Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar os processos político-legislativos que culminaram na criação e nas modificações do mecanismo de compensação de reserva legal, previsto no revogado Código Florestal Brasileiro (Lei Federal nº 4.771/1965) e na lei que o substituiu (Lei Federal nº 12.651/2012). A questão central que orienta esta pesquisa é a seguinte: por que, desde o seu surgimento, a compensação de reserva legal sofreu constantes modificações? As hipóteses para a pergunta formulada consideram que, no complexo jogo político de alteração do Código Florestal, prevaleceram as proposições de dois agrupamentos de atores: o agronegócio (e de outros interesses associados, como mineradoras e hidrelétricas) e a bancada ruralista do Congresso Nacional. Assim, focalizando na compensação de reserva legal, estabeleceu-se um recorte temporal de 1996 a 2012, onde se analisou os processos políticos das seguintes etapas: (i) a formação da agenda governamental em 1996, que culminou na alteração do Código Florestal por medida provisória; (ii) a criação da compensação em 1998; (iii) a modificação desse instrumento no anteprojeto de lei do Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente (CONAMA) (2000); e (iv) a alteração proposta pelo projeto de lei aprovado na Comissão Especial Temporária do Código Florestal (2010), instituída na Câmara dos Deputados, e sua aprovação pelo plenário daquela Casa (2011), cujo texto foi incorporado na nova lei florestal (2012). No exame dessas quatro fases, considerou-se que uma política pública é o resultado da multiplicidade de elementos e sua complexa interação. Assim, conforme as especificidades de cada etapa, o desenvolvimento do trabalho demandou a mobilização de componentes teóricos dos seguintes referenciais da ciência política: o neo institucionalismo, a hegemonia do Poder Executivo sobre o Legislativo, a articulação dos grupos de interesses econômicos, a teoria dos Múltiplos Fluxos (John W. Kingdon), o pluralismo (Robert A. Dahl) e a tipologia de Theodore Lowi. Assim, o trabalho identifica os atores chaves, especialmente aqueles relacionados ao agronegócio e à bancada ruralista, seus aspectos essenciais, suas interações, a correlação de forças, os embates, as tentativas de influenciar o jogo político em relevo. Na análise da Comissão Especial do Código Florestal (2010), o trabalho identifica os parlamentares ruralistas, os donos de terras, aqueles cujas campanhas eleitorais receberam financiamento do agronegócio/interesses associados, bem como outras características que permitam entender o peso daquela bancada suprapartidária e daquele setor econômico no abrandamento das regras alusivas à compensação de reserva legal. O trabalho colheu evidencias que corroboram as hipóteses levantadas, pois a bancada ruralista e o agronegócio/interessados associados atuaram em várias frentes, mobilizaram recursos políticos e, aproveitando-se do desenho institucional, contribuíram decisivamente para a criação e modificação da compensação de reserva legal ao longo dos anos. O estudo mostra ainda que outros fatores foram importantes nesse contexto, como a posição do governo e a formação das coalizões partidárias, especialmente no Congresso Nacional. / The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the political and legislative processes that culminated in the creation and modification of the compensation mechanism of legal forest reserve, provided for in the repealed Brazilian Forest Act (Federal Act No. 4.771/1965) and in the law that replaced it (Federal Act No. 12.651/2012). The central matter guiding this research is the following: why, since its appearance, the compensation of legal forest reserves has been suffering constant changes? The hypothesis regarding the question posed considers that in the complex political game of the Forest Act alteration, there have prevailed the propositions of two groups of actors: agribusiness (and other associated interests such as mining and hydropower companies) and the Brazilian Congressional Rural caucus members performance congressmen and senators. Thus, focusing on the compensation of the legal forest reserve, a time frame from 1996 until 2012 was established, where the political processes of the following stages were analyzed: (i) the formation of the government agenda in 1996, which culminated in the amendment of the Forest Act by provisional decree; (ii) the creation of compensation in 1998; (iii) modification of this instrument in the draft bill of the National Council of Environment (CONAMA) (2000); and (iv) the amendment proposed by the bill of law approved by the Temporary Special Commission of the Forest Act (2010), introduced in the House of Representatives, and its approval by the plenary of that House (2011), whose text was incorporated in the new forest code (2012). Examining these four stages, it was considered that a public policy is the result of multiple factors and their complex interaction. Thus, according to the specificities of each stage, the development work required the mobilization of theoretical components of the following references of political science: the new institutionalism, the hegemony of the Executive Branch over the Legislative Branch, the articulation of the economic interest group, the Multiple Stream Model (John W. Kingdon), pluralism (Robert A. Dahl) and Theodore