Une importante perturbation des tourbières du nord de l'Alberta est la présence d'un vaste réseau de routes d'accès nécessaire à l'extraction in situ du pétrole dans la région des sables bitumineux. Ces structures linéaires engendrent la dégradation, la fragmentation et la perte d'habitats ainsi que l'altération des propriétés physicochimiques et des processus hydriques des tourbières. Ce projet évalue la restauration d'une tourbière perturbée par une route d'accès sur un site d'extraction près de Fort McMurray. La restauration a permis de retirer partiellement la matière minérale de la route, d'ajouter une couche de tourbe mince (20 ou 50 cm) ou épaisse (75 cm), d'épandre des diaspores de tourbière sur le site restauré, de protéger les diaspores avec un paillis et de fertiliser la moitié du site restauré. La restauration s'est faite en deux temps et deux sites donneurs pour la réintroduction de diaspores ont été utilisés. Les objectifs de ce projet sont d'évaluer l'impact de l'épaisseur de tourbe et de la fertilisation sur les propriétés physicochimiques du substrat et par conséquent, ce qui influence ou non l'établissement des communautés végétales. Des analyses physicochimiques ont été effectuées une saison de croissance à la suite de la restauration. Des inventaires de végétation ont été réalisés deux saisons de croissance après la restauration. Deux communautés végétales distinctes sont présentes sur le site restauré. La section restaurée dont l'épaisseur de tourbe est la plus importante (75 cm) présente un plus grand nombre d'espèces et un couvert plus important de plantes et mousses typiques des tourbières que les sections dont la couche de tourbe est mince (20 ou 50 cm). La fertilisation n'entraîne aucune différence dans l'établissement des communautés végétales. Les différences entre les techniques et étapes de la restauration pourraient expliquer les divergences entre les deux communautés qui se sont établies sur le site restauré. / Significant disturbance to peatlands in northern Alberta is due to the extensive network of access roads required for in situ bitumen extraction in the oil sands region. These linear disturbances result in the degradation and fragmentation of habitats, and the alteration of the physicochemical properties and the water processes of peatlands. This project assesses the restoration of a peatland disturbed by an access road at an oil sands extraction site near Fort McMurray. The peatland restoration involved partially removing the mineral material from the road, adding a thin layer of peat (20 and 50 cm) or a thick peat layer (75 cm), spreading diaspores on the restored site, protecting the diaspores with straw, and fertilizing half of the restored site. Restoration occurred in two periods and two donor sites were used for diaspore collection. The objectives of this research are to assess the impact of the added organic substrate (peat) and of the fertilization on physicochemical properties of the substrate and therefore what does and does not influence the establishment of plant communities. Physicochemical measurements were taken one growing season following restoration. Vegetation inventories were conducted two growing seasons after restoration. After two growing seasons following restoration, fertilization had no impact on plant establishment. Results showed that two plant communities were present on the restored site. Two growing seasons following the restoration, the restored section with the greatest peat thickness (75 cm) had a greater number of species and a greater cover of plant and moss species typical of peat bogs. We conclude that the differences between restoration techniques between the two restored sections might explain the differences between the two communities that established at the restored site.

