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Creating community in the American Civil Rights Movement: singing spirituals and freedom songsBoots, Cheryl Charline 22 January 2016 (has links)
This thesis examines the crucial role of spirituals and freedom songs during the American Civil Rights movement from 1955-1968. Singing this music and speaking their lyrics affirmed African Americans' humanity, inspired hope for justice, and nurtured community development. When they sang, activists experienced "egalitarian resonance"-- spontaneous community among singers and listeners crossing race, age, gender, and class differences. These moments modeled the ideal American, multiracial community. In the absence of a 24/7 news cycle, freedom songs instantly provided a grassroots history of the movement.
Both artistic expression and vocal protest, spirituals testified to the resilience of the human spirit. Created by African American slaves, spirituals expressed human psychological, emotional, and physical suffering. During twentieth-century segregation, W.E.B. Du Bois, James Weldon Johnson, and Howard Thurman wrote about spirituals and racial oppression. They understood spirituals expressed hope for justice despite despair. During the Civil Rights Movement, Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. quoted spirituals and freedom songs, linking past suffering with present persecution. Forming part of nonviolent protest, spirituals offered hope for an all-inclusive, "beloved community."
Between 1955 and 1968, freedom songs chronicled events and persons, orally recording the movement as it happened. Protesters sang long-established spirituals and newly-created freedom songs composed while working to open public facilities and to expand the franchise to all persons. Singing together in mass meetings solidified the resolve of participants and community members. When the movement spread from a regional to national phenomenon, freedom songs began showing other music influences including blues, rock and roll, and folk rock.
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Intimidation as a factor in the liberation struggle in South Africa with special reference to Bela Bela (Warmbaths) : an anthropological perspectiveVan Niekerk, Letitia 07 1900 (has links)
INTIMIDATION AS A FACTOR IN THE LIBERATION STRUGGLE OF
SOUTH AFRICA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BELA BELA
(WARMBATHS): AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
The cultural revitalisation or adjustment model of Anthony Wallace provides a basis for
interpreting religious, political and other revitalisation movements. This study focuses on
political revitalisation movements. Participation in the activities of revitalisation movements does
not always occur voluntarily. Leaders of such movements apply techniques and methods of
intimidation enforcing change and participation. In South Africa, political revitalisation was
inter alia brought about by the ANC as political liberation movement who used methods of
violent and non-violent intimidation to force people, regardless of their ethnic affiliation, to
support the movement and enforce political change. The ANC inter alia used charactersitic
cultural phenomena and components of Bantu-speakers as resources for intimidation to ensure
unanimity, participation and ultimately to achieve political liberation. Cultural components that
were exploited included communality, group solidarity, administration of justice, songs and
dances. / INTIMIDASIE AS 'N FAKTOR IN DIE VRYHEIDSTRYD IN SUID-AFRIKA
MET SPESIALE VERWYSING NA BELA BELA (WARMBAD): 'N
ANTROPOLOGIESE PERSPEK.TIEF
Kulturele vernuwmg ts 'n universele verskynsel. Anthony Wallace se model van kulturele
vernuwing of -aanpassing bied 'n raamwerk vir die verduideliking en interpretasie van die fases
waardeur kulturele vernuwingsbewegings van 'n godsdienstige, politieke of ander aard ontwikkel.
In hierdie studie word daar uitsluitlik gefokus op vernuwingsbewegings van 'n politieke aard.
Aangesien deelname aan die aktiwiteite van kulturele vernuwings- en aanpassingsbewegings nie
noodwendig vrywillig geskied nie, het leiers van hierdie bewegings gebruik gemaak van tegnieke
en metodes van intimidasie om deelname en vernuwing op die massas af te dwing. In SuidAfrika
is politieke vernuwing onder andere teweeggebring deur die ANC as politieke
bevrydingsbeweging. Die ANC het gebruik gemaak van gewelddadige (harde of direkte) sowel
as nie-geweldadige (sagte of indirekte) intimidasie om mense, ongeag hulle etniese aanhorigheid,
te dwing om die beweging se oogmerke aktief te ondersteun om politieke verandering te weeg te
bring. As dee! van die strategie om deur intimidasie mense tot deelname aan massa-aksies soos
optogte, betogings en massa-vergaderings te dwing, het die ANC gebruik gemaak van bepaalde
kultuur verskynsels en -komponente wat eie is aan die lewensbeskouinge en lewenswyse van
Bantoe-sprekendes.
