<p>Electromagnetic transients impinging on electromagnetic power devices - such as electric machines, transformers and reactors - can stress the design severely. Thus the magnitudes of the transients are often decisive for the design of the devices. Further, the operation of a device can be transient in itself. This is the case for the explosive magnetic flux compression generator (EMG) and a ferromagnetic actuator. </p><p>Models are presented that are mainly intended for transients in the millisecond range and faster. Hence, eddy currents and the related skin and proximity effect become significant in windings, magnetic cores and in the armatures of the devices. These effects are important for, e.g., the damping of the transients. Further, the displacement current in the insulation of the winding is significant. It changes the response of the windings dramatically, as it manifests the finite velocity of propagation of the electromagnetic fields. Under such circumstances, reflections and excited resonances can make the transient voltage and current distribution highly irregular. </p><p>Induced voltages are modelled with self and mutual inductances or reluctances combined with winding templates. The displacement currents are modelled with capacitances or coefficients of potential. Cauer circuits and their dual form are used to model eddy currents in laminated cores and in conductors. The Cauer circuit enables one to consider hysteresis and the non-linear response of a magnetic core. It is also used to model the eddy currents in the moving armature of an EMG. </p><p>A set-up is presented that can be used to study the transient voltage and the current distribution along a coil. </p><p>The transient response of coaxially insulated windings is analysed and modelled in detail. A lumped circuit model is developed for a coil, Dryformer^TM - the new high-voltage transformer - and Powerformer^TM, the new high-voltage generator. An alternative model, a combined lumped circuit and FEM model, is presented for a coaxially insulated winding in two slot cores.</p>

Electromagnetic transients impinging on electromagnetic power devices - such as electric machines, transformers and reactors - can stress the design severely. Thus the magnitudes of the transients are often decisive for the design of the devices. Further, the operation of a device can be transient in itself. This is the case for the explosive magnetic flux compression generator (EMG) and a ferromagnetic actuator. Models are presented that are mainly intended for transients in the millisecond range and faster. Hence, eddy currents and the related skin and proximity effect become significant in windings, magnetic cores and in the armatures of the devices. These effects are important for, e.g., the damping of the transients. Further, the displacement current in the insulation of the winding is significant. It changes the response of the windings dramatically, as it manifests the finite velocity of propagation of the electromagnetic fields. Under such circumstances, reflections and excited resonances can make the transient voltage and current distribution highly irregular. Induced voltages are modelled with self and mutual inductances or reluctances combined with winding templates. The displacement currents are modelled with capacitances or coefficients of potential. Cauer circuits and their dual form are used to model eddy currents in laminated cores and in conductors. The Cauer circuit enables one to consider hysteresis and the non-linear response of a magnetic core. It is also used to model the eddy currents in the moving armature of an EMG. A set-up is presented that can be used to study the transient voltage and the current distribution along a coil. The transient response of coaxially insulated windings is analysed and modelled in detail. A lumped circuit model is developed for a coil, DryformerTM - the new high-voltage transformer - and PowerformerTM, the new high-voltage generator. An alternative model, a combined lumped circuit and FEM model, is presented for a coaxially insulated winding in two slot cores.

We develop a composite multiphysics model of excitation-contraction coupling for a rat ventricular myocyte under voltage clamp (VC) conditions to: (1) probe mechanisms underlying the response to Ca2+-perturbation; (2) investigate the factors influencing its electromechanical response; and (3) examine its rate-dependent behavior (particularly the force-frequency response (FFR)). Motivation for the study was to pinpoint key control variables influencing calcium-induced calcium-release (CICR) and examine its role in the context of a physiological control system regulating cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and hence the cardiac contractile response. Our cell model consists of an electrical-equivalent model for the cell membrane and a fluid-compartment model describing the flux of ionic species between the extracellular and several intracellular compartments. The model incorporates frequency-dependent calmodulin (CaM) mediated spatially heterogenous interaction of calcineurin (CaN) and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-II (CaMKII) with their principal targets and accounts for rate-dependent, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-mediated up-regulation. We also incorporate a biophysical model for cardiac contractile mechanics to study the factors influencing force response. The model reproduces measured VC data published by several laboratories, and generates graded Ca2+-release with high Ca2+ gain by achieving negative feedback control and Ca2+-homeostasis. We examine the dependence of cellular contractile response on: (1) the amount of activator Ca2+ available; (2) the type of mechanical load applied; (3) temperature (22 to 38ºC); and (4) myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity. We demonstrate contraction-relaxation coupling over a wide range of physiological perturbations. Our model reproduces positive peak FFR observed in rat ventricular myocytes and provides quantitative insight into the underlying rate-dependence of CICR. The role of Ca2+ regulating mechanisms are examined in handling induced Ca2+-perturbations using a rigorous cellular Ca2+ balance. Extensive testing of the composite model elucidates the importance of various direct and indirect modulatory influences on the cellular twitch-response with wide agreement with measured data on all accounts. We identify cAMP-mediated stimulation, and rate-dependent CaMKII-mediated up-regulation of Ca2+-trigger current (ICaL) as the key mechanisms underlying the aforementioned positive FFR. Our model provides biophysically-based explanations of phenomena associated with CICR and provides mechanistic insights into whole-cell responses to a wide variety of testing approaches used in studies of cardiac myofilament contractility.

