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Abstract The growing importance of forest certification has been under discussion in recent decades. In 21st century the FSC certification has been spreading across the Europe, and it has caused controversies among the citizens. The standards differ within the European Union, which has led to the situation where forest owners in some countries aren’t able to adapt the FSC certification, and are losing their markets. There are two forest certification organizations in Europe, the PEFC and the FSC. These two organizations can be seen as competitors nowadays. Both have certified forest around the world, in all continents. Among the forestry experts and forest owners, there is no consensus, whether the forest certifications are affecting positively to the market situation or not. Situations vary between the countries, since the standards and the usage of certificates differ. This thesis describes the situation of the forest certifications in Finland, Sweden, Czech Republic and Austria. The results are gathered from literature, articles and forestry experts' interviews by countries. From the results of these interviews a SWOT analysis is conducted, which assess whether the FSC certification is developing the market situation with positive or negative effect. The conclusions are based on the SWOT analysis results, and include suggestions for the further development for FSC forest certification by countries.

Labeling is one way consumers evaluate products for purchase. Environmental labeling is used to provide environmental information to the consumer. If a person is familiar with a particular labeling process they may be more inclined to consume such product. This study used the Tobii© T60 eye-tracking system to determine differences in gaze durations and time to first fixation between the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) label and an unsubstantiated label. Labels were placed on two different products (toilet paper and paper plates) and four locations (top-right corner, bottom-right corner, top-left corner, and bottom-left corner). Additionally, after the participants viewed the images they were asked to complete the six-question GREEN Consumer Values scale and then asked to sort eighteen different images based on label type and price. Participants did not differentiate between the two labels. Labels placed in the bottom-right corner received the least amount of attention (as measured by fixation duration) when compared to labels placed in the other three corners. Eye-tracking data was then split at the median and two groups were created: low label fixators versus high label fixators. High label fixators scored overall higher on the GREEN Consumer Values scale than low label fixators. Participants sorted the 18 products based on price, putting the lowest-labeled product first 84% of the time. Future studies could include looking at other environmental labels and broader populations. / Master of Science

