The Middle Jurassic Entrada Sandstone of the Four Corners region, USA, is composed predominantly of very fine-grained, red, silty sandstone with poorly defined sedimentary structures. The origin of this facies is enigmatic, even though it is common both on the Colorado Plateau and globally, and is spatially situated between deposits recording unambiguous marine and aeolian environments. Eleven sections were measured along an 85 km transect from the Blanding Basin in southeastern Utah to the San Juan Basin in northwestern New Mexico. Outcrop and laboratory analyses distinguish eight facies: (1) silty shale, (2) shallow subaqueous reworked, fine- to medium-grained sandstone, (3) brecciated, very fine-grained sandstone, (4) crinkly laminated, very fine-grained sandstone with preserved wind ripples and abundant silty laminae, (5) weakly laminated, fine-grained sandstone with occasional silty laminae, (6) planar-laminated, fine-grained, wind-rippled sandstone, (7) cross-stratified, fine- to medium-grained aeolian cross-stratified sandstone, and (8) micritic limestone. Lateral and vertical relationships of these facies show a proximal to distal transition from cross-bedded wind-lain facies to loess-dominated sabkha facies with increasing abundance of water-lain facies basinward. The well known Todilto Limestone (facies 8) is situated stratigraphically below loess-dominated sabkha facies (facies 4 and 5) within the Entrada Sandstone, reinforcing previous interpretations that the unit represents a catastrophic flooding event and not a local groundwater flux. / text

Rico strata are recognised throughout the Four Corners region of southwestern Colorado, southeastern Utah, northeastern Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico. The term Rico has been applied to a group of strata which exhibit a lateral and vertical transition between two contrasting environments, the marine Hermosa and the non-marine Cutler. Two faunal provinces reflect these widely diverse conditions of sedimentation. However, few fossils of diagnostic value have been discovered despite the abundance of fossiliferous strata within the Rico. Rico strata are believed to range between Desmoinesian and Virgilian in age. Lithofacies data on the Rico were assembled from literature, outcrop sections, and various well logs. These data were then compiled on an isopach-lithofacies map. The isopach-lithofacies map shows the thickness trends and the lithologic variations of Rico strata throughout the region of study. The tectonic framework of the region is reconstructed from the isopach-lithofacies map and mechanical analyses of the elastic strata. Clastic material in the Rico increases in average grain size from west to east toward the Uncomphagre Uplift suggest that this area was actively positive during Rico time. The vertical variation of normal marine limestone and clastic red beds in the Rico reflect an alternately transgressing and regressing sea over much of the Four Corners region. This intricate intertonguing of normal marine limestone and clastic red beds probably resulted from deposition in a shallow basin on an unstable shelf. The occurrence of oil, gas, and cement quality limestone in the Rico is examined from an economic aspect. A. brief review of the general geology and geologic history of tile region is also included.

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Coal-fueled energy development in the Southwest has resulted in a controversy over claims of environmental damage and spiritual and social disruption to the Native American inhabitants of the region. Development has been supported through estimates of the economic benefits that will accrue to the Hopi and Navajo through the planned development. This research has developed a modeling approach to systematically and rationally assess the impacts of energy development on the Hopi and Navajo Tribes. The model incorporates a simulation technique that describes the Indian social systems over time with and without energy development. The variations within the system without energy development and with various levels of development allow insights into impacts. Computer control allows the model to consider many different decisions relative to energy development, and incorporated graphics allow for efficient and fast impact interpretation. The results of the model indicate that proposed impacts on the Native Americans have been exaggerated. Neither the economic impacts nor spiritual disruptions claimed are seen to occur. The model is seen to be a valuable tool for systematic analysis and the presentation of social impact information.

