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Radio-frequency (RF) lesioning is a method utilising high frequency currents for thermal coagulation of pathological tissue or signal pathways. The current is delivered from an electrode with a temperature sensor, permitting control of the current at a desired target temperature. In the brain RF-lesioning can e.g. be used for severe chronic pain and movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. This thesis focuses on modelling and simulation with the aim of gaining better understanding and predictability of the lesioning process in deep brain structures. The finite element method (FEM) together with experimental comparisons was used to study the effects of electrode dimensions, electrode target temperature, electric and thermal conductivity of the brain tissue, blood perfusion and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) filled cysts. Equations for steady current, thermal transport and incompressible flow were used together with statistical factorial design and regression analysis for this purpose. Increased target temperature, electrode tip length and electrode diameter increased the simulated lesion size, which is in accordance with experimental results. The influence of blood perfusion, modelled as an increase in thermal conductivity in non-coagulated tissue, gave smaller simulated lesions with increasing blood perfusion as heat was more efficiently conducted from the rim of the lesion. If no consideration was taken to the coagulation the lesion became larger with increased thermal conductivity instead, as the increase in conducted heat was compensated for through an increased power output in order to maintain the target temperature. Simulated lesions corresponded well to experimental in-vivo lesions. The electric conductivity in a homogeneous surrounding had little impact on lesion development. However this was not valid for a heterogeneous surrounding. CSF-filled cysts have a much higher electric conductivity than brain tissue focussing the current to them if the electrode tip is in contact with both. Heating of CSF can also cause considerable convective flow and as a result a very efficient heat transfer. This affected simulated as well as experimental lesion sizes and shapes resulting in both very large lesions if sufficient power compared to the cysts size was supplied and very small lesions if the power was low, mitigating the heat over a large volume. In conclusion especially blood perfusion and CSF can greatly affect the lesioning process and appear to be important to consider when planning surgical procedures. Hopefully this thesis will help improve knowledge about and predictability of clinical lesioning.

<p> An experimental study of free convection heat transfer from a heated horizontal plate facing downwards in air is reported in this thesis. The results of this study are in good agreement with the results obtained by Fishenden and Saunders. This study also investigates the effects of restraining the development of the thermal boundary layer with 1/2" and 1" edge strips around the edges of the test plate. This study led to the conclusion that edge restrains tended to decrease the heat transfer from the plate. </p> <p> The range of Grashof Prandtl Number product investigated is between 4 x 10⁸ and 8 x 10⁹ resulting in the heat flux range of 0.7 Btu/hrft² to 102 Btu/hrft². Correlations are presented relating heat flux and temperature difference between plate surface temperature and ambient temperature. </p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (ME)

Circuitos de convecção natural ou sistemas de circulação natural são empregados em diversas áreas da engenharia. Reatores nucleares refrigerados a água utilizam circuitos de circulação natural como método passivo de seguranca. Em situações críticas, sem qualquer controle externo, o sistema permanece em segurança por suas próprias características de funcionamento (intrinsecamente seguro). O trabalho proposto consiste em estudar numericamente o circuito de circulação natural de água, localizado no Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares / Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear em São Paulo, por meio do uso de modelos matemáticos, objetivando determinar o padrão do escoamento em condições sem mudança de fase líquido-vapor. A comparação dos resultados de temperatura obtidos por cada um dos modelos de turbulência aos pontos instrumentados no circuito experimental, na condição transitória, revelou desvios significativos nas respostas do modelo de zero equação. Desvios intermediário foram observados nos modelos de transporte da viscosidade turbulenta (EVTE), k - &omega;, SST e SSG e resultados melhores foram vericados nos modelos k - &epsilon; e DES (com significativa superioridade do primeiro modelo). / Natural circulation loops apply to many engineering applications such as: water heating solar energy system (thermo-siphons), thermal management of electrical components (voltage converter), geothermal energy, nuclear reactors, etc. In pressurized water nuclear reactors, known as PWR\'s, the natural circulation loops are employed to ensure passive safety. In critical situations, the heat transfer will occur only by natural convection, without any external control or mechanical devices. This feature is desired and has been considered in modern nuclear reactor projects. This work consists of a numerical study of the natural circulation loop, located at the Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares / Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear in São Paulo, Brazil, in order to establish the ow pattern in single phase conditions. The comparison of numerical results to experiments in transient condition revealed significant deviations for the Zero Equation turbulence model. Intermediate deviations for the Eddy Viscosity Turbulence Equation (EVTE), k - &omega;, SST e SSG models. And the best results are obtained by the k - &epsilon; e DES models (with better results for the k - &epsilon; model).