Os desmatamentos ocorridos no Brasil ampliaram a percepção da sociedade quanto aos problemas ambientais deles advindos. Em virtude dessa conscientiação, as empresas madereiras têm enfrentado o desafio de demonstrar aos consumidores como vêm reduzindo os impactos socioambientais de suas operações. Como meio de marketing, muitas empresas fornecedoras de madeira certificada divulgam serem praticantes da responsabilidade socioambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho é a análise dos indicadores da certificação florestal do tipo plantação do Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), utilizados no Brasil para verificar as possibilidades de certificação florestal na atenuação dos impactos sociais e ambientais do setor madeireiro. Foi realizada uma leitura prévia de indicadores de diferentes sistemas de certificação florestal de plantações. Cento e dezessete indicadores do sistema de certificação de plantação FSC foram selecionados por serem considerados mais relevantes. Esses indicadores foram enviados em forma de um questionário para 244 atores sociais envolvidos na certificação. Cada ator social deveria atribuir a cada indicador uma nota de um a dez. Caso não soubesse de sua importância, deveria assinalar a coluna não sabe. Vinte e duas pessoas responderam ao questionário. Os atores sociais foram divididos em dois grupos: 10 atores sociais diretamente ligados à certificação florestal e indiretamente 12 ligados a certificação florestal. Os indicadores foram enfocados em 4 grupos: legal e administrativo; trabalhador florestal; comunidade do entorno da unidade de manejo florestal; e ambiental. Foi realizada uma análise separada para cada grupo social. Duas empresas do setor florestal foram avaliadas, na forma de estudo de casos, para averiguação de como as empresas com certificação florestal de plantação vêm implantando seus programas de responsabilidade social. Foi verificado que os atores sociais ligados diretamente à certificação florestal valorizam os indicadores com enfoque legal e administrativo e os com enfoque no trabalhador florestal. Os atores ligados indiretamente à certificação florestal valorizam os indicadores com enfoque legal e administrativo, com enfoque na comunidade e com enfoque ambiental. Os estudos de caso indicaram que a certificação de manejo florestal trouxe avanços em relação à mitigação dos impactos das operações florestais sobre o meio ambiente, trabalhadores florestais e a comunidade local. / The deforestations done in Brazil have amplified the perception of society to environmental problems and their results. Because of this awareness, the firms in the lumber sector have been challenged to show the consumers how they have been reducing the social and environmental impacts in their activities. As a form of marketing, many firms, which furnish certified wood, advertise that they are firms that practice social and environmental responsibility. The objective of this dissertation is the analysis of the indicators of the system for forest certification, model plantation forests, of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) used in Brazil; to verify the possibilities of forest certification in the attenuation of the social and environmental impacts in the lumbering sector. A prior reading of the different systems of indicators used for forest certification plantations was done. One hundred and seventeen indicators of the system for the certification of forests of the FSC were selected as being the most relevant. These indicators were sent, in the form of a questionnaire, to 244 stakeholders involved in certification. Each stakeholder was to attribute a note from 1 to 10 for each indicator. In the event that he was not certain of its importance, he would mark the column "Don't know". Twenty two persons responded to the questionnaire. The stakeholders were divided into two groups: 10 stakeholders directly connected to forest certification and 12 indirectly connected to forest certification. The indicators were divided into 4 groups: legal and administrative subjects, forest workers, the community living in the areas surrounding the forest management projects, and environment subjects. A separate analysis was done for each social group. Two firms, active in the forestry section, were evaluated, in a form of case studies, to see how firms with the forest certification of plantation are implanting their programs of social responsibility. It was verified that the stakeholders directly connected with forest certification valorize the indicators for legal and administrative aspects and forest workers. Those indirectly involved with forest certification valorize the legal and administrative approaches, the communities, and ecological aspects. The case studies indicate that the certification of forest management brought improvements in relation to the mitigation of the impacts of the forest operations on the environment, forest workers, and the local communities.