La forêt boréale canadienne est fragmentée par plusieurs centaines de milliers de kilomètres de routes. Ces routes sont souvent construites sur des tourbières, un type de milieu humide caractérisé par son accumulation de tourbe, ce qui peut avoir plusieurs impacts sur l'environnement, comme la perturbation de la circulation de l'eau, la perte locale de séquestration du carbone et l'enrichissement en nutriments du site adjacent à la perturbation. Une nouvelle approche de restauration a été testée sur une tourbière affectée par un chemin utilisé dans le cadre de l'extraction des sables bitumineux dans la région de Fort McMurray en Alberta. Cette nouvelle approche consiste en l'extraction partielle du substrat minéral formant la route, l'application de matériel végétal directement sur le substrat minéral résiduel exposé, et la création de canaux souterrains pour favoriser la circulation de l'eau au niveau de la nappe phréatique à travers la route. Le succès de la méthode de restauration a été évalué en fonction de quatre objectifs : 1) rétablir l'homogénéité de la nappe phréatique de part et d'autre de la route; 2) établir de conditions de surface favorables à des communautés végétales typiques des fens; 3) limiter l'impact de la route sur les conditions physico-chimiques de la tourbière entourant la route; et 4) favoriser le retour de communautés végétales typiques des tourbières de la région. Les résultats de cette étude démontrent que la technique de restauration employée permet une meilleure circulation de l'eau et des conditions de surface favorables aux espèces ciblées. Malgré ces améliorations, la route continue à exercer un léger effet de barrage dans les six premiers mètres de la tourbière adjacente. Un effet d'enrichissement en nutriments de la tourbière a été constaté jusqu'à une distance de 2 m d'éloignement de la route. Le succès du rétablissement des communautés végétales n'a pu être confirmé au cours de cette étude se déroulant les deux premières années post-restauration, comme la régénération de communautés ciblées peut prendre plus de trois années. Comme ce projet est l'un des premiers à tester le transfert de la couche muscinale directement sur substrat minéral d'une route, une expérience en serre a également été effectuée afin de déterminer quelles espèces de sphaignes et d'autres mousses sont les mieux adaptées à la colonisation du substrat minéral dans le nord de l'Alberta. Le taux de survie de sept espèces de bryophytes a été évalué sur une période de quatre mois en fonction de la présence ou l'absence d'ombrage. Toutefois, d'autres expériences en serre seront nécessaires pour corroborer ces résultats, et pour étudier un plus grand nombre d'espèces de mousses et ainsi déterminer quels taxons sont plus aptes à coloniser un substrat minéral. Bien que davantage de recherches soient nécessaires, les connaissances acquises lors de cette étude permettront à l'industrie, à des instances gouvernementales et d'autres organismes œuvrant dans les milieux humides à continuer de développer des techniques de restauration prometteuses sur substrat minéral en milieu humide et ainsi promouvoir un développement plus durable en réduisant leur empreinte écologique. / The Canadian boreal forest is fragmented by several hundreds of thousands of kilometers of roads. These roads are often built on peatland, a type of wetland characterized by its accumulation of peat. Roads can have several impacts on the environment, such as the nutrient enrichment of the nearby peatland and the disruption of the water flow. A new reclamation approach was tested on a bog disturbed by a road used for oil sands extraction in the Fort McMurray region, in Alberta. This new approach consists in the partial extraction of the road mineral substrate (in order to rewet the road), the application of the Moss Layer Transfer Technique directly on the residual mineral substrate, and the creation of channels to induce a better water flow at the water table level through the road. The success of the restoration technique is assessed on the basis of four objectives: 1) restoring the homogeneity of the water table on both sides of the road; 2) establishing surface conditions favorable to the target plant communities; 3) mitigating the impact of the road on the physicochemical conditions of the adjacent peatland; 4) restoring plant communities typical of the region's peatlands. The results of this study show that the restoration technique used makes it possible to induce better water flow and surface conditions favorable for the targeted species. However, despite these improvements, the road continues to have a dam effect on the water flow coming from the adjacent peatland. Additionally, an enrichment effect for several chemical elements and components up to a distance of 2 m from the road have been measured in the peatland. As this project is one of the first of its kind to apply the Moss Layer Transfer Technique directly on mineral substrate of a road, a greenhouse experiment was carried out to determine which Sphagnum and other moss species are best suited for the colonization of mineral substrate in northern Alberta. The survival of seven bryophyte species was assessed over a four-month period based on the presence or absence of shading. Further greenhouse experiments will be needed to corroborate these results, to study a greater number of moss species and thus determine which taxa are more apt to colonize a mineral substrate. Although more research is needed, the knowledge acquired during this study will allow industry, government and other organizations working in wetlands to continue to develop promising wetland restoration techniques on mineral substrate and thus promote a more sustainable development by reducing their ecological footprint.