Lowis typology. Thus, the work identifies the key actors, especially those related to agribusiness and to the rural caucus, their essential aspects, their interactions, the correlation of forces, the conflicts, and attempts to influence the political game at issue. In the analysis of the Special Committee of the Forest Act (2010), the work identifies the rural parliaments, landowners, those whose electoral campaigns received funding from associated agribusiness/interests, as well as other characteristics that allow the understanding of the weight of that bench and that economic sector in loosening the rules regarding the compensation of legal forest reserve. The work gathered evidences that corroborated the hypotheses because the caucus and agribusiness/interested members acted on several fronts, mobilized political resources, taking advantage of the institutional design, contributed decisively for the creation and modification of the legal forest reserve compensation along the years. The study further demonstrates that other factors were important in this context, as the government position and formation of party coalitions, especially in the National Congress.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elton Abreu Cobra.pdf: 1967699 bytes, checksum: 5e06ccb1f7659e310d04c2c5bf7e697f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-03 / The objective of the present work is the analysis of 12.651/2012 law and the identification of the advances and setbacks in environmental regularization of rural properties.The implementation of this environmental Law in relation to the Forestry Legal Reserve Areas and Areas of Permanent Preservation is necessary to ensure quality of life to Brazilian society. We develop the analysis of the need for preservation and restoration of these areas and distortions brought by the New Forest Act that could bring trouble to the protection of these environmental assets, as a threat to the protection of ecological processes that ensure the sustainability of natural resources and biodiversity conservation. The work approach bases itself on the principle of the prohibition of environmental backsliding in order to verify the possible weakening of the regulation and its constitutionality towards the dictates of the Constitution of 1988. The study proposes alternatives to the effectiveness of the law based on the Payment for Environmental Services - PSA. The goal is to collaborate with the evolution of the effectiveness of law enforcement and the pursuit of sustainability in the use of our environmental assets for the promotion of social and environmental well-being / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo uma análise da Lei 12.651/2012 e identificar os avanços e retrocessos na regularização ambiental das propriedades rurais. O cumprimento desta Lei Florestal em relação às Áreas de Reserva Florestal Legal e Áreas de Preservação Permanente se faz necessário para garantir qualidade de vida à sociedade brasileira. Desenvolvemos a análise da necessidade de preservação e recuperação destas áreas e as distorções trazidas pela Nova Lei Florestal que poderá trazer transtornos para a proteção destes bens ambientais, com ameaça à proteção dos processos ecológicos que garantem a sustentabilidade dos recursos naturais e a preservação da biodiversidade. O trabalho faz uma abordagem com base no Princípio da Proibição do Retrocesso Ambiental para verificar o possível enfraquecimento da norma e sua constitucionalidade frente os ditames da Constituição Federal de 1988. O estudo propõe alternativas para a efetividade da lei com base no Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais PSA. O objetivo é colaborar com a evolução de sua efetividade do cumprimento da lei e a busca da sustentabilidade da utilização dos nossos bens ambientais para a promoção do bem estar socioambiental

This 11-month study examined rates of encountering dung pellet groups, dung piles and ungulates in gallery forests and non-gallery forests during diurnal surveys in the Loma Mountains Non-Hunting Forest Reserve (LMNHFR) in Sierra Leone, West Africa. These indices of relative abundance were then used to infer relative habitat use by the seven ungulate species on which data were collected. This study also examined the differences in rates of encountering duikers during nocturnal surveys with rates of encountering duikers during diurnal surveys to determine which time of day produces higher rates of encounter, and thereby a more accurate estimate of duiker abundance. The dung of four of the seven species, namely Cephalophus niger, Philantomba maxwelli, Tragelaphus scriptus, and Potamochoerus porcus is encountered at a higher rate in gallery forest than in non-gallery forest. Rates of encountering the dung of three species, C. silvicultor, C. dorsalis and Syncerus caffer nanus, do not differ between forest types. Rates of encountering four species, namely C. niger, P. maxwelli, T. scriptus, and C. silvicultor are higher in gallery forest than in non-gallery forest. Rates of encountering three species, namely C. dorsalis, S. caffer nanus, and P. porcus do not differ between forest types. Rates of encountering duikers ranged from three to six times higher during nocturnal surveys than during diurnal surveys for C. niger and P. maxwelli and 20 times higher for C. dorsalis. Survey