Sensitive devices are affected by extreme vibration excitations during operation so require isolation from high levels of vibration excitations. When these excitation characteristics of the devices are well known, the vibration isolation can be achieved accurately. However, it is possible to have expected profile information of the excitations with respect to frequency. Therefore, it is practical and useful to implement this information in the design process for vibration isolation. In this thesis, passive vibration isolation technique is examined and a computer code is developed which would assist the isolator selection process. Several sample cases in six degree of freedom are designed for a sample excitation and for sample assumptions defined for an inertial measurement unit. Different optimization methods for design optimizations are initially compared and then different designs are arranged according to the optimization results using isolators from catalogues for these sample cases. In the next step, the probable designs are compared according to their isolator characteristics. Finally, one of these designs are selected for each case, taking into account both the probable location deviations and property deviations of isolators.

This thesis presents a detailed, two-dimensional analysis of the performance of multi-element guard-heated hot-film wall shear stress microsensors for turbulent flows. Previous studies of conventional, single-element sensors show that a significant portion of heat generated in the hot-film travels through the substrate before reaching the fluid, causing spectral and phase errors in the wall shear stress signal and drastically reducing the spatial resolution of the sensor. Earlier attempts to reduce these errors have focused on reducing the effective thermal conductivity of the substrate. New guard-heated microsensor designs proposed to overcome the severe deficiencies of the conventional design are investigated in this thesis. Guard-heaters remove the errors associated with substrate heat conduction, by forcing zero temperature gradient at the edges and bottom face of the hot-film, and hence, block the indirect heat transfer to the flow. Air and water flow over the sensors are studied numerically to investigate design, performance and signal strength of the guard-heated sensors. Our results show, particularly for measurements in low-conductivity fluids such as air, that edge guard-heating needs to be supplemented by a sub-surface guard-heater, to make substrate conduction errors negligible. With this two-plane guard-heating, a strong non-linearity in the standard single-element designs can be corrected, and spectral and phase errors arising from substrate conduction can be eliminated. / Graduate / 0548 / etrati@uvic.ca

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-04T19:00:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ALANA KELLY XAVIER SANTOS CAMPOS – TESE (PPGEE) 2016.pdf: 5517354 bytes, checksum: 24306600f8b9a28a2d230c48b0811a3a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-04T19:00:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALANA KELLY XAVIER SANTOS CAMPOS – TESE (PPGEE) 2016.pdf: 5517354 bytes, checksum: 24306600f8b9a28a2d230c48b0811a3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-21 / Capes / Um método de estimação fasorial é proposto para ser utilizado em relés digitais de proteção. Este método tem o objetivo de melhorar a característica de rejeição de componentes indesejáveis do sinal, que são introduzidas durante faltas e manobras nos sistemas elétricos de potência e podem comprometer o desempenho dos sistemas de proteção. São realizadas comparações entre o método proposto e outros quatro métodos de estimação fasorial, em relação às respostas no tempo e frequência. Para as comparações de resposta no tempo são utilizados sinais analíticos provenientes do MATrix LABoratory (MATLAB®) e sinais simulados provenientes do Alternative Transients Program (ATP). Um relé de distância foi implementado utilizando a linguagem MODELS do ATP para avaliar o desempenho do relé, utilizando o método proposto e demais métodos avaliados. A partir de alguns parâmetros usados para avaliar quantitativamente os métodos de estimação, observou-se que o método proposto apresenta bons resultados em termos de precisão e velocidade de convergência, com resposta no tempo compatível com os demais métodos comumente utilizados. A resposta em frequência do método proposto se apresenta mais seletiva em relação aos demais, por apresentar menores lóbulos entre as harmônicas e uma banda de passagem mais estreita em torno da frequência fundamental. Outra vantagem do método proposto é que ele é de fácil programação e permite que os usuários alterem parâmetros de projeto de acordo