Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T23:44:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_7898_Dissertação MESTRADO - Roni Tomazelli.pdf: 1008929 bytes, checksum: fc880f3e9a82c3cdba67669c817bc288 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-29 / Na primeira metade do século XV, o teólogo e reformador dominicano Johannes Nider foi responsável pela elaboração do Formicarius (1436-1437), tratado de forte conteúdo doutrinal e moralizante. O documento se insere em um intenso movimento de reforma da cristandade após os percalços vivenciados pela sociedade europeia ao longo do século XIV e se encontra entre os primeiros escritos a apresentar os contornos da emergente conceituação e representação da bruxaria demoníaca. Na esteira das transformações religiosas, culturais e sociais no ocidente medieval, as práticas mágicas e supersticiosas, entendidas na Alta Idade Média como ilusões provocadas pelo diabo sobre indivíduos de pouca fé, receberam uma nova caracterização. Tais práticas, associadas ao crime de heresia, vieram a formar o estereótipo demoníaco da bruxaria. Esse novo modelo de malignidade, pautado na crença da existência de uma nova seita de adoradores demoníacos que se reuniam em assembleias noturnas, nas quais profanavam os símbolos e rituais do cristianismo e cometiam as mais execráveis ações ao gênero humano, serviu como justificação ao movimento de caça às bruxas que teve lugar entre os séculos XV e XVII. Partimos da hipótese de que o ambiente de medo e incerteza suscitado pelas inconstâncias do século XIV impeliu a Igreja em uma busca incessante pela identificação do inimigo esse, por sua vez, era encontrado ipso facto junto às minorias medievais e dos indivíduos considerados desviantes e portadores de estigmas físicos e morais que justificavam sua exclusão. Nesse sentido, temos como objetivo compreender melhor os mecanismos de estigmatização das minorias medievais no âmbito dos discursos clericais de demonização da bruxaria.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:32:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLAMM.pdf: 1369398 bytes, checksum: c744f5df579c7578594d901457690c3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-12-03 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Terrestrial insectivorous birds seem to be the most vulnerable avian guild to tropical forest fragmentation; nevertheless, some species in this group can persist in forest remnants and second growth areas. If sensitivity to forest fragmentation could be associated with diet, thus we expected that species with relatively flexible diet be the ones most likely to persist in forest remnants. This study compared diet overlap, niche breath, prey size, and diet variability in two pairs of sympatric species of terrestrial insectivorous birds, each pair containing one species that persists in small forest fragments and one that does not: Myrmeciza ferruginea and Sclerurus rufigularis, and Formicarius colma and Formicarius analis, respectively. Prey availability in forest fragments was also sampled and compared with availability in continuous forests. The species pair, with similar weight, has diet more overlapped. Niche breath indices did not differ between pair members, and diet variability differed in the opposite direction from that hypothesised. Although the two bird species most vulnerable to forest fragmentation fed on larger prey than less sensitive species, prey availability, including that based on prey size, did not differ among fragmented versus continuous forest sites. Thus, diet per se appears not to be an important cause of extinction-proneness in these species. The simplest explanation proposed, that vulnerability to fragmentation is directly related to territory size, requires testing. However, it is consistent with unpublished observations that the bird species feeding on larger prey have larger territories. / As aves insetívoras terrestres parecem ser um dos grupos mais vulneráveis à fragmentação de florestas tropicais, no entanto algumas espécies desta guilda ainda sobrevivem em fragmentos florestais e em florestas secundárias. Se a sensibilidade destas aves à fragmentação de florestas estivesse associada à dieta, então espécies com a dieta relativamente flexível teriam maior propensão em persistir nos fragmentos florestais. Este estudo comparou sobreposição trófica, amplitude de nicho, tamanho de presas e variabilidade de dieta de dois pares de espécies de aves insetívoras terrestres, onde cada par foi composto por uma espécie que persiste nos fragmentos e outra que não: Myrmeciza ferruginea e Sclerurus rufigularis; Formicarius colma e Formicarius analis, respectivamente. A disponibilidade de presas foi também amostrada e comparada entre os fragmentos florestais e a floresta contínua. As espécies pares de peso aproximado têm dietas mais sobrepostas. Os índices de amplitude de nicho não foram significativamente diferentes entre os pares. Embora as espécies mais vulneráveis tenham consumido presas maiores que as espécies mais resistentes, a disponibilidade de presas não diferiu significativamente entre os fragmentos e a floresta contínua. Assim, dieta parece não ser o principal determinante na extinção destas espécies nos pequenos fragmentos florestais. A simples explanação proposta, de que vulnerabilidade à fragmentação é diretamente relacionada ao tamanho da área de vida, requer testes. No entanto, a probabilidade de que estas aves precisem de áreas maiores por estar se alimentando de presas maiores é consistente com observações não publicadas feitas nas áreas de estudo.

Spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus (Linnaeus, 1758)) is our most serious pests, frequently invading spruce stands. The most important predators of I. typographus are two species from genus Thanasimus - Thanasimus formicarius (Linnaeus, 1758) and Thanasimus femoralis (Zetterstedt, 1828). Monitoring of these three species were carried out from April to August, using pheromone traps type Theyson with pheromone lures designed for their capture. New pheromone lure attracting beetles of genus Thanasimus has been tested. It was used a total of six traps that were placed at three locations. Two traps were always placed at one location, one with pheromone lure Pheroprax attracting spruce bark beetles and the second one with pheromone lure called Thanasiwit attracting beetles of the genus Thanasimus. All traps were checked once a week. A total of 10 291 of spruce bark beetles were captured, 25 specimens of T. formicarius and 7 individuals of T. femoralis. Spruce bark beetle flight activity had two generations and one sister brood. The first catches were recorded on 26 April 2015 and the end of the flight activity was recorded on 26 July 2015. The species T. formicarius flight activity was from 12 April 2015 to 2 August 2015 and during this period two generations were recorded. For T. femoralis flight activity was from 17 April 2015 until 9 August 2015, during this period we also recorded two generations, which took place before and after the flight activity of I. typographus. Laboratory work was conducted after the end of captures. From every of sample twenty individuals were dissected and then inspected using a light microscope to presence of pathogens. The most frequently identified pathogen of spruce bark beetles were nematodes, but only in one case nematods were identified in T. formicarius. Other pathogens were found only in the spruce bark beetles and they included microsporidia Chytridiopsis typographi, neogregarine Mattesia schwenkei and nematodes of the genus Contortylechus sp.

Polyphagy is a very common trait among insects. In this study, we focus on a generalist bark-beetle predator, Thanasimus formicarius (L.) (Coleoptera, Cleridae), which feeds on many scolytids in spruce, pine and broad-leaf stands. It is known to respond to the pheromones of many scolytids, among which the most harmful spruce bark beetle in Europe, Ips typographus (L.). The adults attack scolytid adults and oviposit on attacked trees where their larvae feed upon immature stages of the prey. <p>However, a bottom-up process limits Thanasimus formicarius’ impact on spruce bark beetles, because in most cases the bark of spruce is too thin for sheltering pupal niches and mature larvae have to leave the trees. On pine however, pupation is quite successful and reproductive success is high. <p><p>The present work estimates the advantages (complementary prey during gaps among the phenology of pine bark beetles or due to the population fluctuations of most scolytids) and constraints (landing on unsuitable host trees for the predator’s reproduction) for T. formicarius to have a wide range of prey. <p><p>Passive barrier-trappings showed that the presence and abundance of scolytid species vary strongly from year to year. So, polyphagy in T. formicarius appears as a response to fluctuating prey supplies. <p><p>This way of foraging may lead T. formicarius towards stands not always favourable for its development (for example, spruces). <p>At the tree level, funnels and pitfall-traps caught high numbers of third-instar T. formicarius larvae walking on the bark surface of standing spruces infested by Ips typographus (respectively 365 and 70 L3s). After feeding into the whole infested part of the trunk, these larvae are obliged to migrate outside of the galleries to favourable pupation site (e.g. the base of the trees where the bark is thicker), or even to leave the trees and search for an acceptable pupation substrate in the litter. <p><p>At the landscape level, different trapping experiments showed a correlation between catches of T. formicarius and the proportion of pines around each trap. Consequently, in a metapopulation landscape pattern, pines would act as “sources” of predators, whilst spruces are “sinks”. Indeed, Thanasimus formicarius are trapped in higher numbers in mixed stands comprising pines. This observation is also corroborated in a four-year trapping experiment in the North-East of France, following the storms of December 1999. The predator/prey ratios (T. formicarius/I. typographus) were higher in stands comprising pines than in stands without pines. The first step of a method to estimate Ips typographus infestation trends thanks to the predator/prey ratios was also developed. <p> / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie animale / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Field experiments were conducted during the 1989 dry season (July to December) at the Manggoapi Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Cenderawasih University in Manokwari, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. The objectives of the experiments were to determine the effects of four sweet potato cropping systems on the population density of sweet potato weevils (SPW) and on the diversity of other insects within these agroecosystems. / Fewer SPW were found in intercropped sweet potato + corn (2 weevils per kg infected tubers), sweet potato + soybean (21 weevils), sweet potato + corn + soybean (8 weevils) than in monoculture sweet potato (37 weevils); percentage of damaged tubers followed the same trend, ranging from 2.6% to 14.0% in intercropped sweet potato, to 21.9% in the sweet potato monoculture. However, the higher number of SPW and damaged tubers in the monoculture did not reduce yield below that in the intercropped plots. / Insect and spider populations were more diverse in the intercropped sweet potato systems than in monoculture. Number of arthropods increased throughout the growing season. Intercropping may reduce the population density of other insect pests associated with sweet potato and may increase the population density of natural enemies.

