Esta tese estuda, a partir de uma perspectiva filológica, os escritos que acompanhavam as crianças depositadas anonimamente na roda dos expostos, para que fossem criadas pelas Misericórdias. A partir de pesquisas de campo em quatro arquivos, localizados nas Santas Casas de Misericórdia de São Paulo, Salvador, Rio de Janeiro e Lisboa, constituímos um corpus de 60 escritos, com datas entre 1790 e 1923. Examinamos o contexto de circulação desses escritos, a definição de termos frequentes e/ou próprios do estudo das rodas dos expostos e tratamos dos contextos institucional, jurídico e histórico das rodas dos expostos. Apresentamos a reprodução fac-similar, a transcrição semidiplomática do corpus da pesquisa e a descrição codicológica dos escritos. Por meio da análise diplomática do corpus, examinamos os elementos extrínsecos e intrínsecos que o caracterizam. A presença de sinais, que permitiriam o resgate futuro da criança depositada, é própria dos escritos da roda. Há vários sinais nos escritos do corpus, os quais podem ser tanto elementos textuais como não-textuais. Dividimos o estudo do texto dos escritos em duas partes principais: a expositio, na qual o autor fornece as informações sobre o exposto que considera importantes (o nome da criança, a data de nascimento e o fato de a criança estar ou não batizada); e a dispositio, em que o autor manifesta suas vontades e intenções ao destinatário (de maneira geral, relacionadas aos sinais e ao resgate da criança). A partir do estudo tipológico, concluímos que grande parte dos escritos da roda corresponde à espécie documental carta, tanto em sua função quanto em sua forma. Observamos também a ocorrência, em menor número, de outros padrões tipológicos, que correspondem ao poema, à narrativa, e à lista de dados. Embora haja alteração da forma, nos quatro tipos de escrito identificados sempre constam as informações essenciais sobre o exposto. Essa regularidade nos escritos da roda revela que, mesmo não se tratando de documentos oficiais, os escritos da roda apresentam-se como documentos informais de identificação da criança. Apesar de não haver fórmulas oficialmente prescritas, os escritos apresentam, por padrões inferidos, uma prática tipológica que se caracteriza como parte da cultura da roda. / Based on a philological perspective, this dissertation has studied the writing notes that accompanied the babies anonymously left at the Foundling Wheels to be raised by the charitable hospitals Misericordias (Holy Houses of Mercy). Conducting field research studies of four files at Santa Casa de Misericordia in Sao Paulo, Salvador, Rio de Janeiro, and Lisbon, we have built a corpus of 60 writing notes dated from 1790 to 1923. We have examined the context of circulation of said writings, the definition of frequent and/or proper terms from Foundling Wheels studies and considered the institutional, legal and historical background of the Foundling Wheels. We present the fax-simile reproduction, the semi-diplomatic transcription of the documents and the codicological description of the notes. Based on the diplomatic analysis of the corpus, we have examined the intrinsic and extrinsic elements that characterize them. The presence of signals that would enable future reclaim of the abandoned child is part of the writings found in the Wheels. There are many indications in the corpus writings, which may include textual and non-textual elements. We have divided the study of the writings into two main parts: expositio, in which the author provides information about the foundling (name of the child, date of birth, and whether the child had been baptized), and dispositio, in which the author states her/ his wills and intentions to the recipient (generally related to the signals and the child future reclaim). Based on typology studies, we have concluded that most of the writings from the Wheel corresponded to the document type letter, both in its function and format. We have also observed less frequent examples of other typological formats, such as poems, narratives, and lists. Even though the format is different, all four identified types included some essential information about the foundlings. This regularity of the Wheels\' writings indicates that, even though they were not official documents, these writings served as informal identification documents of the children. Although there are no officially prescribed formulas, we can infer that these writings have a typology that is characterized as part of the Foundling Wheel culture.