com suas necessidades. / A phasor estimation method is proposed to be used in digital relays for power system protection. It aims to improve the characteristic of filtering out undesirable frequency components of signals, which are introduced during faults and switching events in electric power systems that may compromise the performance of the protection systems. Comparisons are made in relation to time response and frequency response for the proposed method and four phasor estimation methods. In relation to response time are used analytical signals from MATrix LABoratory (MATLAB®) and simulated signals from Alternative Transients Program (ATP). A distance relay was implemented by using the MODELS language in ATP to evaluate the performance of the relay. From some parameters used to evaluate the estimation methods, it was observed that the proposed method shows good results in terms of accuracy and convergence speed, with response time compatible with other methods. The frequency response of the proposed method appears to be more selective than those of the others methods because it presents lower lobes between the harmonics and a narrower pass band around the fundamental frequency. Another advantage of the proposed method is that it can be easily programmed, allowing users to change design parameters according to their needs.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal o estudo das técnicas de cancelamento de massa, bem como suas aplicações em análise modal experimental. Estas técnicas são utilizadas na redução de determinados erros nos dados de resposta em frequência da estrutura sob estudo. Estes erros são por sua vez causados por fontes adicionais de inércia, tais como acelerômetros e transdutores de força, que são frequentemente utilizados nos ensaios para o levantamento das características dinâmicas da estrutura. As técnicas de cancelamento de massa estudadas neste trabalho são desenvolvidas a partir de uma modelagem das relações de entrada e saída no domínio da frequência, utilizando-se para tanto as Funções de Resposta em Frequência (FRF), bem como conceitos de subestruturação. Os modelos analíticos utilizados no problema de cancelamento de massa são também aplicados na geração de FRFs desconhecidas para a estrutura sob estudo, a partir de um subconjunto de FRFs medidas com massas adicionais acopladas à estrutura. Os métodos estudados são aplicados a dados obtidos através de simulações numéricas em sistemas discretos, bem como a dados experimentais provenientes de ensaios em estruturas simples. Resultados satisfatórios foram obtidos tanto a partir das simulações numéricas quanto na análise experimental para o problema de cancelamento de massa. Na obtenção de FRFs desconhecidas, verificou-se que os modelos teóricos conduzem a resultados satisfatórios em determinadas situações, e que o ruído encontrado em dados experimentais representa um fator detrimental na utilização das técnicas de cancelamento de massa para o propósito de gerar-se FRF desconhecidas a partir de FRF efetivamente medidas na estrutura sob estudo. / The goal of this dissertation is to develop a study on mass cancellation techniques and their applications in experimental modal analysis. These techniques are commonly employed in the reduction of experimental errors on the structure\'s measured frequency response data. Such errors are in turn caused by extra masses such as accelerometer and force transducers, that are utilized on the measurement of the system\'s Frequency Response Functions (FRF). The mass cancellation techniques studied here are developed through frequency domain input and output relationships as well as substructuring concepts. The analytical models employed in the mass cancellation problem are also applied in obtaining unknown FRF from a subset of measured FRF that are measured with extra masses attached to the structure. The methods studied are applied to numerically simulated data from discrete systems, as well as to experimental data coming from modal tests performed on simple structures. Reasonably good results are obtained in either the numerical and experimental analysis for the mass cancellation problem. In obtaining unknown FRF data, it was verified that the models generated reasonable results in some circumstances, and that experimental noise is a major source of error in using these mass cancellation techniques for the purpose of obtaining unmeasured data from a subset of measured FRF.