomoea imperati, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Panicum racemosum, Remirea maritima, Sporobolus virginicus, Stenotaphrum secundatum), and 12 are dominant, in one or more areas (Allagoptera arenaria, Alternanthera maritima, Blutaparon portulacoides, Canavalia rosea, Ipomoea imperati, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Mollugo verticillata, Panicum racemosum, Remirea maritima, Spermacoce capitata, Sporobolus virginicus, Stenotaphrum secundatum) and there are a large number of rare species. The Shannon diversity index ranged from 1,49 to 2,40, and the Pielou equability went from 0,82 to 0,60. The cluster formed two major groups, the first consisting of Barra de São João, Praia do Sul, Marambaia, Grumari and Marapendi, and the second by Jurubatiba, São João da Barra, Maricá and Massambaba. The most similar floristically areas were Maricá and Massambaba (58%), Grumari and Marapendi (56%), and Barra de São João and Praia do Sul (50%). The vegetation presents a characteristic flora, with difference in composition between the areas, and similarity between geographically closer areas. One third species identified are camefitos (34,56%), followed by phanerophytes (20,98%), geophytes (16,04%), hemicryptophytes (12,34%), therophytes (13,58%) and two lianas. In the dispersion predominates autocory (41,97%), followed by anemochory (33,33%) and zoochory (24,69%). The size of the areas perpendicularly to the sea is not related to increased richness, nor has the standard increased with the distance from the sea. There are differences of richness and diversity among the areas, there isnt homogeneity along the coast. There is a zonation, with species distributed near the sea (Allagoptera arenaria, Alternanthera maritima, Blutaparon portulacoides, Canavalia rosea, Cassytha filiformis, Cereus fernambucensis, Hydrocotyle bonariensis, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Schinus terebinthifolia, Sophora tomentosa, Stenotaphrum secundatum, Cyrtocymura scorpioides), and along the gradient perpendicular to the sea (Chamaecrista flexuosa, Euphorbia hyssopifolia, Ipomoea imperati, Mollugo verticillata, Panicum racemosum, Paspalum maritimum, Remirea maritima, Sporobolus virginicus). The logarithmic series model is what best represents the vegetation, regardless of the diversity or richness. The vegetal coverage ranged between areas. The bare soil and leaf litter are closely related to vegetation covering, with variation among areas.

As restingas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro são áreas de sedimentação predominantemente quaternária, descontínuas geograficamente, formadas em função das mudanças paleoclimáticas, flutuações do nível do mar e transporte longitudinal de sedimentos. A diversidade e a estrutura da vegetação halófila-psamófila presente nestas restingas são os principais focos deste estudo, onde foram analisadas a similaridade florística, as formas de vida e síndrome de dispersão, o padrão de riqueza e diversidade, a distribuição das espécies e os parâmetros de cobertura vegetal, serrapilheira, solo desnudo e salinidade da água do mar. Foram amostradas nove áreas de restinga, a saber, Praia do Sul, Marambaia, Grumari, Marapendi, Maricá, Massambaba, Barra de São João, Jurubatiba e São João da Barra. Foram encontradas 90 espécies, distribuídas em 33 famílias, 69 gêneros, sendo as famílias de maior riqueza específica: Asteraceae (10), Poaceae (9 espécies), Fabaceae (9) e Rubiaceae (6). Foi registrada uma baixa riqueza de espécies nas áreas avaliadas, variando de 25 a 48. Somente 11 espécies ocorreram em todas as áreas (Alternanthera maritima, Blutaparon portulacoides, Canavalia rosea, Cereus fernambucensis, Euphorbia hyssopifolia, Ipomoea imperati, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Panicum racemosum, Remirea maritima, Sporobolus virginicus, Stenotaphrum secundatum), e 12 são dominantes, em uma ou mais áreas (Allagoptera arenaria, Alternanthera maritima, Blutaparon portulacoides, Canavalia rosea, Ipomoea imperati, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Mollugo verticillata, Panicum racemosum, Remirea maritima, Spermacoce capitata, Sporobolus virginicus, Stenotaphrum secundatum), existindo um grande número de espécies raras. O índice de diversidade de Shannon variou de 1,49 a 2,40, e a equabilidade de Pielou de 0,82 a 0,60. O agrupamento formou dois grandes grupos, sendo o primeiro constituído por Barra de São João, Praia do Sul, Marambaia, Grumari e Marapendi, e o segundo por Jurubatiba, São João da Barra, Maricá e Massambaba. As áreas mais similares floristicamente foram Maricá e Massambaba (58%), Grumari e Marapendi (56%), e Barra de São João e Praia do Sul (50%). A vegetação apresenta uma flora característica, com diferença na composição entre as áreas, e similaridade entre áreas geograficamente mais próximas. Um terço das espécies identificadas são caméfitos (34,56%), seguida por fanerófitos (20,98%), geófitos (16,04%), hemicriptófitos (12,34%), terófitos (13,58%) e duas lianas. Na dispersão predomina a autocoria (41,97%), anemocoria (33,33%) e zoocoria (24,69%). O tamanho das áreas perpendicularmente ao mar não está relacionado com aumento da riqueza, nem apresenta o padrão de aumento com o distanciamento do mar. Existem diferenças da riqueza e da diversidade entre as áreas, não havendo uma homogeneidade ao longo do litoral. Há uma zonação, com espécies distribuídas próximas ao mar (Allagoptera arenaria, Alternanthera maritima, Blutaparon portulacoides, Canavalia rosea, Cassytha filiformis, Cereus fernambucensis, Hydrocotyle bonariensis, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Schinus terebinthifolia, Sophora tomentosa, Stenotaphrum secundatum, Cyrtocymura scorpioides), e ao longo do gradiente perpendicular ao mar (Chamaecrista flexuosa, Euphorbia hyssopifolia, Ipomoea imperati, Mollugo verticillata, Panicum racemosum, Paspalum maritimum, Remirea maritima, Sporobolus virginicus). O modelo de série logarítmica é o que melhor representa a vegetação, independente da diversidade ou riqueza. A cobertura vegetal variou entre as áreas. A serrapilheira e o solo desnudo estão estreitamente relacionados com a cobertura vegetal, havendo variação entre as áreas. / The restingas of the State of Rio de Janeiro are predominantly quaternary sedimentation areas, geographically discontinued, formed on the basis of palaeoclimatic changes, sea level fluctuations and longitudinal sediment transport. The diversity and structure of halophyte-psammophyte present in these restingas are the main focus of this study, which analyzes the floristic, life form and dispersal syndrome, as well as the pattern richness and diversity, the distribution of species, and vegetation cover, leaf litter, bare soil, and salinity of sea water. Nine areas of restinga were sampled, Praia do Sul, Marambaia, Grumari, Marapendi, Maricá, Massambaba, Barra de São João, Jurubatiba and São João da Barra. 90 species were found which were distributed in 33 families, 68 genera, being the largest specific richness families: Asteraceae (10), Poaceae (9 species), Fabaceae (9) and Rubiaceae (6). Was recorded a low species richness in areas evaluated, ranging from 25 to 48. Only 11 species occurred in all areas (Alternanthera maritima, Blutaparon portulacoides, Canavalia rosea, Cereus fernambucensis, Euphorbia hyssopifolia, Ipomoea imperati, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Panicum racemosum, Remirea maritima, Sporobolus virginicus, Stenotaphrum secundatum), and 12 are dominant, in one or more areas (Allagoptera arenaria, Alternanthera maritima, Blutaparon portulacoides, Canavalia rosea, Ipomoea imperati, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Mollugo verticillata, Panicum racemosum, Remirea maritima, Spermacoce capitata, Sporobolus virginicus, Stenotaphrum secundatum) and there are a large number of rare species. The Shannon diversity index ranged from 1,49 to 2,40, and the Pielou equability went from 0,82 to 0,60. The cluster formed two major groups, the first consisting of Barra de São João, Praia do Sul, Marambaia, Grumari and Marapendi, and the second by Jurubatiba, São João da Barra, Maricá and Massambaba. The most similar floristically areas were Maricá and Massambaba (58%), Grumari and Marapendi (56%), and Barra de São João and Praia do Sul (50%). The vegetation presents a characteristic flora, with difference in composition between the areas, and similarity between geographically closer areas. One third species identified are camefitos (34,56%), followed by phanerophytes (20,98%), geophytes (16,04%), hemicryptophytes (12,34%), therophytes (13,58%) and two lianas. In the dispersion predominates autocory (41,97%), followed by anemochory (33,33%) and zoochory (24,69%). The size of the areas perpendicularly to the sea is not related to increased richness, nor has the standard increased with the distance from the sea. There are differences of richness and diversity among the areas, there isnt homogeneity along the coast. There is a zonation, with species distributed near the sea (Allagoptera arenaria, Alternanthera maritima, Blutaparon portulacoides, Canavalia rosea, Cassytha filiformis, Cereus fernambucensis, Hydrocotyle bonariensis, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Schinus terebinthifolia, Sophora tomentosa, Stenotaphrum secundatum, Cyrtocymura scorpioides), and along the gradient perpendicular to the sea (Chamaecrista flexuosa, Euphorbia hyssopifolia, Ipomoea imperati, Mollugo verticillata, Panicum racemosum, Paspalum maritimum, Remirea maritima, Sporobolus virginicus). The logarithmic series model is what best represents the vegetation, regardless of the diversity or richness. The vegetal coverage ranged between areas. The bare soil and leaf litter are closely related to vegetation covering, with variation among areas.

Foredunes are formed and developed in association with vegetation. A bare sand area has been viewed as a measure of dune mobility or activity and researched in association with climate controls: particularly wind power, annual mean precipitation, and temperature, expressed in annual mean potential evapotranspiration. There has been no research that utilized the patterns of bare sand areas to classify foredune areas in coastal dune systems and investigated climate controls related to sand patch patterns, or “foredune textures” such as size, number, and distribution of sand patches Four foredune types were classified based on four landscape metrics (PLAND: percentage of bare sand area, PLADJ: proportion of like-adjacencies, NLSI: normalized landscape shape index, and ENN_RA: range of Euclidean nearest neighbor), by applying the concepts and methodologies of landscape ecology. Four climate variables (annual mean precipitation, annual mean potential evapotranspiration, Lancaster’s mobility index, and the standard deviation of annual mean precipitation) were found to affect the foredune types and help in distinguishing one foredune type from another. The amount of bare sand area on coastal foredune areas can be explained by annual mean precipitation (R^2 is 0.52 at the 99 % confidence level), standard deviation of precipitation (R^2 is 0.51 at the 99 % confidence level), and Lancaster’s mobility index (R^2 is 0.37 at the 99 % confidence level) but wind variables such as drift potential do not explain much (R^2 is 0.04 at maximum). This suggests that dune activity or stabilization in coastal dune systems is mainly controlled by vegetation cover, which is in turn affected by precipitation. Foredune textures can be a useful tool to predict foredune types in association with future climate change, and the optimal averaging period of precipitation for each bare sand area was seven years.

La façade littorale du Grand Port Maritime de Dunkerque est une cellule sédimentaire quasi-fermée où les formes dunaires résultent de l’imbrication de facteurs humains et naturels. Ce littoral peut être divisé en deux parties : la partie Ouest est constituée d’un cordon bordier sur une longueur de 7 km (plage du Clipon) et le long de la partie Est, la plage est adossée à une digue en enrobé bitumineux de 6 km de long (digue du Braek) où des transferts sableux se produisent. L’objectif de cette étude est de (1) caractériser les formes dunaires et leur évolution sur un site artificiel, (2) quantifier le transport éolien sur le haut de plage, le versant externe de la dune bordière et la digue du Braek, et (3) proposer des mesures de gestion afin de remédier aux contraintes d’exploitation engendrées par les dépôts éoliens sur les infrastructures. A moyen terme (28 ans), l’analyse diachronique de photographies aériennes montre que les superficies dunaires ont fortement augmenté depuis 1983. A court terme (2 ans), des mesures topographiques révèlent que les dunes continuent de se développer aujourd’hui mais gardent la marque des interventions anthropiques passées. Sur la digue du Braek, des formes dunaires se sont naturellement constituées sur l’asphalte. Le sable a été colonisé par Ammophila arenaria qui s’est enraciné sous l’enrobé par l’intermédiaire de fissures. Une typologie de ces dunes de digue a été proposée. A l’Est, des dunes se développent en pied de digue en raison de l’interruption des transferts sédimentaires longitudinaux par une jetée. Des piégeages éoliens in situ ont montré que le transport éolien était essentiellement contrôlé par la vitesse du vent et la source de sable disponible. Par vents frontaux et obliques, les dunes de pied de digue constituent la principale source des envols, et le transport éolien est favorisé par une accélération du vent sur le versant exposé. Différents types de brise-vent ont été testés sur l’ensemble du site afin de trouver le meilleur mode de gestion souple de ces envols de sable. Ces analyses montrent que si la localisation des structures brise-vent a une grande influence sur leur efficacité, les systèmes habituellement utilisés sur les plages (ganivelles, filets synthétiques) peuvent aussi favoriser le développement de dunes sur une digue en asphalte. Les mesures de gestion envisagées sont la stabilisation des principales sources de sable en pied de digue ainsi que le renforcement de la dune bordière aux endroits les plus fragiles. / The coastline of Dunkirk seaport is a sedimentary cell where dune morphology is the result of both natural processes and human intervention. This shoreline can be divided in two parts: a western part of 7 km long, where a macrotidal beach is backed by naturally developing coastal dunes, and an eastern part consisting of a 6 km long asphalt dike overtopped in places by low elevated aeolian dunes. This study aims at (1) describing aeolian dunes and their evolution on a human-altered coast, (2) quantifying aeolian sand transport on the upper beach, the seaward slope of the foredune and the asphalt dike, and (3) suggesting management measures in order to solve windblown sand accumulation problems on harbour infrastructures. On the middle term (28 years), diachronic analysis of aerial photographs shows rapid development of dunes area since 1983. On the short term (2 years), topographic surveys reveal that dune development is still ongoing, although dune morphology keeps the marks of passed human interventions. Dunes have naturally developed on asphalt and their formation is initiated by Ammophila arenaria colonisation of numerous perpendicular cracks in the dike. A typology of these dunes is proposed. Dike toe dunes have developed at the beach/dike contact in the most eastern part of the site, where a jetty is interrupting net sediment transport. In situ field measurements revealed that aeolian sand transport is mainly controlled by wind speed and the source of sand available. Under oblique to direct onshore winds, dike toe dunes are the main source of windblown sand on the dike, and aeolian transport is enhanced by a wind speedup on the windward slope. Different kinds of windbreaks have been tested in order to solve uncontrolled aeolian sand transport problems on the dike, as well as to consolidate foredunes. It appeared from the topographic surveys carried out on the windbreaks that although their location seemed to play a major role on the amount of sand captured, fences and synthetic fabrics deployed on sandy surfaces were also able to trap windblown sand on a seaport dike. Management measures considered are a stabilisation of main sand sources at the dike toe and consolidation of foredunes with windbreaks.