This study investigates surface water and groundwater interactions in a wetland/peatland region surrounding Fort McMurray, Alberta. This work measured local meteorology, water table variation, and isotope and geochemistry concentrations over a two year period. Results from vertical water budget calculations showed episodic runoff events ranging between 0 and 38 mm/yr. Groundwater evaluations showed limited groundwater gradients with mean hydraulic conductivities of 1.01*10-5 cms-1 (NE7) and 1.78 * 10-5 cms-1 (SM8). Overall, groundwater flux estimates were variable and heterogeneous across the catchments areas. Isotopic composition showed mixing between winter precipitation, groundwater and surface water, with groundwater representing the average input signature. This study showed that runoff events were largely associated with spring freshet and significant summer storm events. / Graduate

Peu d'études ont examiné la portée de l'expérience subjective pendant et après une catastrophe naturelle. Ce mémoire doctoral a exploré les perceptions des personnes touchées par les incendies et l'évacuation de Fort McMurray en 2016. Les objectifs étaient de documenter (1) l'expérience de l'évacuation, et (2) les conséquences biopsychosociales des feux de forêt telles que perçues par les personnes évacuées de Fort McMurray 3 mois et 3 ans après l'évacuation. Cette étude comprenait deux collectes de données, l'une auprès de 393 personnes évacuées 3 mois après l'évacuation à l'aide d'un questionnaire en ligne, et l'autre auprès de 31 participants (parmi ceux qui ont participé à l'évaluation des 3 mois) interrogés par téléphone 3 ans après l'évacuation. Huit thèmes décrivant l'expérience d'évacuation sont ressortis de l'analyse : la préparation à l'évacuation, la nature traumatique perçue de l'évacuation, les problèmes rencontrés lors des déplacements, l'assistance reçue et fournie, les conditions de vulnérabilité, la présence d’inconforts physiques, la relocalisation, l'absence de problème/de réponse. Sept catégories de conséquences négatives sont ressorties : les pertes matérielles et financières, les impacts émotionnels/troubles de santé mentale, les déficiences cognitives, les changements comportementaux, les réflexions spirituelles/existentielles, les altérations sociales et les conditions physiques. Quatre catégories de conséquences positives sont ressorties : la croissance posttraumatique, la résilience/absence de conséquences, l'altruisme et la cohésion communautaire. Cette étude a montré un large éventail de conséquences perçues des feux de forêt et de l’évacuation par les habitants de Fort McMurray. Les résultats suggèrent l'importance d'adapter les interventions aux besoins des évacués et de fournir de l’aide aux victimes sur une longue période.