Os desmatamentos ocorridos no Brasil ampliaram a percepção da sociedade quanto aos problemas ambientais deles advindos. Em virtude dessa conscientiação, as empresas madereiras têm enfrentado o desafio de demonstrar aos consumidores como vêm reduzindo os impactos socioambientais de suas operações. Como meio de marketing, muitas empresas fornecedoras de madeira certificada divulgam serem praticantes da responsabilidade socioambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho é a análise dos indicadores da certificação florestal do tipo plantação do Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), utilizados no Brasil para verificar as possibilidades de certificação florestal na atenuação dos impactos sociais e ambientais do setor madeireiro. Foi realizada uma leitura prévia de indicadores de diferentes sistemas de certificação florestal de plantações. Cento e dezessete indicadores do sistema de certificação de plantação FSC foram selecionados por serem considerados mais relevantes. Esses indicadores foram enviados em forma de um questionário para 244 atores sociais envolvidos na certificação. Cada ator social deveria atribuir a cada indicador uma nota de um a dez. Caso não soubesse de sua importância, deveria assinalar a coluna não sabe. Vinte e duas pessoas responderam ao questionário. Os atores sociais foram divididos em dois grupos: 10 atores sociais diretamente ligados à certificação florestal e indiretamente 12 ligados a certificação florestal. Os indicadores foram enfocados em 4 grupos: legal e administrativo; trabalhador florestal; comunidade do entorno da unidade de manejo florestal; e ambiental. Foi realizada uma análise separada para cada grupo social. Duas empresas do setor florestal foram avaliadas, na forma de estudo de casos, para averiguação de como as empresas com certificação florestal de plantação vêm implantando seus programas de responsabilidade social. Foi verificado que os atores sociais ligados diretamente à certificação florestal valorizam os indicadores com enfoque legal e administrativo e os com enfoque no trabalhador florestal. Os atores ligados indiretamente à certificação florestal valorizam os indicadores com enfoque legal e administrativo, com enfoque na comunidade e com enfoque ambiental. Os estudos de caso indicaram que a certificação de manejo florestal trouxe avanços em relação à mitigação dos impactos das operações florestais sobre o meio ambiente, trabalhadores florestais e a comunidade local. / The deforestations done in Brazil have amplified the perception of society to environmental problems and their results. Because of this awareness, the firms in the lumber sector have been challenged to show the consumers how they have been reducing the social and environmental impacts in their activities. As a form of marketing, many firms, which furnish certified wood, advertise that they are firms that practice social and environmental responsibility. The objective of this dissertation is the analysis of the indicators of the system for forest certification, model plantation forests, of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) used in Brazil; to verify the possibilities of forest certification in the attenuation of the social and environmental impacts in the lumbering sector. A prior reading of the different systems of indicators used for forest certification plantations was done. One hundred and seventeen indicators of the system for the certification of forests of the FSC were selected as being the most relevant. These indicators were sent, in the form of a questionnaire, to 244 stakeholders involved in certification. Each stakeholder was to attribute a note from 1 to 10 for each indicator. In the event that he was not certain of its importance, he would mark the column "Don't know". Twenty two persons responded to the questionnaire. The stakeholders were divided into two groups: 10 stakeholders directly connected to forest certification and 12 indirectly connected to forest certification. The indicators were divided into 4 groups: legal and administrative subjects, forest workers, the community living in the areas surrounding the forest management projects, and environment subjects. A separate analysis was done for each social group. Two firms, active in the forestry section, were evaluated, in a form of case studies, to see how firms with the forest certification of plantation are implanting their programs of social responsibility. It was verified that the stakeholders directly connected with forest certification valorize the indicators for legal and administrative aspects and forest workers. Those indirectly involved with forest certification valorize the legal and administrative approaches, the communities, and ecological aspects. The case studies indicate that the certification of forest management brought improvements in relation to the mitigation of the impacts of the forest operations on the environment, forest workers, and the local communities.

Submitted by Izabel Franco (izabel-franco@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T13:48:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMSB.pdf: 3247535 bytes, checksum: 290b16ef94ab73bae12707f875421060 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T19:47:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMSB.pdf: 3247535 bytes, checksum: 290b16ef94ab73bae12707f875421060 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T19:47:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMSB.pdf: 3247535 bytes, checksum: 290b16ef94ab73bae12707f875421060 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-20T19:47:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMSB.pdf: 3247535 bytes, checksum: 290b16ef94ab73bae12707f875421060 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / In recent decades, the intensification of environmental concern generated by human activities is causing reflexes in various sectors of society. In this context the market started to demand information and guarantees about the forest products. One of the tools developed for this purpose is the forest certification, represented in Brazil mainly by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). In addition to attest the management system, the forest certification requires compliance with the laws in force in the country and of social, economic and environmental more restrictive criteria. For certification and maintenance of the certificate, it is required that all non-compliances with requirements of the standards are treated in the sense of being corrected by avoiding their recurrence. Thus, this study aims to analyze the future changes arising from the integration of International Generic Indicators (IGIs), taking into account the difficulties encountered for compliance with the current standard in the process of FSC certification audits in the context of forest plantations in Brazil. To this end, were obtained data and information from forest management certification audits in the last five years. The results obtained indicate that organizations have a higher difficulty to meet the Principles 4, 6, 7 and 8, strictly linked to the social aspects, such worker’s rights and community relations, environmental impacts, and social and environmental monitoring. The changes arising from the IGIs are mainly related to the new concepts and approaches that impact directly in social areas, environmental impact assessment/monitoring, and management of the forest management. Analyses intend to contribute and support decision-making by the forest sector, and assist in the process of recertification and certification processes of new organizations / Nas últimas décadas, a intensificação da preocupação ambiental gerada pelas atividades humanas vem causando reflexos em vários setores da sociedade. Neste contexto o mercado passou a exigir informações e garantias sobre os produtos florestais. Um dos instrumentos desenvolvidos para tal fim é a certificação florestal, representada no Brasil principalmente pelo Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Além de atestar o sistema de manejo, a certificação florestal exige o cumprimento das legislações vigentes no país e de critérios sociais, econômicos e ambientais mais restritivos. Para a certificação e manutenção do certificado, é exigido que todas as não conformidades com requisitos das normas sejam tratadas no sentido de serem corrigidas evitando sua recorrência. Desta forma, este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as futuras mudanças advindas da inserção dos Indicadores Genéricos Internacionais (IGIs), levando em consideração as dificuldades encontradas para cumprimento do padrão atual nos processos de auditorias de certificação FSC no contexto das plantações florestais no Brasil. Para tanto, foram obtidos dados e informações das auditorias de certificação de manejo florestal nos últimos cinco anos. Os resultados obtidos indicam que as organizações apresentam maior dificuldade para cumprir os Princípios 4, 6, 7 e 8, estritamente ligados à aspectos sociais, como direito dos trabalhadores e relações com a comunidade, aos impactos ambientais, e monitoramento social e ambiental. As alterações advindas dos IGIs estão principalmente relacionadas a novos conceitos e abordagens que impactam diretamente nas áreas sociais, avaliação de impacto ambiental/monitoramento, e gestão do manejo. As análises realizadas se propõem a contribuir e subsidiar as tomadas de decisão pelo setor florestal, e auxiliar nos processos de recertificação e em processos de certificação de novas organizações.