Esta tese estuda, a partir de uma perspectiva filológica, os escritos que acompanhavam as crianças depositadas anonimamente na roda dos expostos, para que fossem criadas pelas Misericórdias. A partir de pesquisas de campo em quatro arquivos, localizados nas Santas Casas de Misericórdia de São Paulo, Salvador, Rio de Janeiro e Lisboa, constituímos um corpus de 60 escritos, com datas entre 1790 e 1923. Examinamos o contexto de circulação desses escritos, a definição de termos frequentes e/ou próprios do estudo das rodas dos expostos e tratamos dos contextos institucional, jurídico e histórico das rodas dos expostos. Apresentamos a reprodução fac-similar, a transcrição semidiplomática do corpus da pesquisa e a descrição codicológica dos escritos. Por meio da análise diplomática do corpus, examinamos os elementos extrínsecos e intrínsecos que o caracterizam. A presença de sinais, que permitiriam o resgate futuro da criança depositada, é própria dos escritos da roda. Há vários sinais nos escritos do corpus, os quais podem ser tanto elementos textuais como não-textuais. Dividimos o estudo do texto dos escritos em duas partes principais: a expositio, na qual o autor fornece as informações sobre o exposto que considera importantes (o nome da criança, a data de nascimento e o fato de a criança estar ou não batizada); e a dispositio, em que o autor manifesta suas vontades e intenções ao destinatário (de maneira geral, relacionadas aos sinais e ao resgate da criança). A partir do estudo tipológico, concluímos que grande parte dos escritos da roda corresponde à espécie documental carta, tanto em sua função quanto em sua forma. Observamos também a ocorrência, em menor número, de outros padrões tipológicos, que correspondem ao poema, à narrativa, e à lista de dados. Embora haja alteração da forma, nos quatro tipos de escrito identificados sempre constam as informações essenciais sobre o exposto. Essa regularidade nos escritos da roda revela que, mesmo não se tratando de documentos oficiais, os escritos da roda apresentam-se como documentos informais de identificação da criança. Apesar de não haver fórmulas oficialmente prescritas, os escritos apresentam, por padrões inferidos, uma prática tipológica que se caracteriza como parte da cultura da roda. / Based on a philological perspective, this dissertation has studied the writing notes that accompanied the babies anonymously left at the Foundling Wheels to be raised by the charitable hospitals Misericordias (Holy Houses of Mercy). Conducting field research studies of four files at Santa Casa de Misericordia in Sao Paulo, Salvador, Rio de Janeiro, and Lisbon, we have built a corpus of 60 writing notes dated from 1790 to 1923. We have examined the context of circulation of said writings, the definition of frequent and/or proper terms from Foundling Wheels studies and considered the institutional, legal and historical background of the Foundling Wheels. We present the fax-simile reproduction, the semi-diplomatic transcription of the documents and the codicological description of the notes. Based on the diplomatic analysis of the corpus, we have examined the intrinsic and extrinsic elements that characterize them. The presence of signals that would enable future reclaim of the abandoned child is part of the writings found in the Wheels. There are many indications in the corpus writings, which may include textual and non-textual elements. We have divided the study of the writings into two main parts: expositio, in which the author provides information about the foundling (name of the child, date of birth, and whether the child had been baptized), and dispositio, in which the author states her/ his wills and intentions to the recipient (generally related to the signals and the child future reclaim). Based on typology studies, we have concluded that most of the writings from the Wheel corresponded to the document type letter, both in its function and format. We have also observed less frequent examples of other typological formats, such as poems, narratives, and lists. Even though the format is different, all four identified types included some essential information about the foundlings. This regularity of the Wheels\' writings indicates that, even though they were not official documents, these writings served as informal identification documents of the children. Although there are no officially prescribed formulas, we can infer that these writings have a typology that is characterized as part of the Foundling Wheel culture.