Circuitos de convecção natural ou sistemas de circulação natural são empregados em diversas áreas da engenharia. Reatores nucleares refrigerados a água utilizam circuitos de circulação natural como método passivo de seguranca. Em situações críticas, sem qualquer controle externo, o sistema permanece em segurança por suas próprias características de funcionamento (intrinsecamente seguro). O trabalho proposto consiste em estudar numericamente o circuito de circulação natural de água, localizado no Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares / Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear em São Paulo, por meio do uso de modelos matemáticos, objetivando determinar o padrão do escoamento em condições sem mudança de fase líquido-vapor. A comparação dos resultados de temperatura obtidos por cada um dos modelos de turbulência aos pontos instrumentados no circuito experimental, na condição transitória, revelou desvios significativos nas respostas do modelo de zero equação. Desvios intermediário foram observados nos modelos de transporte da viscosidade turbulenta (EVTE), k - &omega;, SST e SSG e resultados melhores foram vericados nos modelos k - &epsilon; e DES (com significativa superioridade do primeiro modelo). / Natural circulation loops apply to many engineering applications such as: water heating solar energy system (thermo-siphons), thermal management of electrical components (voltage converter), geothermal energy, nuclear reactors, etc. In pressurized water nuclear reactors, known as PWR\'s, the natural circulation loops are employed to ensure passive safety. In critical situations, the heat transfer will occur only by natural convection, without any external control or mechanical devices. This feature is desired and has been considered in modern nuclear reactor projects. This work consists of a numerical study of the natural circulation loop, located at the Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares / Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear in São Paulo, Brazil, in order to establish the ow pattern in single phase conditions. The comparison of numerical results to experiments in transient condition revealed significant deviations for the Zero Equation turbulence model. Intermediate deviations for the Eddy Viscosity Turbulence Equation (EVTE), k - &omega;, SST e SSG models. And the best results are obtained by the k - &epsilon; e DES models (with better results for the k - &epsilon; model).

The main task of the ventilation system in a building is to maintain the air quality and (together with the heating or cooling system) the thermal climate at an acceptable level within the building. This means that a sufficient amount of ventilation air at the appropriate temperature and quality must be supplied to satisfy thermal comfort and air quality demands and that this air is distributed to the parts of the building where people reside. Air movements caused by buoyancy forces can determine the distribution of ventilation air within buildings. The purpose of this thesis is to advance the state of knowledge of buoyancydriven air movements within buildings and to determine their importance both for ventilation air distribution and the maintenance of thermal comfort and air quality in buildings. The work is focused on studying thermally-driven air movements through large openings, both horizontal and vertical (i.e. doorways). The properties of a special type of thermally-driven currents, so called gravity currents, have also been explored. Large vertical openings like doorways are important for air exchange between rooms within a building. Air movements through doorways separating rooms with different air temperatures are often bidirectional and the buoyancy-driven flow rates are often greater than those caused by the mechanical ventilation system alone. Bidirectional flows through doorways can effectively spread contaminants, for example, from a kitchen or a hospital rooms, yet the results of this study indicate that the conversion of a thermally-driven bidirectional flow to a unidirectional flow via an increase of the mechanically forced flow rate requires forced flows that are more than three times greater than the thermally-driven flows. Experiments conducted in this project indicate that the resistance to buoyancy-driven flows in horizontal openings is significantly greater than that in vertical openings. Model tests have shown, however, that this problem may be mitigated if a simple model of a staircase located in the centre of the room (being ventilated) is linked to the horizontal ventilation opening. Gravity currents in rooms occur in connection with so called displacement ventilation as cool gravity currents propagate along the floor that are driven by the density difference of the ventilation air and the ambient, warmer air within the room. As these gravity currents easily pass obstacles and to a certain extent are self-controlling, they can effectively distribute the cool air within rooms in a building. Likewise, warm gravity currents occur when warmer air introduced in a room rises and spreads along the ceiling plane. One application where warm gravity currents may be used to advantage is when converting buildings from electric heating to district hot water heating thus, avoiding the introduction of an expensive hydronic heating system. This report includes a full-scale laboratory study of the basic properties of thermally-driven warm air gravity currents in a residential building and examines the possibilities of using the resulting air movements for the distribution of ventilation air as well as heat. Results from laboratory tests show that this conversion method may prove effective if certain conditions on the layout of the building are fulfilled. / QC 20100705