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-02-26T15:34:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 thiagorodriguesoliveira.pdf: 11824049 bytes, checksum: ab8b7db8e1cc38ac7c875396e2379120 (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: Consertar sobrenome orientador on 2016-03-03T14:07:28Z (GMT) / Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-03-03T14:41:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 thiagorodriguesoliveira.pdf: 11824049 bytes, checksum: ab8b7db8e1cc38ac7c875396e2379120 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T01:46:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 thiagorodriguesoliveira.pdf: 11824049 bytes, checksum: ab8b7db8e1cc38ac7c875396e2379120 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-24T01:46:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 thiagorodriguesoliveira.pdf: 11824049 bytes, checksum: ab8b7db8e1cc38ac7c875396e2379120 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-24 / Essa tese de doutorado apresenta, inicialmente, uma metodologia a ser empregada para a caracterização de redes de energia elétrica para fins de comunicação de dados. Esta metodologia engloba todos os procedimentos e ferramentas de processamento de sinais necessárias para a estimação de características importantes para a avaliação de canais de comunicação de dados. Em seguida, são apresentados resultados da aplicação de tal metodologia em dados provenientes de uma campanha de medição realizada em ambientes internos em residências brasileiras. Algumas características importantes desses canais, tais como ganho médio, banda de coerência, tempo de coerência, o valor quadrático médio do espalhamento de atraso, capacidade do canal e densidade espectral de potência do ruído, são analizadas considerando três bandas de frequência: de 1,7 até 30 MHz, de 1,7 até 50 MHz e de 1,7 até 100 MHz. Comparando os resultados de canais power line communication (PLC) em ambientes residenciais brasileiros com aqueles medidos em outros países, tais como Espanha, Estados Unidos, França e Itália, podemos notar que canais PLC brasileiros apresentam, em geral, menores atenuações, são menos seletivos em frequência e possuem menores espalhamentos de atraso. Por fim, um novo meio de comunicação baseada nas tecnologias PLC e sem fio é apresentada e definida como híbrido PLC-sem fio o qual permite a comunicação física e à distância com a rede de energia elétrica para fins de comunicação de dados. Tal canal de comunicação é avaliado em residências brasileiras e importantes características são extraídas e discutidas. Embora o canal híbrido PLC-sem fio tenha se mostrado mais adverso que o canal PLC para a comunicação de dados, a introdução da mobilidade, de uma forma que é impossível de se obter em sistemas puramente PLC, constitui sua principal vantagem. Essa mobilidade é um importante atrativo que coloca sistemas híbridos em uma posição privilegiada dentre os candidatos para compor a infraestrutura de telecomunicações em redes inteligentes (smart grids), ou para ser usada como uma ferramenta para promover a inclusão digital da população carente de países pobres ou em desenvolvimento. / This work outlines initially a methodology to be applied to the characterization of electric power grids for data communication purposes. This methodology englobes all the procedures and required signal processing tools for a reliable estimation of features that allow the suitability of a media for data communication. Next, PLC (power line communication) channel results provided by the use of such methodology in a data set obtained from a measurement campaing in in-home Brazilian places are presented. The analyzed channel features are the average channel gain, the coherence bandwidth, the coherence time, the root mean squared delay spread, the channel capacity and the noise power spectral density by considering the following frequency bands: from 1.7 up to 30 MHz, from 1.7 up to 50 MHz and from 1.7 up to 100 MHz. Comparisons among the results for in-home Brazilian PLC channels with other provided for other countries such as Spain, United States, France and Italy showed that, in general, in-home Brazilian PLC channels present smaller attenuation, are less frequency selective and showed smaller delay spread than these countries. Finally, a new medium to provide data communication is presented and defined as hybrid PLC-wireless, in which PLC and wireless technologies are combined. Such novel communication channel is characterized in in-home Brazilian places and important channel features are estimated and discussed. Though the hybrid PLC-wireless channel has been shown more adverse than the PLC channel, the introduction of mobility is its main advantage, something that is impossible in traditional PLC technologies. Thus, this mobility is an important issue that puts hybrid PLC-wireless technologies in a privileged position among the candidates to form the communication infrastructure for smart grids, or to be used as a too to solve the digital divide problem that is more accentuated in poor and in developing countries.

