Abstract Title: The relationship between Open innovation and Swedish forest companies - Why do Swedish forest companies choose to either implement or to not implement Open innovation? Course: 2FE897, Master`s thesis in Entrepreneurship, Department of Business Studies. Key Words: Open innovation, closed innovation, innovation process, collaborative innovation, Swedish forest companies.  Purpose: Aims to identify the reasons why or why not Swedish forest companies implement open innovation, but also to find out if there is an ideal open innovation form among Swedish forest companies. Methodology: Abductive approach and qualitative method. Semi structured interviews areconducted with managers from five Swedish forest companies and one startup. Theoretical perspectives: We collected and created a theoretical framework based on open and closed innovation models. We will also bring up different forms of open innovation. Empirical foundation: The empirical data in this thesis are based on our semi structured interviews. Conclusions: Companies prefer a mix of open and closed innovation. Why companies use Open innovation: cost effective, more efficient, boost brand reputation and remain competitive with external knowledge. Why companies continue to use closed innovation: Easier to measure results, keep control, manage and estimate budgets. Collaborative innovation is concluded to be the ideal open innovation form.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Forestal / En los últimos veinte años Chile ha tenido un desarrollo forestal importante, influenciado por estrategias políticas y económicas direccionadas a participar de forma activa en el comercio internacional. En este proceso, el sector forestal sostuvo ritmos de crecimiento variables en el tiempo. Debido a factores internos y externos al país y a un patrón de desarrollo que consolidó a tres grandes grupos empresariales que hoy dominan la actividad económica forestal. El estudio analiza el desarrollo que han experimentado las exportaciones y las empresas forestales, desde la perspectiva económica y comercial, entre 1995 y 2015, como resultado de las principales iniciativas políticas y económicas formuladas antes y durante el período de estudio. Se distinguen los factores más significativos que han incidido en el comportamiento de las exportaciones forestales chilenas, y se analizan los instrumentos políticos y legales que han afectado dicho desarrollo. De igual modo también se caracteriza el crecimiento del sector empresarial forestal de Chile, con especial consideración a su estructura y origen, y su relación con las condiciones políticas y económicas del período. Para lograr los objetivos, se extraen los datos de organismos gubernamentales y empresas privadas, cuyo análisis está referido a: las leyes relacionadas con el rubro, los efectos de la Crisis Asiática y Crisis Subprime; la evolución y velocidad de cambio de los montos exportados por producto; la composición de las exportaciones; la variación de la balanza comercial forestal; la variación de los mercados; los tratados de libre comercio; las grandes inversiones privadas en infraestructura a nivel nacional y latinoamericano; la salida y entrada de empresas al mercado; las áreas de mayor crecimiento; la propiedad de las empresas; los cambios estratégicos percibidos en el sector empresarial; las políticas económicas, y el apoyo a pequeñas y medianas empresas forestales. Finalmente, el estudio pretende responder preguntas relacionadas con las principales iniciativas políticas y económicas que influenciaron la evolución del sector, así como las razones que pueden justificar la evolución que han tenido las exportaciones y el desarrollo de las empresas del sector forestal durante el período de estudio. / Forest industry has been an important contributor to the economy of Chile for over twenty years as a result of political and economic strategies geared to encourage international trade. Under domestic and foreign up-and-downs the internationalization process faced uneven growth paces over the years and consolidated three large business groups which currently lead the sector economic activity. Within this scheme and from the economic and commercial perspectives the forest business development between 1995 and 2015 is analyzed, as a result of the major political and economic initiatives formulated before and during the study period. The most significant factors that have influenced Chilean forest exports are recognized associated to political and legal tools which have somehow affected such development. The Chilean forest business sector expansion is also characterized - particularly its origin and structure - related to the economic and political settings. The official and private information collected as well as the analysis involved referred to: laws connected to the forest activity; Asia and Subprime Crisis as factors of Chilean forest development; the evolution as well as the speed of change of forest product exports; forest products trade balance and target markets; free trade agreements; major private investments in domestic infrastructure and in Latin America; companies entry and exit of market; larger areas of growth; companies ownership; strategic changes perceived by business; economic policies and support to medium and small size forest companies. Finally, this study intends to answer questions related to the major political and economic initiatives that affected the forest sector growth, the reasons behind the expansion of forest product exports as well as the development of the forest sector companies over the study period.

Background and problem: There is a need for more research that is specific to a particular branch of industry when it comes to capital budgeting. Especially when it comes to mapping how companies within the Swedish forest industry proceed capital budgeting when investing in tangible fixed assets. The reason for this is that the research regarding the subject within the industry is either made abroad, focusing only on a few companies or excluding the non-financial considerations that are made during the capital budgeting process. It is not reasonable to not take these considerations into account, due to the fact that it has a great impact on the capital investment decision. Besides this, it is through both the financial and the non-financial consequences that the complex reality can be captured. In other words, capital budgeting can only be studied in large when including both financial and non-financial considerations at the same time as there is a need to delimit the research to one industry and one country.  Purpose: The purpose of this study is to map how companies within the Swedish forest industry handle capital budgeting when investing in tangible fixed assets. The mapping will be done by determining which calculation methods that are frequently used and what financial and non-financial considerations that are made. The purpose is also to define the reasons as to why the Swedish forest companies prioritize precisely these considerations when managing capital budgeting. The ambition is to make sure that the research’s conclusions depict capital budgeting in the industry and trought that contribute to a greater understanding of the practical application of capital budgeting within Swedish forest industry.  Method: The thesis is primarily described as a qualitative research that is based on interviews. The empirical data is mostly gathered through semi structured interviews with respondents from different Swedish forest companies and the interviews are supplemented with information from various websites, annual reports and internal documents.  Conclusions: Swedish forest companies are influenced by a number of factors which in turn affects how they handle capital budgeting when investing in tangible fixed assets. The financial considerations are mainly found through the usage of different investment calculation methods, where the payback method followed by the net present value method are most commonly used. The non-financial considerations are mainly characterized by industry specific conditions together with a focus on environment, security and competitiveness.