It is commonly accepted that, prior to the rise of paediatric medicine as a formal medical specialisation in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, medical care of children was primarily conducted by women in the context of the household. However, as this thesis argues, there was vibrant medical interest in children prior to the development of formalized paediatric medicine. Over the course of the eighteenth century, a network of medical practitioners interested in children’s health sought to establish their authority over the subject and, in doing so, devoted increased attention to children, channelling general medical interest into the basis for future medical specialisation. As this thesis argues, medical authority over children’s health was gradually constructed over the eighteenth century through printed texts, institutional experience, medical understandings of disease, and efforts to devise therapeutic practices suitable to children. Key to these developments were the efforts made by medical men to supplant women as authorities on children’s health. Also crucial was the role played by institutions in providing spaces for medical practitioners to encounter children. Institutions, such as the Dispensary for the Infant Poor and the London Foundling Hospital, increased the opportunities for medical practitioners to gain experience treating child patients. As this thesis demonstrates, it was the children of the poor who provided medical practitioners with the hands-on experience necessary to bolster their emerging claims of authority. As such, institutions and poor children both had essential roles to play in the development of medical interest in children, and the translation of that interest into claims of medical authority.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-07-08T17:21:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jonathan Fachini da Silva.pdf: 3567579 bytes, checksum: d660e1a890e6918b837e8800bb031744 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-08T17:21:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jonathan Fachini da Silva.pdf: 3567579 bytes, checksum: d660e1a890e6918b837e8800bb031744 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-07 / CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Este estudo pretende aprofundar o conhecimento histórico acerca de um fenômeno amplamente aceito e praticado durante o Antigo Regime. Trata-se da prática de exposição de crianças na Freguesia Madre de Deus de Porto Alegre, entre os anos de 1772 a 1837, tema pouco abordado pela historiografia sulina. Ressalta-se que, nesse período, assim como em tantas outras regiões do Brasil colonial e imperial, a Freguesia Madre de Deus não dispunha de uma Santa Casa de Misericórdia com uma roda de expostos ativa que pudesse amparar estas crianças, que, nesse contexto, eram, portanto, enjeitadas nas portas das casas desta população. Na ausência da roda dos expostos, a legislação portuguesa e, posteriormente, a legislação imperial, delegava à Câmara Municipal a responsabilidade em administrar o amparo e a criação dessas crianças desvalidas, através do pagamento de amas de leite e amas de criação, ou como no caso aqui proposto, pagar salários a famílias que se propusessem a criar esses rebentos. Nesse sentido, outra questão que se analisou foi a ação da Câmara Municipal de Porto Alegre a respeito destas crianças, ao longo do período, uma vez que cabia àquela instituição custear a criação dos expostos. Após a reconstrução desse quadro administrativo da exposição de crianças, analisamos a dimensão demográfica do fenômeno, verificando não apenas o perfil e as condições do abandono em si, mas também procuramos detectar e analisar as características dos domicílios ?receptores?, bem como perceber a inserção do sujeito (que foi exposto) naquela sociedade. Para atingir os objetivos propostos, utilizamos um conjunto de fontes, exploradas através do cruzamento das informações contidas nos Termos de Vereanças, produzidos pela Câmara Municipal e os registros paroquiais (batismo, casamento e óbito), bem como o cruzamento com outras fontes eclesiásticas, como os róis de confessados, os testamentos e as habilitações matrimoniais. Os principais referenciais teórico-metodológicos adotados neste estudo são os da Demografia Histórica, que nos oferece métodos adequados de análise, bem como um embasamento historiográfico acerca desta temática na História Social, História da Família e da Criança. / This study intends to further contribute with the historical knowledge of a phenomenon widely accepted and practiced during the Ancient Regime. The exposure of children in the Parish Madre de Deus de Porto Alegre, between 1772 and 1837, is a subject that has not received much approach by the southern historiography. It is important to highlight that, during this period the Parish Madre de Deus did not have a Santa Casa de Misericórdia with an active foundling wheel to help this children, which, in this context, were left on the doorstep of this population, a common fact in other regions of Brazil as well. In the absence of the foundling wheel, the Portuguese legislation and the Imperial legislation that succeed it left the responsibility to care and raise those rejected children to the Municipal Chamber, which had to pay wet nurses and baby sitters or, as it happened in the case studied here, the Chamber would pay wages to the families willing to raise those children. In this sense, another issue that has been analyzed was the action of Porto Alegre's Municipal Chamber regarding those children throughout the proposed period, as caring for them was the Chamber's responsibility. After we rebuild this administrative setting of foundling children, we will analyze the demographical dimension of this phenomenon, verifying not only the profile and the conditions of the foundling itself, but also trying to detect and study the traits of the "receiving" households, as well as take notice of the (exposed) subject in that society. To achieve the objectives proposed here, we use a set of sources, explored by crossing the information contained in the Termos de Vereanças, produced by the Municipal Chamber, and in the parochial records (baptism, marriage and death), as well as crossing these with other ecclesiastic sources, such as confessants lists, wills and matrimonial habilitations. The main theoretical-methodological approaches adopted in this study are those from Historical Demography, which offers us adequate methods of analysis, as well as a historiographic foundation regarding this subject in Social History, Family History and History of Children.