timing did not affect the rate of encounter for C. silvicultor. Forest ungulates in the LMNHFR utilize gallery forests regularly. Possible reasons for the higher rates of encounter for six of the species in gallery forests compared with non-gallery forests are access to water, readily available browse resulting from annual fire damage on the periphery and interior of gallery forests, and easy access to cover for ungulates when foraging in adjacent grassland. Given the current rate of forest loss in West Africa, studies examining how forest mammals are able to persist in small forest fragments should be high priority for both government and conservation groups. The findings here give evidence that forest ungulates can and do use small areas of forest. Most importantly, the findings from this study show the global value of the LMNHFR for the conservation of large mammals endemic to the Upper Guinea Forests.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar os processos político-legislativos que culminaram na criação e nas modificações do mecanismo de compensação de reserva legal, previsto no revogado Código Florestal Brasileiro (Lei Federal nº 4.771/1965) e na lei que o substituiu (Lei Federal nº 12.651/2012). A questão central que orienta esta pesquisa é a seguinte: por que, desde o seu surgimento, a compensação de reserva legal sofreu constantes modificações? As hipóteses para a pergunta formulada consideram que, no complexo jogo político de alteração do Código Florestal, prevaleceram as proposições de dois agrupamentos de atores: o agronegócio (e de outros interesses associados, como mineradoras e hidrelétricas) e a bancada ruralista do Congresso Nacional. Assim, focalizando na compensação de reserva legal, estabeleceu-se um recorte temporal de 1996 a 2012, onde se analisou os processos políticos das seguintes etapas: (i) a formação da agenda governamental em 1996, que culminou na alteração do Código Florestal por medida provisória; (ii) a criação da compensação em 1998; (iii) a modificação desse instrumento no anteprojeto de lei do Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente (CONAMA) (2000); e (iv) a alteração proposta pelo projeto de lei aprovado na Comissão Especial Temporária do Código Florestal (2010), instituída na Câmara dos Deputados, e sua aprovação pelo plenário daquela Casa (2011), cujo texto foi incorporado na nova lei florestal (2012). No exame dessas quatro fases, considerou-se que uma política pública é o resultado da multiplicidade de elementos e sua complexa interação. Assim, conforme as especificidades de cada etapa, o desenvolvimento do trabalho demandou a mobilização de componentes teóricos dos seguintes referenciais da ciência política: o neo institucionalismo, a hegemonia do Poder Executivo sobre o Legislativo, a articulação dos grupos de interesses econômicos, a teoria dos Múltiplos Fluxos (John W. Kingdon), o pluralismo (Robert A. Dahl) e a tipologia de Theodore Lowi. Assim, o trabalho identifica os atores chaves, especialmente aqueles relacionados ao agronegócio e à bancada ruralista, seus aspectos essenciais, suas interações, a correlação de forças, os embates, as tentativas de influenciar o jogo político em relevo. Na análise da Comissão Especial do Código Florestal (2010), o trabalho identifica os parlamentares ruralistas, os donos de terras, aqueles cujas campanhas eleitorais receberam financiamento do agronegócio/interesses associados, bem como outras características que permitam entender o peso daquela bancada suprapartidária e daquele setor econômico no abrandamento das regras alusivas à compensação de reserva legal. O trabalho colheu evidencias que corroboram as hipóteses levantadas, pois a bancada ruralista e o agronegócio/interessados associados atuaram em várias frentes, mobilizaram recursos políticos e, aproveitando-se do desenho institucional, contribuíram decisivamente para a criação e modificação da compensação de reserva legal ao longo dos anos. O estudo mostra ainda que outros fatores foram importantes nesse contexto, como a posição do governo e a formação das coalizões partidárias, especialmente no Congresso Nacional. / The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the political and legislative processes that culminated in the creation and modification of the compensation mechanism of legal forest reserve, provided for in the repealed Brazilian Forest Act (Federal Act No. 4.771/1965) and in the law that replaced it (Federal Act No. 12.651/2012). The central matter guiding this research is the following: why, since its appearance, the compensation of legal forest reserves has been suffering constant changes? The hypothesis regarding the question posed considers that in the complex political game of the Forest Act alteration, there have prevailed the propositions of two groups of actors: agribusiness (and other associated interests such as mining and hydropower companies) and the Brazilian Congressional Rural caucus members performance congressmen and senators. Thus, focusing on the compensation of the legal forest reserve, a time frame from 1996 until 2012 was established, where the political processes of the following stages were analyzed: (i) the formation of the government agenda in 1996, which culminated in the amendment of the Forest Act by provisional decree; (ii) the creation of compensation in 