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:32:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 jordam_a_me_bauru.pdf: 3535049 bytes, checksum: a22a97d375d5d91449be8bd46442ee9e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A fluidodinâmica computacinal (CFD) tem sido utilizada, estudadda e implementada ao longa das duas últimas décadas na solução dos mais diversos problemas de engenharia. O princípio básico desta ciência é a aplicação de métodos numéricos em problemas que envolvam mecânica dos fluidos. Nesse contexto, este trabalho utiliza essa técnica para analisar o comportamento de um fluido incompreensível, que se encontra numa cavidade cilíndrica fechada onde as faces inferior e superior são adiabáticas e as superfícies laterais se encontram em diferentes temperaturas. Os perfis de velocidade e temperatura resultantes - ocasionados pela convecção natural - serão avaliados em todo o domínio do problema. Existe uma série de técnicas para a solução de problemas envolvendo escoamentos, sendo as mais comuns as que se utilizam do Esquema de Passo Fracionado proposto por Chorin no final da década de 60. Dentre as diversas soluções que se utilizam desta técnica, este trabalho optou pelo uso do método das características e do algoritmo CBS de solução proposto por Zienkiewicz e Codina (1995). Para a implementação do algoritmo de solução do problema proposto foi realizada uma discretização geral através do método dos elementos finitos usando-se de uma malha formada por elementos bilineares. A solução foi obtida a partir de um ambiente matemático adequado, a GNU-Octave (2008). Os resultados foram analisados para diferentes razões de curvatura, números de Rayleigh e métodos de solução, sendo plotados para as suas diversas variáveis buscando descrever o comportamento do fenônemo / The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been used, studied and performed through the last two decades to solve the series of problems in Engineering. The most basic aim of this science is the appliance of numerical methods in cases that envolve fluid mechanics. In this context, this work uses this technic to analyze the behaviour of an incompressible fluid, which is found in a closed cylindrical cavity, a place where the inferior and superior surfaces are adiabatic and the lateral surfaces are shown in different temperatures. The resultant profiles of speed and temperature - induced by the free convection - are going to be appraised in all the dominion of the problem. There is a set of technics to solve the problems which involve the drainage, but the most usual are those which use the techic Fractional Step Method offered by Chorin in the final of 60s. Among the several solutions that are solved through this technic, this research used the characteristics method and of the CBS algorthm, offered by Zienkiewicz e Codina (1995). For the implementation of the algorithm, it was realized a general discretization through the finite elements method, making use of a loop formed by bilinear elements. The resolution was obtained from an adequated mathematical ambient, the GNU-Octave (2008). The results were analysed for different curvature ratios, Rayleigh numbers and methods of solution, being plotted for its different variables searching to describe the behavior of the phenomenon

