A identificação humana é algo que vem sendo estudado desde o século XIV e a cada dia vem se aperfeiçoando mais. Desta forma este estudo tem como proposta um método de identificação auxiliar aos já existentes, obtido por meio das rugas palatinas, que são estruturas localizadas na mucosa do palato duro, envolvendo papila incisiva, rafe mediana e rugas palatinas. Este estudo objetivou criar uma metodologia mais simples no uso deste método de identificação, por meio do uso de imagens digitalizadas e programas específicos para tal fim. A amostra foi constituída por 100 modelos e os respectivos prontuários. Inicialmente foram delimitadas as rugas palatinas, a papila incisiva e a rafe mediana com lapiseira 0,1 mm de espessura e grafite tipo HB, nos modelos dos sujeitos da pesquisa. Participaram da pesquisa três avaliadores, para que o estudo fosse cego: o avaliador 1 foi responsável pela seleção dos modelos iniciais; o avaliador 2 fez as cópias em scanner (para criar banco de dados); e o avaliador 3 re-numerou os modelos para que fossem sobrepostos pelo avaliador 2 e na seqüência fosse analisada a coincidência de pontos, para a possível identificação. Os modelos foram digitalizados e analisados por meio do programa Photoshop 7.0.1. Os resultados, encontrados por meio de análise de concordância de pontos não coincidentes, permitiram um percentual de 100 % de acerto na identificação, sendo então possível a identificação de todos os indivíduos por meio da metodologia proposta. A amostra apresentou 85% de pessoas do fenótipo cor da pele branco, 10 % negro, 5 % amarelo, a faixa etária envolveu indivíduos entre 8 e 30 anos de idade. Os resultados encontrados suportam as seguintes conclusões: que é possível realizar a identificação humana por meio das rugas palatinas, desde que haja um banco de dados prévio; as imagens podem ser arquivadas em CD-ROM, portanto, diminuindo o espaço utilizado para armazenamento dos dados pessoais de cada indivíduo; é um método de identificação seguro, por permitir análise relacionando 5 critérios, o que excluiu as chances de erros, pois nenhum modelo foi coincidente em nenhum ponto com outro, que não com o próprio. / The identification human being is something that comes being studied since century XIV and to each day it comes if perfecting more. In such a way this study a method of identification auxiliary to already the existing ones has as proposal, gotten by means of palatal rugae, that are structures located in the mucosa of the hard palate, involving papila incisive, rafe medium and palatal rugae. Having as objective to create a simpler methodology in the use of this method of identification, through the use of digitalized images and specific programs for such end. The sample was constituted by 100 models and respective handbooks. Initially they had been delimited palatal rugae, papila incisive and rafe medium with pencil 0.1 mm of thickness and graphite type HB, in the models of the citizens of the research. Three appraisers had participated of the research, so that the study he was blind: appraiser 1 was responsible for the election of the initial models; appraiser 2 made the copies in scanner (to reate data base); e appraiser 3 re-numbered the models so that they were overlapped by appraiser 2 and in the sequence the coincidence of points was analyzed, for the possible identification. The models had been digitalized and analyzed by means of the program Photoshop 7.0.1. The results, found by means of analysis of agreement of not coincident points, had allowed to a percentage of 100% of rightness in the identification, being possible the identification of all the individuals by means of the methodology proposal. The sample presented 85% of people of color of the white skin, 10% black, 5% yellow, the aged band involved individuals between 8 and 30 years of age. The joined results support the following conclusions: that she is possible to carry through the identification human being by means of palatal rugae, since that has a previous data base; the images can be filed in CD-ROM, therefore, decreased the space used for storage of the personal datas of each individual; it is a safe method of identification, for allowing to analysis relating 5 criteria, what it excluded the possibilities of errors, therefore no model was coincident in no point with another one, that not with the proper one.