1998; (iii) modification of this instrument in the draft bill of the National Council of Environment (CONAMA) (2000); and (iv) the amendment proposed by the bill of law approved by the Temporary Special Commission of the Forest Act (2010), introduced in the House of Representatives, and its approval by the plenary of that House (2011), whose text was incorporated in the new forest code (2012). Examining these four stages, it was considered that a public policy is the result of multiple factors and their complex interaction. Thus, according to the specificities of each stage, the development work required the mobilization of theoretical components of the following references of political science: the new institutionalism, the hegemony of the Executive Branch over the Legislative Branch, the articulation of the economic interest group, the Multiple Stream Model (John W. Kingdon), pluralism (Robert A. Dahl) and Theodore Lowis typology. Thus, the work identifies the key actors, especially those related to agribusiness and to the rural caucus, their essential aspects, their interactions, the correlation of forces, the conflicts, and attempts to influence the political game at issue. In the analysis of the Special Committee of the Forest Act (2010), the work identifies the rural parliaments, landowners, those whose electoral campaigns received funding from associated agribusiness/interests, as well as other characteristics that allow the understanding of the weight of that bench and that economic sector in loosening the rules regarding the compensation of legal forest reserve. The work gathered evidences that corroborated the hypotheses because the caucus and agribusiness/interested members acted on several fronts, mobilized political resources, taking advantage of the institutional design, contributed decisively for the creation and modification of the legal forest reserve compensation along the years. The study further demonstrates that other factors were important in this context, as the government position and formation of party coalitions, especially in the National Congress.

Les forêts tropicales renferment des peuplements arborescents dont la gestion et l’aménagement nécessitent des connaissances sur leur organisation spatiale et leur dynamique. Les analyses de la structure spatiale des espèces arborescentes peuvent être utilisées en forêts naturelles pour identifier les mécanismes sous-jacents qui structurent les peuplements forestiers afin d’améliorer la compréhension des relations entre les espèces. Cette étude a été menée dans la Réserve Forestière de Yoko (RFY) aux environs de Kisangani à l’est de la RD Congo (R.D.C). Elle consiste à analyser la structure spatiale horizontale des espèces les plus abondantes et à tenter d’identifier, à l’échelle locale, les facteurs et/ou processus écologiques potentiellement explicatifs pour en retirer des enseignements utiles à la gestion des massifs forestiers situés à proximité de Kisangani. <p>Pour ce faire, une parcelle d’échantillonnage de 25 ha (500m 500m) a été délimitée dans le bloc sud de la RFY constitué d’une végétation ligneuse mixte et semi-décidue. Un inventaire forestier a permis d’analyser la composition floristique et structurale de la zone. Trois techniques (ou modèles statistiques) relevant de l’écologie spatiale pour l’analyse de la structure horizontale des espèces ont été utilisées :la méthode du voisin le plus proche de Clark & Evans (1954), la méthode d’échantillonnage aléatoire de Hines & Hines (1979), ces deux méthodes reposant sur une analyse à échelle unique de la parcelle d’étude, et la méthode de Ripley (1977) permettant non seulement une analyse multi-échelle mais aussi l’étude des relations intra et interspécifiques. Concernant ce point précis, les arbres ont été catégorisés en trois stades de développement sur la base de leurs diamètres (les jeunes, les immatures et les adultes). Une analyse comparative et théorique des trois méthodes a été effectuée. <p>Un total de 169 espèces appartenant à 36 familles dont 114 genres ont été identifiées, et la famille des Fabaceae dont la majorité des espèces appartiennent à la sous famille des Caesalpinioideae est apparue prépondérante. Trois espèces se sont révélées les plus abondantes et les plus représentatives du peuplement, et ont pour cette raison fait l’objet de toutes les analyses :Gilbertiodendron dewevrei J. Léonard (De Wild), Scorodophloeus zenkeri Harms et Uapaca guineensis Mull. Arg. Elles ont toutes les trois montré une structure agrégée, et cela à toutes les échelles d’analyse. Les agrégats observés présentent un rayon d’environ 25 m de distance. L’analyse en fonction du diamètre a indiqué une structure agrégée pour les plus petits diamètres et régulière pour les plus grands, et que l’agrégation diminue avec le diamètre. Les résultats montrent également que les structures spatiales observées dépendent de l’échelle d’analyse considérée et de la méthode utilisée. La méthode de Clark & Evans est sensible à la variation de l’étendue. À cet égard, l’échantillonnage aléatoire de Hines & Hines est apparu plus adaptée que celui de Clark & Evans. Les fonctions de Ripley et dérivées sont des outils efficaces et apportent plus d’information. Les analyses ont montré des associations positives entre G. dewevrei et S. zenkeri, ainsi qu’entre G. dewevrei et U. guineensis. Par