This eassy assesses the recent trend of transnational private governance by analyzing the multiple functions and impacts of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), one of the most representative institutions in global environmental governance. After clarifying the general context of global governance, civil society and the rise of transnational private certifying, this article compares different interactive processes between the FSC and the government. This article concludes different patterns of how the FSC interacts with a country. Moreover, by interviewing the enterprises in Taiwan, this article sums up how the FSC crosses over the nation borders and achieves transnational governance through private certification.

Forest certification plays an important role in the forest products industry in Mississippi. Approximately 17% of the state’s 19 million acres of forest land is certified under one of three major systems in the United States. More than two million acres are certified under Sustainable Forestry Initiative, more than one million acres are certified under American Tree Farm System and over 150,000 acres are certified under Forest Stewardship Council. The goal of forest certification is sustainable use of all forest resources, from timber to clean water to recreation. This goal can only be achieved if nonindustrial private forest landowners, loggers, and forestry professionals all agree on the concepts each system espouses. This project surveyed nonindustrial private landowners in Mississippi, members of the Mississippi Loggers Association, and members of the Mississippi Sustainable Forestry Initiative Implementation Committee, to test their levels of agreement on 12 different Likert Scales or sets of statements representing specific underlying concepts of forest certification. The three groups generally agreed on most aspects of forest certification. There were some significant differences between the groups based on the distribution of responses, however the scale averages never differed by more than 0.7 indicating that while the differences were significant, overall they were still fairly close in their understanding of certification concepts. There were a large number of non-industrial private landowners who were not aware of forest certification. This result has not changed since the last landowner study that was conducted in Mississippi regarding forest certification, almost 10 years ago.

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The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certifies forests that have been grown in an environmentally and socially responsible manner. It attempts to increase market share for certified paper via a Business Development Plan (BDP). This thesis provides analysis of the FSCs marketing using a survey and case study approach. The survey of institutional paper buyers reveals trends that suggest that the market for FSC and other certified papers is gaining popularity with institutional buyers, even though final consumers remain price sensitive. Components of institutional behavior that might cause an organization to adopt FSC are analyzed. This analysis reveals that adoption is more likely if it is important to an institution’s stakeholders and if reputation can be increased, even given increased costs. However, much of the growth in market share of FSC remains unexplained by the BDP. Hence the market for FSC and certified paper may be expanding independent of FSC and BDP. / Agricultural and Resource Eonomics