Le roman libanais prend son essor pendant la guerre civile de 1975. Ce roman s’attache à pointer les failles les plus intimes de l’individu. Appelé à tort, roman de guerre, celle-ci n'est alors que le révélateur des mécanismes mortifères qui empêchent l'émergence de l’individu en souffrance. Servant également de catharsis, la guerre crée les conditions d’une liberté d'expression, en bannissant tabous et non-dits. Notre analyse se développe autour de trois oeuvres situées durant la première période de la guerre. La démarche est basée sur l’exploitation d’outils narratifs et psychanalytiques. Elle permet d’identifier bon nombre de ces «mécanismes de mort » en dévoilant une autre vision de l’individu et du monde, au travers d’une fiction et de personnages « embourbés dans» des conflits internes et externes. Ces conflits figent le récit et les personnages qui paradoxalement sont incités à se relever d'entre les décombres du fait même qu'ils existent dans la fiction par leur cortège d'émotions et de sentiments. Ils se pérennisent sous la plume de l'écrivain, en défiant par là même toute finitude. Le tout au travers d’une approche narrative jusqu’alors inédite. / The Lebanese novel writing soars up during the civil war of 1975. It attempts to point out the flaws and the deepest weaknesses of the individual. Mistakenly called war novel, it only grants little importance to the subject of war itself. The war becomes hence the revealer of lethal mechanisms that prevent the individual’semergence. Serving also as a catharsis, it fosters freedom of speech by breaking taboos and the unsaid. Our study opts for an analysis of three works of the first period of the war, mainly based on the use of narrative and psychoanalytic tools. It identifies several of these “death mechanisms” by revealing another vision of the individual and the world. The characters are incited to rise from the rubble, as the eruption of their emotions and feelings allow them to perpetuate thanks to the word power of the novelists, thereby reaching the audience and challenging all finitude through a previously unseen narrative approach.

'The Fabric of Life: Linen and Life Cycle in England, 1678-1810' is structured around the human life cycle to draw out the social and cultural importance of linen for all ranks of society. Human and object life cycles are juxtaposed in the thesis to analyse co-dependent activities and processes rather than focusing on one facet of daily life. For thousands of years flax was a staple fibre, used for textile production in many parts of the globe. Cotton only overtook linen as the most popular textile in England at home and on the body during the nineteenth century. This thesis examines the preceding century to reveal why linen remained a daily necessity in England between 1678 and 1810, a period which encompassed a series of significant changes in the production, trade and use of linen. Linen was ubiquitous as underwear, sheets, table linens and for logistical purposes therefore it provides a unique insight into the early-modern world; a means of understanding the multifaceted experiences of daily life, of integrating understandings of the body, domestic, social, cultural and commercial activities. This thesis is social history through the lens of linen, reading a society through its interactions with a textile.