No description available.

Naturnahe Verfahren im Management bast- und holzbesiedelnder Insekten basieren auf der Ausnutzung olfaktorischer Reaktionen dieser Insekten und teilweise auch derer Antagonisten auf Semiochemikalien käferbürtigen und baumbürtigen Ursprungs. Verfahren, die im Rahmen der Forschungsarbeit verfolgt wurden, waren zum überwiegenden Teil das Wirkungsprinzip Allochthoner Kairomone sowie Abwehrverfahren bei denen Nichts-Wirtsbaum-Volatile zum Einsatz kommen. Als biologischer Detektor von zu identifizierenden Semiochemikalien aus Laubwaldhabitaten wurde der Ameisenbuntkäfer Thanasimus formicarius verwendet. Von T. formicarius ist eine stark generalistische Lebensweise bekannt, die zur Annahme verleitet, dass dieser auch als Prädator an diversen Laubholz besiedelnden Borkenkäferarten auftritt. Entsprechend wurden als Beuteobjekte in Laubwaldhabitaten die Arten Trypodendron domesticum, Trypodendron signatum, Leperisinus varius und Scolytus intricatus vermutet und schwerpunktartig untersucht. Mittels GC-MS/EAD-Analysen konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass T. formicarius Substanzen aus den Habitaten in Wäldern von Rot-Buche, Gemeiner Esche und Eiche wahrnehmen kann. Für einen Teil der von T. formicarius wahrgenommenen Substanzen wurden Dosis-Antwort-Kurven aufgenommen, um Erkenntnisse über die Wahrnehmungsschwelle bei T. formicarius zu erhalten und eine mögliche Bedeutungen der Substanzen in der olfaktorischen Orientierung im Laubwaldhabitat abzuleiten. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichten, dass T. formicarius neben käferbürtigen Substanzen auch eine Vielzahl von pflanzenbürtigen Volatilen wahrnehmen kann. Dabei wurden für einige dieser Substanzen sehr geringe Wahrnehmungsschwellen festgestellt, was eine besondere Bedeutung der Substanzen in der olfaktorischen Orientierung von T. formicarius vermuten lässt. Substanzen, von welchen eine signifikante Wahrnehmung von T. formicarius erfasst werden konnte, wurden in Olfaktometerexperimenten auf verhaltensmodifizierende Wirkungen beim Ameisenbuntkäfer untersucht. Die in Laborexperimenten auf Wahrnehmung von T. formicarius getesteten Substanzen wurden letztlich in Fallenfangexperimente und Fangholzexperimente eingebunden. Ein Anflug von T. formicarius auf die in den Laborexperimenten erprobten Substanzen, konnte in Fallenfangexperimenten im Freiland, bei der Verwendung der zu erprobenden Substanzen als Einzelsubstanzen, kaum beobachtet werden. Auch die Kombination der Einzelsubstanzen zu Mixturen erzeugte keine nennenswerten Attraktivitäten auf T. formicarius und andere Prädatoren im Freiland. Dennoch schienen die Substanzen aufgrund ihrer teilweise repellenten Wirkung auf bast- und holzbesiedelnde Insekten geeignet, um zumindest in naturnahen Managementverfahren eingesetzt zu werden. Den Ergebnissen der Fallenfang- und Fangholzexperimente entsprechend können die aus dem Nadelwaldhabitat stammenden Pheromondispenser Sexowit® und Chalcogran als Allochthone Kairomone im Laubwaldhabitat empfohlen werden. Darüber hinaus scheint eine Applikation von exo-Brevicomin und endo-Brevicomin als Allochthone Kairomone im Nadelwaldhabitat denkbar, muss jedoch noch am Fangholz geprüft werden. Aus den Fallenfangexperimenten konnten zudem Substanzen abgeleitet werden, welche sich im Monitoring von bast- und holzbesiedelnden Insekten aus Laub- und Nadelwaldhabitaten eignen. / Nature-based methods in the regulation of bark and wood boring insects are based upon the use of olfactory responses of these insects and also partly of their antagonists to semiochemicals that originate from bark and wood boring insects or their host plants. Methods used during this research were the Allochthonous Kairomones principle and defense methods with non-host volatiles. Thanasimus formicarius was used as biological detector for identifying semiochemicals from deciduous forest habitats. T. formicarius is known to be a highly generalist predator, which led to the assumption that T. formicarius may occur as predator of various bark and wood boring insects living on deciduous tree species. Accordingly, Trypodendron domesticum, Trypodendron signatum, Leperisinus varius and Scolytus intricatus were assumed to be prey species in