In cases of forensic dental identification, a key factor in the comparison of the dental status of deceased persons with antemortem dental records is the matching of dental restorations in individual teeth. Many studies have been performed showing the prevalence of dental interventions. This has mostly been performed by counting the numbers of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) in each mouth without detailed data collection on a per-tooth basis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the research question: to what extent would data on the distribution and prevalence of restoration types in the human dentition facilitate forensic identification? A database program was developed to allow efficient collection and collation of dental trait information. Provision was made for storing information relating to a subject's individual teeth, such as restorative materials used and surfaces filled. Other data, such as missing teeth, caries status on a per-individual tooth basis and presence and details of types of prostheses may be stored. iii Data from patients attending a private group practice in Hobart was collected and a system was devised to enable the likelihood of dental trait occurrence to be calculated in cases of forensic dental identification. The capabilities of the system are demonstrated in a series of mock cases of dental identification. An opportunity to make use of the database for which it was designed arose in relation to the analysis of person identification evidence in a murder trial at the Tasmanian Supreme Court. The use of this reference database in evidence invoked lengthy debate involving the judge, crown prosecutor and defence barristers. The resulting voire dire was resolved in favour of conclusions drawn from the use of the database being admitted in evidence. The legal precedent set in the Marlow trial may possibly offer encouragement for practising odontologists to further the concept of establishing and using reference databases of dental traits in population groups in other parts of Australia.

<p>Bakgrund: Diabetes är en kronisk sjukdom och mer än 150 miljoner i världen har sjukdomen. Diabetessjukdomen försämrar både den allmänna och den orala hälsan. Diabetikernas kunskaper om sjukdomens negativa effekter på munhälsan är bristfällig. Syfte: var att beskriva hur vuxna individers orala hälsa påverkas av diabetes och vad tandhygienister ska beakta vid en tandvårdsbehandling. Frågeställningar: Vilka är de orala komplikationerna hos vuxna individer med diabetes? Kan parodontitbehandling hos diabetiker ha positiva effekter på diabetessjukdomen? Vad bör tandhygienister särskilt ta hänsyn till vid behandling av diabetiker? Metod: Studien har genomförts som en systematisk litteraturstudie. Resultat: Parodontala sjukdomar är den dominerande orala komplikationen hos diabetiker. Diabetiker som är rökare har svårare parodontala sjukdomar än de som inte röker. Liksom parodontit förekommer karies hos diabetiker men är inte lika omfattande studerad som de parodontala sjukdomarna. Diabetiker med bättre metabolismkontroll har bättre oral hälsa. Många diabetiker har dåliga kunskaper om att diabetessjukdomen kan ha negativ effekt på deras orala hälsa. Konklusion: Diabetiker har behov av både parodontala behandlingar och hälsofrämjande och förebyggande insatser. Ett samarbete mellan tandvård och sjukvård är nödvändig.</p>

Bakgrund: Diabetes är en kronisk sjukdom och mer än 150 miljoner i världen har sjukdomen. Diabetessjukdomen försämrar både den allmänna och den orala hälsan. Diabetikernas kunskaper om sjukdomens negativa effekter på munhälsan är bristfällig. Syfte: var att beskriva hur vuxna individers orala hälsa påverkas av diabetes och vad tandhygienister ska beakta vid en tandvårdsbehandling. Frågeställningar: Vilka är de orala komplikationerna hos vuxna individer med diabetes? Kan parodontitbehandling hos diabetiker ha positiva effekter på diabetessjukdomen? Vad bör tandhygienister särskilt ta hänsyn till vid behandling av diabetiker? Metod: Studien har genomförts som en systematisk litteraturstudie. Resultat: Parodontala sjukdomar är den dominerande orala komplikationen hos diabetiker. Diabetiker som är rökare har svårare parodontala sjukdomar än de som inte röker. Liksom parodontit förekommer karies hos diabetiker men är inte lika omfattande studerad som de parodontala sjukdomarna. Diabetiker med bättre metabolismkontroll har bättre oral hälsa. Många diabetiker har dåliga kunskaper om att diabetessjukdomen kan ha negativ effekt på deras orala hälsa. Konklusion: Diabetiker har behov av både parodontala behandlingar och hälsofrämjande och förebyggande insatser. Ett samarbete mellan tandvård och sjukvård är nödvändig.