Orientador: Maria Cristina Dias Tavares / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T21:10:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gomes_ElsonCosta_M.pdf: 4986234 bytes, checksum: 3e2729d9cbec861f21c958f84db0b17e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O transporte de grandes blocos de energia elétrica através de longas distâncias que variam de 2500 a 3000 km impõe a utilização de soluções mais adequadas baseadas em linhas de transmissão não convencionais. Uma alternativa em corrente alternada (CA) é a linha com pouco mais de meio comprimento de onda, que para o caso brasileiro, cuja frequência industrial é 60 Hz, apresenta comprimento físico de aproximadamente 2600 km. Por não existir no mundo um sistema similar em operação, foi proposta a realização da manobra de energização de um Elo CA Teste composto pela conexão em série de três interligações do sistema brasileiro que têm características elétricas semelhantes e que juntas formam um tronco de 2600 km. O presente trabalho visa avaliar a adequação de se utilizar um tronco formado por linhas semelhantes para representar um tronco de um pouco mais de meio comprimento de onda durante a manobra de energização da linha em vazio. Através de análise da resposta dos parâmetros das linhas no domínio da frequência e de simulações no domínio do tempo realizadas com os programas computacionais ATP e PSCAD/EMTDC para a avaliação de transitórios, observou-se que o uso do tronco proposto para o ensaio de energização é adequado e foram determinados valores limites para as diferenças entre características elétricas das linhas que podem compor sistemas com pouco mais de meio comprimento de onda, fornecendo importantes subsídios para a possível realização do referido ensaio em outros locais do mundo / Abstract: The transportation of large blocks of energy through very long distances between 2500 and 3000 km requires an extensive research for the best solutions based on non-conventional transmission systems. A very interesting alternative is the AC transmission with a little more than half-wavelength, which corresponds to a transmission line of 2600 km in systems like the Brazilian, with 60 Hz fundamental frequency. However, as there is no similar system in operation around the world, it was proposed a realization of the energization of an AC-Link Test composed of three interconnection trunks that have similar electrical characteristics that together can form a trunk of 2600 km. In this work it is evaluated the adequacy of using a trunk formed by similar lines to represent a line of a little more than a half wave-length during an energization maneuver. The response of AC-Link Test parameters in frequency domain and time domains simulations performed with the computer programs ATP and PSCAD/EMTDC, to evaluate transient response, showed that the proposed use of the trunk for the energization is appropriate. It was also identified limits for the differences between electrical characteristics of the lines that can form a trunk with a little more than a half-wavelength, contributing to the possible realization of the same test in other parts of the world / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Les techniques d’optimisation non-lisse permettent de résoudre des problèmes difficiles de l’ingénieur automaticien qui étaient inaccessibles avec les techniques classiques. Il s’agit en particulier de problèmes de commande ou de filtrage impliquant de multiples modèles ou faisant intervenir des contraintes de structure pour la réduction des couts et de la complexité. Il en résulte que ces techniques sont plus à même de fournir des solutions réalistes dans des problématiques pratiques difficiles. Les industriels européens de l’aéronautique et de l’espace ont récemment porté un intérêt tout particulier à ces nouvelles techniques. Ces dernières font parfois partie du "process" industriel (THALES, AIRBUS DS Satellite, DASSAULT A) ou sont utilisées dans les bureaux d’étude: (SAGEM, AIRBUS Transport). Des études sont également en cours comme celle concernant le pilotage atmosphérique des futurs lanceurs tels d’Ariane VI. L’objectif de cette thèse concerne l'exploration, la spécialisation et le développement des techniques et outils de l'optimisation non-lisse pour des problématiques d'ingénierie non résolues de façon satisfaisante - incertitudes de différente nature - optimisation de l'observabilité et de la contrôlabilité - conception simultanée système et commande Il s’agit aussi d’évaluer le potentiel de ces techniques par rapport à l’existant avec comme domaines applicatifs l’aéronautique, le spatial ou les systèmes de puissance de grande dimension qui fournissent un cadre d’étude particulièrement exigeant. / Non-smooth optimization techniques help solving difficult engineering problems that would be unsolvable otherwise. Among them, control problems with multiple models or with constraints regarding the structure of the controller. The thesis objectives consist in the exploitation, specialization and development of non smooth optmization techniques and tools for solving engineering problems that are not satisfactorily solved to the present.