deciduous forest habitats and hence focused on in this study. A GC-MS/EAD analysis demonstrated that T. formicarius is able to perceive substances from the habitats of European beech, common ash and oak. For some of the perceived substances dose-response-curves were recorded to obtain knowledge about the perception threshold of T. formicarius and to derive the potential importance of the substances in the olfactory orientation in deciduous forest habitats. The results show that T. formicarius is able to recognize a variety of plant-derived volatiles as well as substances from bark and wood boring insects. For some of these substances very low perception thresholds were determined, suggesting a particular importance of these substances in the olfactory orientation of T. formicarius. Substances that were found to be significantly perceived by T. formicarius were further examined in olfactometer experiments in order to test for behavior-modifying effects. Substances that were tested for perception by T. formicarius in the laboratory experiments were finally included in trapping experiments and trap log experiments. When used as single compounds, low numbers of T. formicarius were attracted to substances used in trapping experiments. Also the combination of single substances to mixtures produced no significant attractions of T. formicarius and other predators in trapping experiments. However, some of the substances seemed to be appropriate for using in nature-based management methods because of repellent effects to bark and wood boring insects. According to the results of trapping and trap log experiments, pheromone dispensers such as Sexowit® and chalcogran from coniferous forest habitats can be recommended as Allochthonous Kairomones in deciduous forest habitats. In addition, an application of exo- and endo-brevicomin as Allochthonous Kairomones in coniferous forest habitats seems possible, but still has to be tested with trap log experiments. In addition within these experiments substances were detected that can be used in the monitoring of bark and wood boring insects in coniferous and deciduous forest habitats.

Naturnahe Verfahren im Management bast- und holzbesiedelnder Insekten basieren auf der Ausnutzung olfaktorischer Reaktionen dieser Insekten und teilweise auch derer Antagonisten auf Semiochemikalien käferbürtigen und baumbürtigen Ursprungs. Verfahren, die im Rahmen der Forschungsarbeit verfolgt wurden, waren zum überwiegenden Teil das Wirkungsprinzip Allochthoner Kairomone sowie Abwehrverfahren bei denen Nichts-Wirtsbaum-Volatile zum Einsatz kommen. Als biologischer Detektor von zu identifizierenden Semiochemikalien aus Laubwaldhabitaten wurde der Ameisenbuntkäfer Thanasimus formicarius verwendet. Von T. formicarius ist eine stark generalistische Lebensweise bekannt, die zur Annahme verleitet, dass dieser auch als Prädator an diversen Laubholz besiedelnden Borkenkäferarten auftritt. Entsprechend wurden als Beuteobjekte in Laubwaldhabitaten die Arten Trypodendron domesticum, Trypodendron signatum, Leperisinus varius und Scolytus intricatus vermutet und schwerpunktartig untersucht. Mittels GC-MS/EAD-Analysen konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass T. formicarius Substanzen aus den Habitaten in Wäldern von Rot-Buche, Gemeiner Esche und Eiche wahrnehmen kann. Für einen Teil der von T. formicarius wahrgenommenen Substanzen wurden Dosis-Antwort-Kurven aufgenommen, um Erkenntnisse über die Wahrnehmungsschwelle bei T. formicarius zu erhalten und eine mögliche Bedeutungen der Substanzen in der olfaktorischen Orientierung im Laubwaldhabitat abzuleiten. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichten, dass T. formicarius neben käferbürtigen Substanzen auch eine Vielzahl von pflanzenbürtigen Volatilen wahrnehmen kann. Dabei wurden für einige dieser Substanzen sehr geringe Wahrnehmungsschwellen festgestellt, was eine besondere Bedeutung der Substanzen in der olfaktorischen Orientierung von T. formicarius vermuten lässt. Substanzen, von welchen eine signifikante Wahrnehmung von T. formicarius erfasst werden konnte, wurden in Olfaktometerexperimenten auf verhaltensmodifizierende Wirkungen beim Ameisenbuntkäfer untersucht. Die in Laborexperimenten auf Wahrnehmung von T. formicarius getesteten Substanzen wurden letztlich in Fallenfangexperimente und Fangholzexperimente eingebunden. Ein Anflug von T. formicarius auf die in den Laborexperimenten erprobten Substanzen, konnte in Fallenfangexperimenten im Freiland, bei der Verwendung der zu erprobenden Substanzen als Einzelsubstanzen, kaum beobachtet werden. Auch die Kombination der Einzelsubstanzen zu Mixturen erzeugte keine nennenswerten Attraktivitäten auf T. formicarius und andere Prädatoren im Freiland. Dennoch schienen die Substanzen aufgrund ihrer teilweise repellenten Wirkung auf bast- und holzbesiedelnde Insekten geeignet, um zumindest in naturnahen Managementverfahren eingesetzt zu werden. Den Ergebnissen der Fallenfang- und Fangholzexperimente entsprechend können die aus dem Nadelwaldhabitat stammenden Pheromondispenser Sexowit® und Chalcogran als Allochthone Kairomone im Laubwaldhabitat empfohlen werden. Darüber hinaus scheint eine Applikation von exo-Brevicomin und endo-Brevicomin als Allochthone Kairomone im Nadelwaldhabitat denkbar, muss jedoch noch am Fangholz geprüft werden. Aus den Fallenfangexperimenten konnten zudem Substanzen abgeleitet werden, welche sich im Monitoring von bast- und holzbesiedelnden Insekten aus Laub- und Nadelwaldhabitaten eignen. / Nature-based methods in the regulation of bark and wood boring insects are based upon the use of olfactory responses of these insects and also partly of their antagonists to semiochemicals that originate from bark and wood boring insects or their host plants. Methods used during this research were the Allochthonous Kairomones principle and defense methods with non-host volatiles. Thanasimus formicarius was used as biological detector for identifying semiochemicals from deciduous forest habitats. T. formicarius is known to be a highly generalist predator, which led to the assumption that T. formicarius may occur as predator of various bark and wood boring insects living on deciduous tree species. Accordingly, Trypodendron domesticum, Trypodendron signatum, Leperisinus varius and Scolytus intricatus were assumed to be prey species in deciduous forest habitats and hence focused on in this study. A GC-MS/EAD analysis demonstrated that T. formicarius is able to perceive substances from the habitats of European beech, common ash and oak. For some of the perceived substances dose-response-curves were recorded to obtain knowledge about the perception threshold of T. formicarius and to derive the potential importance of the substances in the olfactory orientation in deciduous forest habitats. The results show that T. formicarius is able to recognize a variety of plant-derived volatiles as well as substances from bark and wood boring insects. For some of these substances very low perception thresholds were determined, suggesting a particular importance of these substances in the olfactory orientation of T. formicarius. Substances that were found to be significantly perceived by T. formicarius were further examined in olfactometer experiments in order to test for behavior-modifying effects. Substances that were tested for perception by T. formicarius in the laboratory experiments were finally included in trapping experiments and trap log experiments. When used as single compounds, low numbers of T. formicarius were attracted to substances used in trapping experiments. Also the combination of single substances to mixtures produced no significant attractions of T. formicarius and other predators in trapping experiments. However, some of the substances seemed to be appropriate for using in nature-based management methods because of repellent effects to bark and wood boring insects. According to the results of trapping and trap log experiments, pheromone dispensers such as Sexowit® and chalcogran from coniferous forest habitats can be recommended as Allochthonous Kairomones in deciduous forest habitats. In addition, an application of exo- and endo-brevicomin as Allochthonous Kairomones in coniferous forest habitats seems possible, but still has to be tested with trap log experiments. In addition within these experiments substances were detected that can be used in the monitoring of bark and wood boring insects in coniferous and deciduous forest habitats.