Les contraintes liées au système de signes véhiculés par le comportement humain multiplient les difficultés face à toutes les formes d‘analyses, particulièrement celles qui se fondent sur l‘observation. Par exemple, les jeux sportifs peuvent, par leur richesse et leur complexité, restreindre le jugement de l‘observateur, notamment lorsqu‘il s‘agit d‘étudier des conduites et des prises de décisions motrices in situ, là où le pratiquant évolue dans un rapport consubstantiel avec son environnement. C‘est à ce niveau que les recherches en praxéologie proposent l‘analyse de la logique interne des situations ludosportives à travers une démarche systémique et structurale et une classification de pratiques sportives et ludomotrices en huit domaines d‘action motrice distincts. Les poutres maîtresses de ces domaines d‘action sont : la nature du rapport du sujet avec le milieu physique (milieu certain ou incertain) ainsi que la présence d‘interaction motrice liée à la présence d‘adversaires et/ou de partenaires. Nous avons mené une méta-analyse de trois domaines d‘action motrice au coeur desquels les sportifs pratiquent dans un milieu domestiqué, dont un domaine psychomoteur (agir en solo) et deux domaines sociomoteurs (agir contre des adversaires et agir avec des partenaires et des adversaires). Nous avons adopté une démarche méthodologique qui fait appel à l‘outil de modélisation électronique et numérique. Ce travail s‘articule autour de la science de l‘action motrice, des sciences de l‘Éducation, de la didactique des APS et des sciences de l‘ingénierie électronique et numérique. La problématique tente de mettre en évidence les effets potentiels d‘une pratique motrice régulière de trois domaines d‘action distincts sur les conduites et les prises de décision motrices. Autrement dit, chaque domaine d‘action motrice comprend des activités ludomotrices homogènes au regard de leurs traits de logique interne, influençant ainsi certains schémas d‘actions spécifiques sur la conduite motrice du pratiquant, propices au façonnage d‘habitus moteurs. Les investigations se construisent autour d‘un modèle expérimental spécifique appelé « B-percept® », modèle créé à partir d‘un jeu ludomoteur traditionnel, le « jeu des Quatre coins ». Ce système de mesures innovant et évolutif est utilisé pour évaluer et comparer les conduites de sportifs des trois domaines précités et de non-sportifs. Le protocole B-percept® mesure la vitesse de réaction simple et complexe, tant visuelle que sonore des pratiquants. Par ailleurs, outre les observations des sportifs agissants, nous avons proposé des tests de prédictions de score et d‘estime de soi (PSPP) et un entretien post-test avec les sujets, ceci afin de mieux appréhender et comprendre les conduites motrices exécutées. Les résultats obtenus ont montré qu‘une pratique sportive influencerait de manière positive le temps de réaction simple et complexe des sportifs par rapport aux non-pratiquants de sports. De surcroit, elle pourrait développer significativement leur sentiment d‘auto-efficacité, ce qui se traduirait par une meilleure capacité de prédiction des scores dans les tests B-percept®. Globalement, on relève aussi des résultats plus tranchés entre les domaines sociomoteur et psychomoteur, notamment dans la prise de décision au cours des situations complexes. Ces résultats ont été vérifiés à travers une méta-analyse par domaines, par algorithme moteur et par habitus moteurs. Fort de ces résultats, le modèle B-percept® pourra trouver des extensions dans le domaine de l‘enseignement en éducation physique et sportive, de l‘entrainement sportif et dans les centres de formation des élèves à besoins spécifiques. Dans le champ de l‘EPS, notre objectif est de contribuer à la réflexion et à la conception des contenus et de la programmation des activités physiques et sportives en ciblant, de façon pertinente et cohérente, les choix des situations motrices selon les domaines d‘action ludomotrice. / In sports and physical activities, gestures often carry an affective connotation. However the constraints due to their complexity when used in the communication process as signs system produced by human behavior could multiply difficulties on the of scientific analyses and studies. Thus, methods used to interpret the human movements and gestures have evolved in last decades, due to an increasing use of quantitative data. Nowadays researchers are working on decision-making by collecting behavioral significant information, especially during human-interactions in sports activities. Thus, since more than forty years, researches such as in motor praxeology analysis the internal logic of sports practices through systemic and structural analyses. Consequently a classification of sports activities was raised and gave eight different domains of motor action. These domains are based on the nature of physical environment (certain or uncertain environment), the attendance of opponents and/or partners. The aim of this thesis is to propose a systemic and structural methodological approach by comparing through a meta-analysis the impact of a regular sports practice in three different domains of motor activities on motor-behavior and decision-making. Our approach is built on an experimental model previously established by modeling the paradoxal game called the ―four corners game‖. Thus a smart wireless system for modeling visual and auditory searching behavior was conceived for measuring simple and complex reaction time. B-percept® helps as well to make observations, self-efficacy survey, test score-predictions and personal self-physical profile. This research allowed us to find relevant results. However, we need to be cautious about their generalization. Indeed, we have found that practicing sport positively influences the simple and complex reaction times and significantly increases self-efficacy of sports practitioners. Moreover, they could have a better ability to predict their scores at B-percept® tests. Meta-analysis through sports specialties and habitus were proceeded to improve results‘ analyzes, however, we still needing several investigations through future researches to propose a generalization of the equation model of B-percept®. In the near future, this experimental new model will be available for researchers in physical education and sports, teachers and coaches. It could also be proposed to training centers for students with special needs (handicap). We are looking forward helping to improve scholar programs made from sports activities as to be classified through the domain of actions.

本文廣泛的探討了從遠古到秦漢時期先民對風這一自然現象的崇拜意識，初步將古人的風神崇拜原因分為兩大類，包括因為處於地理環境上的多風性質或伴隨風而來的天象而成為風神化身的自然神崇拜和季風氣候下風向和季節的必然性所衍申出的風向與時節對應的具神聖性之傳統觀念。並指出後者是古代風神崇拜的主流，從早期的利用瞽者聽風以判定時節到刻有四風和代表四季徵象的四方風名甲骨，更衍成以風向與時節的對應與否來判定兵家攻守或醫家虛實的依據都是這一支風神觀念極度發展的結果。 　　本文在探討中國古代風神崇拜之餘，並從文字學的角度論風字的產生與演變過程，其次更由四方風名甲骨片的文字指出了經典上文字的來由及歷來經說不當之處。 / This is a comprehensive discussion on early man's worship and consciousness of the natural phenomanon of wind,from ancient times until the Han period.First of all the reason for early man 's wind spirit worship are divided into two main categories : includingthe natural spirit worship of the many types of wind in an inhabited geographical environment or the natural phenomena which accompany wind and become the embodiment of wind spirit; and the traditional concepts and the effect of the season and climate on the direction;the inevitability of the development of wind direction and the corresponding times of the spirit divinity moreover,the discussion point out that the latter is main trend of ancient wind spirit worship, from the use of the blind in early times to feel for wind to judge the times and season,to the (four corners wind name) oracle bone carved with the four winds and the symbol of four season,it is further developed to the corresponding non coprespondance of wind dire- ction and times to determine military manoeuvres or the bases for madical fact. These are all the results of the extreme degree of development of this branch of wind spirit concept. 　　This discussion,in addition to exploring ancient wind spirit worship in China,also discusses,from a linguistic point of view,the emergence and the development process of the character wind furthermore,the discussion uses the words carved on the (four corners wind name) oracle bone fragment to point out the origin of characters contained in the classics, and also to point out any in appropriate areas which have existed until now in the ex-planation of the classics.