In cases of forensic dental identification, a key factor in the comparison of the dental status of deceased persons with antemortem dental records is the matching of dental restorations in individual teeth. Many studies have been performed showing the prevalence of dental interventions. This has mostly been performed by counting the numbers of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) in each mouth without detailed data collection on a per-tooth basis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the research question: to what extent would data on the distribution and prevalence of restoration types in the human dentition facilitate forensic identification? A database program was developed to allow efficient collection and collation of dental trait information. Provision was made for storing information relating to a subject's individual teeth, such as restorative materials used and surfaces filled. Other data, such as missing teeth, caries status on a per-individual tooth basis and presence and details of types of prostheses may be stored. iii Data from patients attending a private group practice in Hobart was collected and a system was devised to enable the likelihood of dental trait occurrence to be calculated in cases of forensic dental identification. The capabilities of the system are demonstrated in a series of mock cases of dental identification. An opportunity to make use of the database for which it was designed arose in relation to the analysis of person identification evidence in a murder trial at the Tasmanian Supreme Court. The use of this reference database in evidence invoked lengthy debate involving the judge, crown prosecutor and defence barristers. The resulting voire dire was resolved in favour of conclusions drawn from the use of the database being admitted in evidence. The legal precedent set in the Marlow trial may possibly offer encouragement for practising odontologists to further the concept of establishing and using reference databases of dental traits in population groups in other parts of Australia.

No estudo das marcas de mordidas, os materiais biológicos relacionados à Odontologia, como o dente e saliva, são analisados por meio de evidências físicas (análise métrica e/ou emparelhamento físico) e evidências biológicas (análise de DNA). A partir de ambos os métodos pode-se estabelecer a identidade de um indivíduo, podendo assim, nas investigações forenses, apontar, ou mesmo identificar, um suspeito em uma cena de crime. O presente trabalho aplicou quatro métodos de análise física nas marcas de mordida produzidas em queijos e chocolates, bem como obter a recuperação de DNA, extraídos da saliva destes alimentos mordidos e de garrafas de água consumidas. Para tal, 20 participantes (10 do sexo masculino e 10 do sexo feminino) morderam cinco pedaços de queijo, cinco pedaços de chocolate e beberam em cinco garrafas de água, totalizando 15 amostras para cada um. As amostras produzidas foram armazenadas e analisadas em diferentes intervalos de temperatura (ambiente e geladeira) e tempo (imediato, três dias e sete dias). Na análise física, os métodos aplicados foram: análise métrica utilizando um paquímetro digital (Digital Caliper, Cixi Xinzheng Trade Co., Ltd., Zhejiang, China); análise métrica utilizando o software ImageJ (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland); sobreposição manual; e a sobreposição digital por meio do software Adobe Photoshop (Adobe Systems, Inc., Mountain View,California, USA). Na análise biológica foram realizadas as seguintes etapas do exame de DNA: coleta da saliva pela técnica de duplo swab, extração do DNA utilizando Kit QIAamp (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), quantificação do DNA recuperado através do equipamento espectofotômetro Nanodrop (Thermo Scientific&trade;, Wilmington, DE, USA), amplificação dos marcadores utilizando o Kit de identificação humana AmpFLSTR Identifiler PCR Amplification (Applied Biosystems&reg;, Carlsbad, CA, EUA) e a eletroforese em gel de agarose. De acordo com os resultados encontrados, não houve diferença significativa entre os dois métodos de análise métrica. Na análise de emparelhamento físico, o método manual obteve o maior número de identificados, com 58% para ambos os sexos, enquanto o método Adobe Photoshop apenas 32% das amostras foram identificadas para o sexo feminino e 44% no sexo masculino. O valor do índice de concordância intraobservador foi classificado como substancial para os métodos manuais em ambos os sexos e para o método Adobe Photoshop para o sexo masculino; e como moderado para o método Adobe Photoshop para o sexo feminino. Nas evidências biológicas, as amostras de DNA coletadas a partir da saliva depositada em queijos e chocolates mordidos e garrafas de água bebidas tiveram valores de concentração variando entre 28,52 ± 14,00 a 8,99 ± 2,20 ng/&mu;l, e estas foram suficientes para amplificação. Com isso, conclui-se que amostras de águas, queijos e chocolates nas condições estudadas, que simularam alimentos mordidos e bebidas consumidas encontrados em cenas de crime ou armazenadas em geladeiras a espera da análise pericial, podem ser utilizadas nas investigações de identificação em marcas de mordida tanto para métodos de evidências físicas quanto para métodos de evidências biológicas. / In the study of bite marks, the biological materials related to dentistry, such as teeth and saliva, are analyzed by means of physical evidence (metric analysis and / or physical pairing) and biological evidence (DNA analysis). From both methods can establish the identity of an individual, thus allowing, in forensic investigations, point, or even identify a suspect in a crime scene. This study aimed to apply four methods of physical