<p>Ineffective hill management policy at the national level and weak enforcement by thelocal authorities has created space for developing many informal settlements alonglandslide prone hillslopes in Chittagong city, Bangladesh. These settlements areconsidered illegal by the formal authorities, the settlers perceive their presence inthose areas as legal occupants, which have caused land tenure conflicts with formalauthorities over the last decades. The continual land tenure conflict has weakenedinstitutional arrangement for reducing vulnerability to landslides in the informalsettlements. The thesis paper is prepared based on the findings of a case study on thelandslides which occurred in 2007 in Chittagong city. The fieldwork of the study wascarried out using qualitative tools such as individual interviewing of organisationalrespondents and a focus group interview in Matijarna informal settlement to examinewhat institutional changes have occurred for reducing social vulnerability of informalsettlers to landslides in Chittagong city. The study finds that the institutional changeshave occurred as short-term mitigation policies like establishing structural measuresalong hillslopes for adjustment and relocation of the most vulnerable informal settlers.Anchoring on institutional change theory, the study suggests that new policies mayreduce social vulnerability of informal settlers to landslides through addressing thefollowing issues. First, previous institutional arrangements and how those shapedpresent vulnerability of informal settlers to landslides must be understood. Second,land tenure security of the informal settlers must be well incorporated in currentmitigation policies. Third, organisational coordination should be strengthened fromnational to local level, as well as, between government agencies and otherorganisations like NGOs and civil society to facilitate policy implementation process.</p>

Ineffective hill management policy at the national level and weak enforcement by thelocal authorities has created space for developing many informal settlements alonglandslide prone hillslopes in Chittagong city, Bangladesh. These settlements areconsidered illegal by the formal authorities, the settlers perceive their presence inthose areas as legal occupants, which have caused land tenure conflicts with formalauthorities over the last decades. The continual land tenure conflict has weakenedinstitutional arrangement for reducing vulnerability to landslides in the informalsettlements. The thesis paper is prepared based on the findings of a case study on thelandslides which occurred in 2007 in Chittagong city. The fieldwork of the study wascarried out using qualitative tools such as individual interviewing of organisationalrespondents and a focus group interview in Matijarna informal settlement to examinewhat institutional changes have occurred for reducing social vulnerability of informalsettlers to landslides in Chittagong city. The study finds that the institutional changeshave occurred as short-term mitigation policies like establishing structural measuresalong hillslopes for adjustment and relocation of the most vulnerable informal settlers.Anchoring on institutional change theory, the study suggests that new policies mayreduce social vulnerability of informal settlers to landslides through addressing thefollowing issues. First, previous institutional arrangements and how those shapedpresent vulnerability of informal settlers to landslides must be understood. Second,land tenure security of the informal settlers must be well incorporated in currentmitigation policies. Third, organisational coordination should be strengthened fromnational to local level, as well as, between government agencies and otherorganisations like NGOs and civil society to facilitate policy implementation process.

Denna studie görs inom det arbetslivspedagogiska fältet och behandlar arbetsrotation på ICA-butiker. Syftet är att undersöka hur arbetsrotation sker hos medarbetare inom olika ICA-butiker och vilken betydelse det får för lärandet. Lärandet som undersöks är hur individer kan tillgodogöra sig yrkeskunskap utifrån de läroprocesser och lärandesituationer som uppstår i samband med arbetsrotation. De teoretiska verktyg som används grundar sig i Ellströms feed-forward och feed-back faser, de tre regleringsnivåerna av lärande samt en teori om subjektiva och objektiva handlingsutrymmen. Studien använder sig även av Börnfelts teori om en formell och informell organisation. Den metod som använts är kvalitativ och grundar sig i öppna intervjuer med åtta anställda från ICA-butiker med olika butiksformat, med det syftar vi till ICAs butiksformat; Nära, Supermarket, Kvantum och Maxi. Intervjuerna har transkriberats och analyserats ner till fyra olika teman; Arbetets innehåll, Avvikande situationer, Formellt Medarbetarskap och Informella Relationer. Resultatet visar att om anställda roterar mellan avdelningar eller ställs inför utmaning öppnar det upp individers handlingsutrymme, vilket leder till feed-forward faser som i sig genererar lärosituationer där anställda kan lära sig på en begreppslig- och intellektuell nivå. I flertal butiker bestämmer den formella organisationen det objektiva handlingsutrymmet men studien visar att den informella organisationen kan skapa sitt eget objektiva handlingsutrymme. Detta ställer visserligen krav på att det förekommer ett subjektivt handlingsutrymme i form av kunskap eller erfarenhet. I de butiker där ett tydligt objektivt handlingsutrymme ges tenderar anställda att hjälpa varandra inom och över avdelningar i högre utsträckning. I studien konstateras också att arbetsrotation gynnas av kollegiala relationer. Resultatet av studien kan användas för att vidare studera arbetsrotationens inverkan på lärande. Studien kan med fördel användas av yrkesverksamma inom ICA-butiker i syfte att få ökad förståelse för vilka konsekvenser som kan förbindas med införandet av arbetsrotation. / This paper examines job-rotation in ICA-stores within the pedagogy of working life. The purpose of this study is to determine how job-rotation works in ICA-stores and its relevance to learning from a employee perspective. The area of learning that we are investigating is how individuals assimilate knowledge from their professions through learning processes and situations during a job-rotation. The theoretical tools used in this study are based on Ellströms views on the feed-forward and feed-back phases, on Ellströms three levels of learning to conceptualise the act of learning, and finally on the theory of the subjective and objective spaces of action in regards to the learning situation. The paper mentions Börnfelts theories of formal and informal organisation as well. We used a qualitative method based on open interviews with eight employees from different ICA-stores, varied in both location and size. All interviews have been transcribed and analysed into four themes: The Content of the Work, Daily Obstacles/everyday situation, Formal Teamwork, and Informal Relations. The results of these interviews show that if employees rotate between departments, so called “revolving work tasks,” or face challenges within their own work tasks, the individuals acting space is opened up. This results in feed-forward and feed-back phases, which in turn generate the learning situations where the employees can learn on a conceptual and intellectual level. In several stores, the formal organisation creates an objective space of action for the employees, but the study shows that an informal organisation can also create their own objective space of action. If this is going to happen, employees must acquire a subjective space of action in the form of knowledge or experience. In a store with a clear objective space of action, employees tend to help each other more within and over departments. The study also states that a good relation between coworkers facilitates job-rotation. The results of the study can be used as a basis for further study of the way job-rotation affects learning. The study lends itself well to be used by people now working at ICA-stores, in order to get a better understanding of the consequences that can be connected to the introduction of job-rotation.