La présente thèse s'inscrit dans un projet de plus grande envergure évaluant les besoins des personnes évacuées lors des feux de forêt de Fort McMurray de 2016 et l'efficacité d'une thérapie cognitivo-comportementale en ligne visant la réduction des symptômes post-traumatiques, dépressifs et liés à l'insomnie (RESILIENT). Elle s'intéresse plus précisément à l'influence du genre en lien avec divers éléments liés au processus thérapeutique, soit la recherche d'aide psychologique, l'efficacité du traitement en ligne ainsi que l'utilisation objective et l'appréciation subjective de ce traitement. Les résultats ont montré plusieurs différences entre les hommes et les femmes. D'abord, les femmes étaient plus susceptibles d'utiliser des services psychologiques dans l'année qui a suivi les feux. Parmi les participants ayant reçu le traitement RESILIENT, les hommes et les femmes ont réagi différemment en termes de stratégies d'adaptation orientées vers les buts. De plus, l'amélioration des hommes au niveau de l'insomnie et des cognitions post-traumatiques liées au blâme personnel s'est avérée supérieure à celle des femmes. Les résultats montrent également que les femmes ont écrit un plus grand nombre de mots dans certains modules de traitement que les hommes. Les hommes avaient une plus grande perception d'avoir mis beaucoup d'efforts dans la stratégie de restructuration cognitive que les femmes, tandis que les femmes ont rapporté dans une plus grande proportion une intention de continuer d'utiliser l'activité physique comme stratégie d'activation comportementale. Les résultats ont toutefois révélé une absence d'effet du genre dans la présence de barrières au traitement dans l'année suivant les feux, dans la diminution des symptômes post-traumatiques et dépressifs à la suite du traitement, dans l'utilisation de plusieurs stratégies d'adaptation, dans l'adhésion aux cognitions post-traumatiques négatives envers soi et envers le monde, dans l'amélioration du soutien social perçu et dans la plupart des indicateurs d'utilisation du traitement en ligne. D'un côté, il semble que le fait d'avoir offert aux participants une variété d'options thérapeutiques dans le cas du présent traitement en ligne ait constitué une option bénéfique pour les participants et participantes. Quoi qu'ils aient des rapports différents envers la recherche d'aide, qu'ils aient évolué et utilisé le traitement de manière quelque peu différente, leur amélioration somme toute similaire suggère qu'un traitement multi-composante respectant le rythme des participants corresponde autant aux besoins des participants hommes que femmes. D'un autre côté, l'étude met en évidence que des différences de genre existent à différents plans au niveau du processus thérapeutique et souligne l'importance de développer des traitements en ligne sensibles aux caractéristiques individuelles . Comme notre compréhension de la notion du genre est en évolution, d'autres études sont nécessaires pour bien comprendre comment genre et traitements psychologiques interagissent, afin d'offrir à tous les utilisateurs des options qui conviennent à leurs besoins à leurs caractéristiques sociodémographiques uniques. / This doctoral thesis is situated within a larger project evaluating the needs of evacuees of the 2016 Fort McMurray wildfires and the effectiveness of an online cognitive behavioral therapy aimed at reducing posttraumatic symptoms, depressive symptoms, and insomnia (the RESILIENT treatment). Specifically, it examined the influence of gender in various aspects of the therapeutic process, namely psychological help-seeking, therapeutic efficacy, and treatment usage. The results showed several differences between men and women. First, women were more likely to use psychological services in the year following the fires. Among participants who received the RESILIENT treatment, men and women responded differently in terms of goal-oriented coping strategies. In addition, men's improvement in insomnia and self-blame post-traumatic cognitions was found to be greater than women's. The findings also showed that women wrote a greater number of words in some treatment sessions than men. Men had a greater perception of having put a lot of effort into the cognitive restructuring strategy than women, while women reported in a greater proportion an intention to continue using physical activity as a behavioral activation strategy. Results, however, revealed no gender effect in the presence of barriers to treatment in the year following the fires, in the reduction of posttraumatic and depressive symptoms following treatment, in the use of several coping strategies, in the adherence to negative posttraumatic cognitions about the self and the world, in the improvement of perceived social support, and in most indicators of online treatment usage. On the one hand, it appears that offering participants a variety of therapeutic strategies in this online treatment was beneficial for both men and women. Although they related to help-seeking in different ways, evolved and used the treatment somewhat differently, their similar improvement suggests that a multi-component, self-paced treatment is as suitable for men as it is for women. On the other hand, the study highlights that gender differences exist in various aspects of the treatment process and underscores the importance of developing online treatments that are sensitive to individual characteristics. As our understanding of gender evolves, further research is needed to fully understand how gender and psychological treatments interact, so that individuals can be offered options that are appropriate to their needs.

This research investigated the system by which the social effects of oil sands development on Fort McMurray, a city in northeastern Alberta, are assessed and managed. The research focused on Social Impact Assessment (SIA), Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), and the work of an industry initiative, the Regional Issues Working Group (RIWG). The oil sands industry, which involves large, labour-intensive mining and drilling operations in a boom-bust cycle, places considerable pressure on Fort McMurray, a city of approximately 50,000 inhabitants and the only urban area within 350 km of the oil sands. The social effects experienced there include exorbitant housing prices, shortages in service industry labour, insufficient social services, at times, to assist individuals and families who can no longer cope with the difficult conditions in the area, and a variety of other negative effects. Sixteen key informant interviews were conducted with urban planners, municipal politicians, provincial employees, a spokesperson for one of the First Nations in the area, community NGOs, and oil sands industry representatives. Data from the interviews were combined with a literature review and a document analysis. A modified McKinsey 7S Integrated Management Framework was used as a structure for describing and analyzing the Social Effects Assessment and Management System (SEAMS) in Fort McMurray. The SEAMS was found to be weak in comparison to the needs of the community. Project-by-project assessment of oil sands development was found to downplay the cumulative nature of social effects. Furthermore, no legislation or regulation existed that demanded action based on the findings of SIA. As a result, mitigation and management of social effects was insufficient, often occurring only when it was directly in the interests of the oil sands industry. While government and industry have plans in place to resolve some of the negative social effects, their actions were criticized by informants as being uncoordinated, inconsistent and often ineffective. The findings indicate that a strategy for exploiting Alberta's oil sands is necessary. The project-by-project evaluation of oil sands development proposals is not addressing the important long-term and regional social issues that arise as a result of construction and operation of the mines and facilities. A tool recommended for incorporating resolutions to long-term, regional social effects into the development plan is SEA with an explicit Strategic Social Assessment component. This strategic assessment and planning process should be undertaken by a publicly-accountable government body empowered to rationalize the pace of oil sands development based on social, environmental and economic effects, and to coordinate long-term responses by government and industry.