analysis in bite marks produced in cheeses and chocolates, as well as obtain recovery the DNA extracted from the saliva of bitten food and bottled water consumed. The sample was comprised of 20 volunteers, 10 males and 10 females. Each volunteer was instructed to bite five pieces of cheese, five pieces of chocolate and drink five bottles of water, producing 15 samples of each from the 20 participants. The produced samples were stored and analyzed in different temperature ranges - temperature (25°C) and refrigerator (4-8°C), and time (immediately, three days, seven days). The methods used were: metric analysis by using a digital caliper, digital metric analysis using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland); manual overlay of the plaster model of the dental arches versus plaster model of chewed food, and overlapping images using Adobe Photoshop software (Adobe Systems, Inc., Mountain View,California, USA). In biological testing, saliva collecting was done using the double swab technique, DNA extraction according to the extraction protocol of the QIAamp kit (Qiagen®, Hilden, Germany), quantification of recovered DNA using equipment Nanodrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific&trade;, Wilmington, DE, USA); amplification of the markers was performed by human identification kit Identifiler PCR Amplification AmpFLSTR (Applied Biosystems&reg;, Carlsbad, CA, EUA) and agarose gel electrophoresis. According to the results, there was no significant difference between the two methods of metric analysis. In the physical pairing analysis, the manual method had the highest number of identified subjects with 58% for both sexes while with the Adobe Photoshop method only 32% of the samples were identified for females and 44 % males. The index value for intraobserver agreement was rated substantial for manual methods in both sexes and for Adobe Photoshop method for males; and as moderate for Adobe Photoshop method for females.In biological evidence, samples of DNA from saliva deposited in cheese and bitten chocolate, beverage and water bottles had concentration values ranging from 28,52 ± 14,00 a 8,99 ± 2,20 ng/&mu;l, and these were sufficient for amplification. Thus, it was concluded that samples of water, cheeses and chocolates under the conditions studied, simulating bitten foods and beverages found at crime scenes or stored in refrigerators waiting for the forensic analysis can be used for investigations in identifying bite marks using both physical methods evidence as to biological method evidence.

RESUMO As marcas de mordidas têm sido relatadas na literatura como elementos periciais fundamentais para a identificação de agressores, vítimas e criminosos. Assim, o papel da Odontologia Legal é cada vez mais importante. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar quatro metodologias de levantamento e identificação de marcas de mordidas, além do aprimoramento e aperfeiçoamento das técnicas existentes, analisando as vantagens e desvantagens de cada metodologia aplicada e adequando-as ao tipo de suporte em que a mordida ficou impressa. A amostra foi composta por 50 (cinqüenta) modelos de gesso de alunos da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo mediante consentimento livre e esclarecido. Foram utilizadas quatro gomas de mascar, maçãs e barras de chocolate. Através de sorteio, os alimentos foram mordidos pelos participantes sem conhecimento do pesquisador. A avaliação foi feita por meio da comparação entre as metodologias para estudo de marcas de mordidas humanas. Os resultados mostraram que a técnica mais segura e indicada para esse estudo foi a Análise Métrica. De doze alimentos mordidos, foi possível identificar os autores de dez. Em dois casos não foi possível indicar os principais suspeitos, mas excluir quarenta e cinco em um dos casos, e quarenta e seis no outro. De acordo com os dados obtidos, foram elaboradas propostas de protocolos para a análise de impressões dentárias nos três tipos de suportes. Ficou comprovado que a análise de impressões dentárias em alimentos pode ser utilizada como uma prova pericial a mais, facultando a sua incorporação ao conjunto probatório da investigação criminal, com a possibilidade de conferir um grande poder incriminatório ou excludente / ABSTRACT The bite marks has been described in scientific literature like a fundamentals elements of burglars and victims identification. The Forensic Odontology has shown each more contributions in this area of investigation. The aim of this study was to compare four analysis methodologies of bite marks, moreover improvement of the actual techniques, observing advantages, disadvantages and adapting to each kind of support. The sample was composed by fifty stone models of odontology students from Dental Faculty of University of São Paulo. It was used three kinds of food: four apples, chewing gums and chocolate bars. The foods were bitten for volunteers randomly choose without knows of the scientist. The valuation was made through the comparison of methodologies to collect and study of human dental impressions. The results showed that the more secure and indicated technique for these foods was Metric Analysis. From twelve foodstuffs, it was possible to identify ten of then. Two cases it wasn’t possible indicate the main suspects, but exclude fourty-five in one of the cases and fourty-six in the other. Based on the results, it was proposed a protocol to bite marks analysis for the three foodstuffs. It was proved that the study of bite marks in foods can be used like more one investigation proof, faculting your incorporation in the probatory amount of a criminal investigation, with the possibility of confer a significant incriminatory or excludent power.