Orientador: Vicente Luiz Scalon / Banca: Ivan De Domenico Valarelli / Banca: Carlos Alberto Carrasco Altemani / Resumo: Com a crise energética recente, houve uma nova conscientização da necessidade de utilização mais racional da energia. Desta feita, uma série de pesquisas com fontes alternativas de energia, que vinham sendo preteridos em função da impressão que a crise energética do início da década de 1970 havia passado, tem ganho nova força. Dentre todas as alternativas para aproveitamento de energia solar, uma das mais utilizadas são os chamados "sistemas domésticos de aquecimento de água". Este tipo de sistema, entretanto, ainda é complexo, constituído de uma série de dutos e conexões entre coletor e tanque armazenador, que contribuem para o elevado custo destes dispositivos. Uma alternativa para otimizar o custo final é o uso dos sistemas solar integrados coletor-tanque (ICS). Neste trabalho, foi avaliado o processo de movimentação natural do fluido em uma das geometrias mais comuns de sistemas deste tipo: a trapezoidal. Foi aplicada a condição de fluxo de calor constante na face inclinada para avaliação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The recent energy crisis has developed a new conscience for necessity of rational energy use. Several works treating about renewable energy was stopped in past based in a false idea that the 1970's energy crisis was finished. Nowadays, these works have been retaken with the large use of solar energy in the Solar Domestic Hot Water Systems. However, this device is quite complex and has several components like pipes and fittings coupling solar collectors and storage tanks. This characteristic makes it an expensive system and bring difficulties for his large use. An alternative to turn it cheaper is the construction of a device with solar collector and storage tank integrated in one single component (ICS). In this work was done an evaluation of free convection process in a common geometry of this device: the trapezoidal shape. For this analysis, a constant heat flux condition was applied to the inclined face for evaluation of free convection process. Numerical results... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Luiz Fernando Milanez / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T05:12:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Malateaux_EzequielCosta_M.pdf: 98402739 bytes, checksum: 8bb545a108688271a9e6d884f1c8ac49 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A transferência de calor em cilindros horizontais isolados é de grande importância na indústria tanto no caso em que se pretende minimizar a dissipação térmica (quando dutos isolados são usados no transporte de fluidos), como quando se pretende maximizá-la (no caso de cabos de eletricidade revestidos, por exemplo). Em ambas as situações, convecção natural e radiação térmica estão presentes, podendo ser consideradas como os principais mecanismos envolvidos de dissipação térmica. Normalmente o isolamento térmico é circular e concêntrico ao cilindro. No entanto, o coeficiente convectivo e a temperatura da superfície não são constantes ao redor do cilindro, levando a crer que a adoção de isolantes concêntricos pode não ser o melhor método de se distribuir o isolante. Assim, se um isolamento excêntrico for adotado, a temperatura superficial deve apresentar variação ainda maior, alterando o escoamento ao redor do cilindro e, portanto, as perdas térmicas. No presente trabalho é apresentada uma análise numérica da dissipação térmica em cilindros horizontais isotérmicos isolados excentricamente expostos a convecção natural (Pr= 0,715) e a radiação. A condução na camada de isolante foi resolvida analiticamente (através do uso do sistema de coordenadas bicilíndricas) e integrada numericamente. A partir da temperatura obtida para a superfície externa do isolante, o software PHOENICS foi utilizado para resolver o problema de convecção natural, fornecendo um novo perfil para o coeficiente convectivo. Para cada caso, algumas iterações foram necessárias para se alcançar a convergência. Os parâmetros analisados são a emissividade da superfície externa, a razão entre os raios externo e interno do isolante, a razão entre as condutividades térmicas do isolante e do ar, o número de Rayleigh (definido de forma a ser independente dos outros parâmetros) e a excentricidade do isolante. A dissipação e a temperatura superficial local são mostradas graficamente, assim como os campos de temperatura e velocidade do escoamento. Uma equação é sugerida para a determinação da influência da excentricidade sobre o calor total dissipado em função da razão entre as resistências térmicas de convecção natural-radiação e a resistência térmica de condução, para determinada razão de raios e excentricidade / Abstract: Heat transfer in horizontal insulated cylinders is of importance in industry as when one wants to reduce the heat dissipation (when insulated ducts are used to transport fluids), as when one wants to enhance it (in the case of covered electric cables, for example). In both cases, free convection and thermal radiation are present and can be considered as the main mechanisms of heat dissipation. Generally, the insulating layer is round and is arranged concentrically in the cylinder. However, the heat transfer coefficient and the surface temperature are not constant around the cylinder, raising the point that the use of concentric insulation may not be the best way to arrange the insulating layer. Thus, if an eccentric layer is used, the surface temperature should have a larger variation, changing the flow around the cylinder and, therefore, the heat dissipation. A numerical analysis of the heat dissipation in horizontal isothermal eccentrically insulated cylinders exposed to free convection (Pr= 0,715) and radiation is presented. The conduction through the insulating layer was solved analytically (using the bicylindrical coordinate system) and integrated numerically. From the solution for the surface temperature, the PHOENICS software was used to solve the problem of free convection, giving a new profile for the heat transfer coefficient. For each case, some iterations were necessary to reach convergence. The parameters analyzed were the emissivity of the external surface, the ratio between the outer and the inner radius of the insulating layer, the ratio between the insulation and the air thermal conductivities, the Rayleigh number (defined in such a way to be independent of the other parameters) and the eccentricity of the insulation. The heat dissipation and the surface temperature are shown graphically, as well as the temperature and velocity flow fields. An equation is suggested to define the importance of the eccentricity over the total heat as a function of the ratio between the free convection-radiation thermal resistance and the conduction thermal resistance, for a given ratio of radius and eccentricity / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

This thesis is focused on the design of passive cooling system for a nuclear reactor VVER- 1000.This type of reactor is located in the Czech Republic in the location of Nuclear power plant Temelín. The thesis states an overview of the different cooling systems of nuclear power plants. The thesis is focused on passive safety system especially on passive cooling system, so there was done an overview of currently used passive safety system. In the work is discussed nuclear safety and the maximum projected accident of VVER-1000, which is called LOCA accident. In the design part of the thesis was done thermal calculation of heat exchangers. Exchangers are designed as condensers with a natural flow, where cooling of system is provided by outside airflow in case an accident. The results are evaluated at the end of the thesis.