This research investigated the system by which the social effects of oil sands development on Fort McMurray, a city in northeastern Alberta, are assessed and managed. The research focused on Social Impact Assessment (SIA), Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), and the work of an industry initiative, the Regional Issues Working Group (RIWG). The oil sands industry, which involves large, labour-intensive mining and drilling operations in a boom-bust cycle, places considerable pressure on Fort McMurray, a city of approximately 50,000 inhabitants and the only urban area within 350 km of the oil sands. The social effects experienced there include exorbitant housing prices, shortages in service industry labour, insufficient social services, at times, to assist individuals and families who can no longer cope with the difficult conditions in the area, and a variety of other negative effects. Sixteen key informant interviews were conducted with urban planners, municipal politicians, provincial employees, a spokesperson for one of the First Nations in the area, community NGOs, and oil sands industry representatives. Data from the interviews were combined with a literature review and a document analysis. A modified McKinsey 7S Integrated Management Framework was used as a structure for describing and analyzing the Social Effects Assessment and Management System (SEAMS) in Fort McMurray. The SEAMS was found to be weak in comparison to the needs of the community. Project-by-project assessment of oil sands development was found to downplay the cumulative nature of social effects. Furthermore, no legislation or regulation existed that demanded action based on the findings of SIA. As a result, mitigation and management of social effects was insufficient, often occurring only when it was directly in the interests of the oil sands industry. While government and industry have plans in place to resolve some of the negative social effects, their actions were criticized by informants as being uncoordinated, inconsistent and often ineffective. The findings indicate that a strategy for exploiting Alberta's oil sands is necessary. The project-by-project evaluation of oil sands development proposals is not addressing the important long-term and regional social issues that arise as a result of construction and operation of the mines and facilities. A tool recommended for incorporating resolutions to long-term, regional social effects into the development plan is SEA with an explicit Strategic Social Assessment component. This strategic assessment and planning process should be undertaken by a publicly-accountable government body empowered to rationalize the pace of oil sands development based on social, environmental and economic effects, and to coordinate long-term responses by government and industry.

The Jackalope in the Room is an installation of sculptural and found objects that have been altered or contextualized in a way that conflates strangeness with normality. Many of the items in the installation were given as gifts or found in thrift stores, and have been modified to communicate a broader cultural or psychological meaning. Often this meaning is related to personal anecdotes and stereotypes attached to the objects that, in turn, seek to complicate popular narratives and cultural myths—many of which relate back to my experiences in northern Alberta. Northern Alberta is a liminal, near-mythical place where our ideas about remote environments collide with mass industrialization. These shibboleths have a pervasive quality that allows me to construct an uncanny web of associations using often banal source materials.

In the spring of 2016, a wildfire consumed the boreal forest that encircles the municipality of Fort McMurray, Alberta. Notwithstanding the severity of the blaze, known as “The Beast,” attention turned to the community because of its link to Canada’s largest industrial project – the Athabasca tar/oil sands in northern Alberta. A moment of controversy erupted in May 2016 when commentary pinned the cause of the wildfire on climate change, a charge that was quickly judged insensitive. With this context in mind, Fort McMurray holds scholarly value in the investigation of discourse related to today’s dominant form of energy – fossil fuels. Using a dataset of opinion discourse (N=40) sourced from four Canadian newspapers (The Globe and Mail, the National Post, the Calgary Herald, and the Edmonton Journal), this thesis presents a critical discourse analysis of how commentators and editorial boards articulated the relationship between the 2016 Fort McMurray wildfire and concerns about the tar/oil sands contribution to climate change. The opinion pages are free from the journalistic pressure of objectivity and thus offer a place for argumentative narratives to reside. As such, my analysis focuses on the use of storylines in the dataset to give meaning to the wildfire and the tar/oil sands industry. The analysis reveals that the storylines cast environmentalist groups as ideologically motivated radicals while the oil industry was positioned as Alberta’s economic champion, thereby fusing the petro-state with the common good.

No description available.