Kultuurkomponente wat suksesvol benut is deur die leiers en lede van bevrydingsbewegings
omvat, onder andere verskynsels soos kommunaliteit, groep solidariteit, die regspraak, liedere en
danse. Hierdie kultuurkomponente en verskynsels is verander en aangepas om ten eerste eenheid
en deelname te bewerkstellig en te verseker en uiteindelik om die hoofdoelwit van politieke
bevryding te bereik. / Anthropology and Archaeology / M.A. (Anthropology)
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Intimidation as a factor in the liberation struggle in South Africa with special reference to Bela Bela (Warmbaths) : an anthropological perspectiveVan Niekerk, Letitia 07 1900 (has links)
INTIMIDATION AS A FACTOR IN THE LIBERATION STRUGGLE OF
SOUTH AFRICA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BELA BELA
(WARMBATHS): AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
The cultural revitalisation or adjustment model of Anthony Wallace provides a basis for
interpreting religious, political and other revitalisation movements. This study focuses on
political revitalisation movements. Participation in the activities of revitalisation movements does
not always occur voluntarily. Leaders of such movements apply techniques and methods of
intimidation enforcing change and participation. In South Africa, political revitalisation was
inter alia brought about by the ANC as political liberation movement who used methods of
violent and non-violent intimidation to force people, regardless of their ethnic affiliation, to
support the movement and enforce political change. The ANC inter alia used charactersitic
cultural phenomena and components of Bantu-speakers as resources for intimidation to ensure
unanimity, participation and ultimately to achieve political liberation. Cultural components that
were exploited included communality, group solidarity, administration of justice, songs and
dances. / INTIMIDASIE AS 'N FAKTOR IN DIE VRYHEIDSTRYD IN SUID-AFRIKA
MET SPESIALE VERWYSING NA BELA BELA (WARMBAD): 'N
ANTROPOLOGIESE PERSPEK.TIEF
Kulturele vernuwmg ts 'n universele verskynsel. Anthony Wallace se model van kulturele
vernuwing of -aanpassing bied 'n raamwerk vir die verduideliking en interpretasie van die fases
waardeur kulturele vernuwingsbewegings van 'n godsdienstige, politieke of ander aard ontwikkel.
In hierdie studie word daar uitsluitlik gefokus op vernuwingsbewegings van 'n politieke aard.
Aangesien deelname aan die aktiwiteite van kulturele vernuwings- en aanpassingsbewegings nie
noodwendig vrywillig geskied nie, het leiers van hierdie bewegings gebruik gemaak van tegnieke
en metodes van intimidasie om deelname en vernuwing op die massas af te dwing. In SuidAfrika
is politieke vernuwing onder andere teweeggebring deur die ANC as politieke
bevrydingsbeweging. Die ANC het gebruik gemaak van gewelddadige (harde of direkte) sowel
as nie-geweldadige (sagte of indirekte) intimidasie om mense, ongeag hulle etniese aanhorigheid,
te dwing om die beweging se oogmerke aktief te ondersteun om politieke verandering te weeg te
bring. As dee! van die strategie om deur intimidasie mense tot deelname aan massa-aksies soos
optogte, betogings en massa-vergaderings te dwing, het die ANC gebruik gemaak van bepaalde
kultuur verskynsels en -komponente wat eie is aan die lewensbeskouinge en lewenswyse van
Bantoe-sprekendes.
Kultuurkomponente wat suksesvol benut is deur die leiers en lede van bevrydingsbewegings
omvat, onder andere verskynsels soos kommunaliteit, groep solidariteit, die regspraak, liedere en
danse. Hierdie kultuurkomponente en verskynsels is verander en aangepas om ten eerste eenheid
en deelname te bewerkstellig en te verseker en uiteindelik om die hoofdoelwit van politieke
bevryding te bereik. / Anthropology and Archaeology / M.A. (Anthropology)
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