A participação da odontologia legal está cada vez mais presente nos processos de identificação humana, seja nos casos de desastres em massa ou quando o único material disponível para análise são os dentes ou fragmentos de ossos da mandíbula ou da maxila. Após análise e pesquisa da literatura dos programas destinados à área de odontologia legal, foi confeccionada cinco tipos de fichas para a coleta de dados e desenvolvido um programa de computador nacional específico para a área de odontologia legal com o nome de sistema computadorizado de identificação odonto-legal (SOL). Inicialmente o programa pode ser utilizado na área criminal para os casos de: identificação humana em desastre de massa, identificação de pessoa desaparecida e análise das marcas de mordida. Para o projeto e desenvolvimento desse programa utilizou-se os programas Windows XP, Access 2003 e Visual Basic 6 da Microsoft. A plataforma apresenta-se de forma simples e não necessita de programas auxiliares de edição de texto ou imagens, nem a necessidade de conhecimentos avançados em informática do usuário. A partir da ocorrência e do cadastro dos registros, o programa realiza automaticamente uma filtragem dos dados e exibe uma lista com prováveis vítimas, de acordo com os dados coincidentes, para que o perito possa realizar o processo de identificação. Estão disponíveis para auxiliar o trabalho do perito, alguns recursos de edição e manipulação de imagem. Em que é possível alterar a angulação, o contraste, a Roberto Matsuzaki 8 escala, a transparência e negativo. O recurso de transparência possibilita a sobreposição de imagens para análise de marcas de mordidas e de estruturas anatômicas, e o recurso negativo auxilia na análise das radiografias. Para os testes e correções do programa foi realizada a simulação de um acidente com 25 vítimas hipotéticas com todos os dados dentários ante-mortem e 25 indivíduos post-mortem com algum desses eventos hipotéticos. O programa permitiu a identificação de todos os indivíduos e foi possível verificar a sua eficácia e aplicabilidade nos tipos de ocorrência a que foi proposto. / The participation of Forensic Dentistry is more and more present in human identification process, not only in mass disaster situation but also in cases when the only materials available for analysis are teeth or jawbones fragments. After the analysis and research of the programs literatures for forensic Dentistry area, five different forms was made for data collecting and a specific computer program was developed for Brazilian Forensic Dentistry area (computer system for identification forensic dentistry). Initially the program could be use in criminal area for case of: human identification in mass disaster, missing person identification and bites marks analysis. This program was designed and developed using Windows XP, Access 2003 and Visual Basic 6 ? Windows Software. The platform is simple and auxiliary text or image edition programs are not necessary, even advanced knowledge in computer program. From the event and the register data, the program automatically searches the data and display a list of probably victims, according to the coincident data, so the expert could perform the identification process. Some image edition and manipulation resources are available to assist the experts in their work, alteration in the angle, contrast, scale, transparence which permits superposing of images over bites marks and anatomical structures and invert that helps in radiography analysis. The program was tested and corrected through an accident simulation of 25 hypothetic victims with all ante-mortem dental data and 25 post-mortem subjects with Roberto Matsuzaki 10 some of the hypothetic events. The program allowed the identification of all of subjects and also permits to verify the program efficacy and applicability on the different events proposed.