contre, une indépendance a été constatée entre S. zenkeri et U. guineensis. Il apparaît également que les jeunes sont associés positivement aux adultes supposés reproducteurs, et que les immatures sont indépendants par rapport aux adultes. La dispersion faible ou limitée des graines à proximité des arbres parents en est le principal facteur endogène responsable. Ce facteur explique également les associations positives entre les jeunes et les adultes de la même espèce. La compétition entre des individus pour les besoins en espace, en lumière ou en nutriments dans le sol, explique la structure régulière observée ainsi que l’indépendance des immatures envers les adultes. La dispersion limitée n’est cependant pas le seul facteur explicatif de l’agrégation spatiale des arbres, d’autres facteurs tels que l’hétérogénéité environnementale (sol, topographie,…) ou la perturbation sont vraisemblablement aussi impliqués. La perturbation anthropique ou naturelle est un processus écologique qui devrait avoir joué un rôle déterminant dans l’organisation spatiale des communautés de la forêt. Combinée au phénomène de masting, aux effets de Janzen-Connell et aux ectomycorhizes, elle est très probablement à la base des structures spatiales et des relations spatiales observées entre les espèces de la RFY. / Tropical forests contain tree-stands with management and planning requires knowledge of their spatial organization and dynamics. Analyses of the spatial structure of tree species can be used in natural forests to identify the underlying mechanisms that structure of forest stands to improve the understanding of the relationships between species. This study was conducted in the Yoko Forest Reserve (YFR) around Kisangani in eastern DR Congo (DRC). It is to analyze the horizontal spatial structure of the most abundant species and to try to identify, on a local scale, factors and / or potentially explicative ecological processes to draw valuable lessons for the management of forest areas nearby Kisangani. <p>To do this, a sample plot of 25 ha (500m x 500m) was delineated in the southern block of the YFR consists of a mixed woody vegetation and semi-deciduous. A forest inventory was used to analyze the floristic and structural composition of the area. Three techniques (or statistical models) under spatial ecology for the analysis of the horizontal structure of the species were used: the nearest neighbor method of Clark & Evans (1954), the random sampling method Hines & Hines (1979), these two methods based on a single scale analysis of the study plot, and the method of Ripley (1977) allows not only a multi-scale analysis, but also the study of intra- and inter-relationships. Regarding this point, the trees were categorized into three stages of development on the basis of their diameters (young, immature and adult). A comparative and theoretical analysis of the three methods was performed. <p>A total of 169 species belonging to 36 families with 114 genera have been identified and the family Fabaceae which the majority of species belong to the subfamily Caesalpinioideae appeared decisive. Three species have proved the most abundant and the most representative of the stand, and for this reason the subject of all analyzes Gilbertiodendron dewevrei J. Léonard (De Wild) Scorodophloeus zenkeri Harms and Uapaca guineensis Mull. Arg. They all three showed an aggregated structure, and that all scales of analysis. Observed aggregates have a radius of about 25 m distance. The analysis based on the diameter indicated an aggregated structure for smaller diameters and regular for larger and that aggregation decreases with diameter. The results also show that the observed spatial structures depend on the considered analysis of scale and the method used. The method of Clark & Evans is sensitive to the variation in the extent. In this regard, the random sampling of Hines & Hines appeared more suitable than that of Clark & Evans. Ripley's functions and derivatives are effective tools and provide more information. Analyses showed positive associations between G. dewevrei and S. zenkeri, and between G. dewevrei and U. guineensis. By against, independence was found between S. zenkeri and U. guineensis. It also appears that young people are positively associated with the supposed breeding adults and immatures are independent compared to adults. The low or limited seed dispersal near parent trees is the main endogenous factor responsible. This factor also explains the positive associations between youth and adults of the same species. The competition between individuals to space requirements, light or nutrients in the soil, explains the observed regular structure and the independence of immature towards adults. Limited dispersal, however, is not the only factor explaining the spatial aggregation trees, other factors such as environmental heterogeneity (soil, topography, ) or disturbance are probably also involved. Anthropogenic or natural disturbance is an environmentally friendly process that should have played a decisive role in the spatial organization of forest communities. Combined with masting phenomenon, the effects of Janzen-Connell and Ectomycorrhizae, it is very probably the basis of spatial structures and spatial relationships observed between species of the YFR.<p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished