A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 19 August 2015 / This thesis focusses on the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on economic performance in selected African countries over the period 1980-2012. The thesis is divided into five chapters and three of them are empirical. Chapter 1 is the introduction. Chapters 2, 3 and 4 are empirical chapters examining the impact of FDI on various indicators of economic performance. Chapter 5 concludes by giving policy recommendations. In chapter 1 we provide a background, motivation, objectives, hypothesis to be tested, gaps in the literature, contributions of the study and the main findings. Chapter 2 examines the link between FDI and domestic investment and the role of host country factors namely financial development, institutional development and trade openness. We use the ordinary least squares, random effects, fixed effects and the system GMM methodologies on a panel of 48 African countries over the period 1980 to 2012. The results show that FDI has a crowding out effect on domestic investment and that improved institutions and trade openness do mitigate the substitutionary effect of FDI on domestic investment. This implies a need to come up with policies to improve local conditions by strengthening institutional quality and enhancing trade openness. Chapter 3 investigates the impact of FDI on productivity growth and the role of relative backwardness (the technology gap) on a panel of 45 African countries over the period 1980-2012. We use two measures of relative backwardness namely: the distance from technological frontier and the income gap. We apply the fixed effects, random effects and system GMM method to account for the issues of endogeneity. The results show a general insignificant effect of FDI on TFP growth. This suggests that FDI has a limited effect on productivity growth. The analysis of the advantage of relative backwardness does not support the convergence theory of Findlay (1978) and Wang and Blomstrom (1992). The large technology gaps in African countries hinder their ability to absorb foreign technologies from advanced countries. Chapter 4 analyses the long run dynamic relationship between FDI, exports, imports and profit outflows in 47 African countries over the period 1980-2012 by means of panel cointegration techniques. The results from the panel cointegration tests show that a long run relationship exists between the variables. Our findings provide evidence on the adverse long run effects of FDI on the current account in African economies. In particular, the results show that, FDI inflows lead to a decrease in exports and an increase in both imports and profit remittances. These findings confirm that indeed profit outflows by multinational companies are one of the main factors driving current account deficits in African countries. Chapter 5 is the conclusion. We provide a key summary of the key issues covered, the main findings, the key contributions of the study and the policy recommendations. We also suggest areas for further research in the future. / MT2017

許寶強. / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學. / Manuscript (reprint of computer printout). / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 129-139). / Xu Baoqiang. / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue. / 鳴謝 / 論文撮要 / 前言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一章 --- 七九年以來中國的外貿開放政策 --- p.9 / Chapter 第二章 --- 理論問題 --- p.35 / Chapter 第三章 --- 進出口成本 --- p.56 / Chapter 第四章 --- 進出口的結構變化 --- p.75 / Chapter 第五章 --- 貿易與發展問題 --- p.89 / Chapter 第六章 --- 結論 --- p.122 / 附件一 --- p.125 / 附件二 --- p.127 / 參考書目 --- p.129

Today there is a great interest in the strategic markets or priority markets in the world. The list includes such countries as Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Russia, Serbia, Turkey, Ukraine, USA, Vietnam. World find them priority because they hide a great potential and dispose of large amount of wealth, important for the future prosperous development of the whole world. It is clear that other economies that are not in the list, try to establish business relations with these countries and strengthen their positions on their markets. All BRIC countries are currently considered as the priority markets. In my work I tried to describe the current situation in the development of bilateral trade relations between the Czech republic and the BRIC countries. BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China) - a young forum of strengthening dialogue and cooperation with major countries among the dynamically developing countries, whose role in the global economy and politics is constantly increasing. During the last decade the BRIC countries became the "locomotive" of economic development in the world. Approximately 50% of world GDP growth in 2010, including the period after the crisis, was produced by BRIC countries. The Czech Republic is a relatively small economy, for which penetration to international trade plays an important role, and therefore for Czech exporters should BRIC markets become in the near term the main object of concentration.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences / Department of Government and Public Administration

This thesis focuses on three issues pertaining to growth, development, and trade between developed and developing countries. The first essay develops an endogenous growth model that incorporates Engel’s law into the preferences. The model shows that the initial distribution of income is crucial to the outcome. A closed-economy country where most of its population is poor experiences a low rate of innovation. Income transfers from the rich to the poor can increase the effective labour supply, thereby enhancing the rate of innovation. Under free trade, only the rich benefit from trade. The poor are indifferent unless they already can afford to consume the minimum requirement of food before trade or the minimum requirement becomes affordable after trade by cheaper imported food. The initial distribution of income influences the trade patterns. Moreover, income redistribution in a free trade environment also increases the growth rate. The second essay extends the first one by assuming that the marginal product of labour of the food sector is decreasing. It shows that an increase in population may decrease the growth rate if the initial population is large relative to the productivity of the food sector. Moreover, an increase in one country’s population may reduce that country’s production share of the world’s innovation and increase its dependency on imported technology. The last essay analyzes the welfare impact of minimum-export requirements (MERs) imposed on foreign direct investments. This essay shows that MERs can be Pareto improving measures to both the source and the host countries. When offshore plants are used by parent firms to compete with domestic firms in the source country, MERs can improve the host country’s welfare by inducing the total sales in the source country to rise, thereby reducing the distortion generated by imperfect competition. The MERs can simultaneously improve the welfare of the host country by shifting profits of the foreign firms toward the local firms. If the local firms are absent, the host’s welfare may still be improved if sufficient profits from foreign operations are retained in the host country.

<p>This thesis has attempted to provide an analysis of two legal instruments / the Cotonou Agreement and the AGOA. Specific attention was directed to these instruments impact on trade between the European Union and the United States, respectively, and beneficiary African countries.</p>

The objective of this research was to examine how SADC states can attain goal 8 of the Millennium Development Goals set up by the international community through the United Nations in the year 2000, using trade under the mechanism envisaged by the World Trade Organization by the target date of 2015.

<p>This thesis has attempted to provide an analysis of two legal instruments / the Cotonou Agreement and the AGOA. Specific attention was directed to these instruments impact on trade between the European Union and the United States, respectively, and beneficiary African countries.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1968. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Magister Legum - LLM / The purpose of this paper was to examine the impact that the proliferation of regional trade agreements have had on the Multilateral Trading System and whether by allowing regional trade agreements under the World Trade Organization rules, the members of the World Trade Organization have not unwittingly weakened the multilateral trading system. It also examined the effect the proliferation of regional trade agreements have had on the special and deferential treatment for developing countries within the system. / South Africa