Magister Chirurgiae Dentium - MChD (Maxillo-Facial & Oral Surgery) / South African dentists have a legal and ethical obligation to maintain complete and comprehensive dental records. In addition to the legal and ethical requirements, dental records are also important in the case of medico-legal issues, quality assurance processes and forensic purposes. Valuable forensic evidence contained in dental records are used in the identification of victims of mass disasters, personal victim identification e.g. in severely decomposed or skeletonized remains where DNA or other biometric data are not available. The victim identification process is highly dependent on complete, legible and accurate dental records. A review of the literature however shows that dental record keeping practices are sub-optimal worldwide. There is a paucity of studies in South Africa regards to dental record keeping practices. The aim of this study was to assess the record keeping practices of a sample of private practicing dentists in Cape Town and surrounding towns, for forensic dental purposes. Knowledge and awareness regards to forensic odontology as well as adherence to the guidelines prescribed by the Health Professional Council of South Africa were also assessed. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study, employing a researcher-administered questionnaire and a dental checklist for forensic valuable items in the dental file. The results were entered in a MS Excel spreadsheet and statistically analysed using IMB SPSS Statistics. This study concluded that most of the dental records kept by Cape Town dentists are near to optimal and would be helpful during forensic odontology investigations. However, shortcomings in record keeping practices exists which may compromise the forensic accuracy of their dental records. The study also shows a significant difference in dental record keeping practices by dentists practicing in lower income areas in Cape Town, compared to those practicing in economic affluent areas. The dentists in this study adhered to most of the guidelines prescribed by the Health Professional Council of South Africa however, important medico-legal information was missing from most dental records. This study hopes to contribute to future comprehensive studies in the broader South Africa to determine the validity of dental records for forensic odontology purposes.

A unicidade da cavidade sinusal frontal é um importante fator para a identidade humana. O uso de registros de imagens dessa cavidade para a identificação forense é amplamente difundido, sendo uma metodologia secundária segundo a INTERPOL. Recentes avanços nas tecnologias de imagem permitiram o registro de imagens tridimensionais dessa cavidade. Nosso objetivo foi validar a metodologia proposta por Beaini et al. (2015), padronizando critérios para a obtenção de imagens tridimensionais da cavidade sinusal frontal com tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico e avaliando a capacidade desses dados para a identificação humana. Para tanto, utilizamos um banco de imagens tomográficas de 200 pacientes randomizados e analisados por três observadores. As imagens foram exportadas em formato DICOM e submetidas a dois processos de segmentação distintos e sobreposição tridimensional. Realizou-se a metodologia descrita para estabelecer a identificação entre pacientes randomizados. Os resultados mostraram que há uma diferença significativa entre os processos de segmentação, sendo mais indicada a técnica de segmentação manual. A metodologia proposta por Beaini et al. (2015) foi validada e um total de 166 pacientes foram identificados. O volume da cavidade sinusal possui um elevado potencial de identificação com uma probabilidade aproximada de 85% para determinar o gênero dos indivíduos. / The uniqueness of the frontal sinus cavity is an important factor for establishing human identity. The usage of imaging records of this cavity for human identity is a secondary methodology according to the INTERPOL protocols. Recent advances in imaging technologies have enabled the three-dimensional imaging records of this cavity. Our goal was to validate the methodology proposed by Beaini et al. (2015), by developing standardized criteria for the use of cone beam computed tomography three-dimensional images of the front sinus and evaluating the ability of these data for human identification. The aim of this study was to investigate a total of 200 imaging records from randomized patients that were analyzed by three observers. Images were exported in DICOM format and underwent two distinct segmentation processes and a three-dimensional overlap. The Beaini et al. (2015) technique was applied to establish identification of the randomized patients. My results showed a significant difference between both segmentation processes, with manual segmentation showing the best results. Beaini et al. (2015) technique was validated and a total of 166 patients were identified. The volume of the sinus cavity has a high identification probability with a rough probability of 85% to determine the sex of individuals.