Le bruit neutronique désigne les fluctuations de la population neutronique induites par des changements déterministes ou stochastiques des sections efficaces macroscopiques lors du fonctionnement à puissance nominale d’un réacteur nucléaire. Ces perturbations peuvent avoir des origines diverses comme une variation de densité du caloporteur ou une vibration d’un élément mécanique (barres de contrôle, assemblages ou crayons combustibles…). Dans les réacteurs de puissance, ces bruits neutroniques sont observables par les détecteurs de neutrons placés à l’intérieur et à l’extérieur du cœur. Lorsque ces bruits sont jugés anormaux, tout l’enjeu est de savoir identifier et localiser leurs sources afin de pouvoir mettre en place les mesures de sûreté éventuellement nécessaires au bon fonctionnement de l’installation. Ces bruits peuvent aussi être exploités pour déterminer certaines propriétés du caloporteur comme sa vitesse ou son titre vapeur, ou encore d’autres propriétés dynamiques globales comme le coefficient de température d’un réacteur à eau pressurisée.Les équations générales du bruit neutronique sont issues de la linéarisation et de la transformée de Fourier de l’équation de Boltzmann cinétique perturbée autour de l’état d’équilibre du cœur en suivant l’hypothèse de petites perturbations et en prenant en compte le couplage avec les équations des précurseurs. Ceci a pour résultat une équation à source dans le domaine fréquentiel. Résoudre cette équation complexe permet de prédire le bruit pour différents emplacements de détecteurs.Cette thèse a pour principal objectif de mettre en place des outils de calculs neutroniques en implémentant notamment un solveur de bruit neutronique dans le code de transport déterministe multi-filière APOLLO3® développé au CEA.Au cours de nos travaux, nous avons tout d’abord étudié et analysé la théorie classique du bruit neutronique. Il nous est apparu qu’il était plus judicieux de définir comme opérateur d’équilibre la moyenne temporelle de l’opérateur cinétique perturbé plutôt que l’opérateur de Boltzmann stationnaire. Ce nouvel opérateur d’équilibre, qui a été développé pour la théorie linéaire et non linéaire, permet en effet de prendre en compte le système de régulation de la puissance présent dans les cœurs de réacteurs qui contrebalance automatiquement tout surplus de réactivité introduit par des perturbations.Nous avons implémenté par la suite la résolution numérique des équations du bruit en théorie de la diffusion et du transport dans une maquette dite « fil » pour des géométries à une dimension en multigroupe. La résolution des équations non linéarisées du bruit en théorie de la diffusion a aussi été implémentée afin d’étudier les limites de la théorie linéaire. Deux méthodes Monte Carlo ont été implémentées dans cette maquette : une méthode proposée très récemment dans la littérature et une nouvelle méthode que nous avons mise en place afin d’améliorer cette dernière. Cette nouvelle méthode a vocation à être implémentée dans le code Monte Carlo de référence TRIPOLI-4® développé au CEA. À l’aide de cette maquette, nous avons de plus proposé une nouvelle façon de modéliser plus exactement une vibration mécanique, modélisation que nous avons comparée avec les diverses modélisations analytiques existantes.Enfin, nous avons implémenté la résolution des équations linéaires du bruit en théorie de la diffusion et du transport dans le code déterministe APOLLO3® (solveur réseau IDT). Afin de tester ce nouveau solveur, nous avons mené à bien des calculs de bruit sur un cœur complet de réacteur à eau légère et à baffle lourd à deux et trois dimensions. Ces simulations nous ont permis de conclure nos travaux en étudiant l’impact de certaines sources de bruit, une oscillation ou une vibration d’un assemblage par exemple, sur un système aussi réaliste que ceux étudiés en calculs stationnaires et ce en théorie de la diffusion et du transport à deux groupes d’énergie. / Neutron noise analysis addresses the description of small time-dependent flux fluctuations induced by small global or local perturbations of the macroscopic cross-sections. These fluctuations may occur in nuclear reactors due to density fluctuations of the coolant, to vibrations of fuel elements, control rods, or any other structures in the core. In power reactors, ex-core and in-core detectors can be used to monitor neutron noise with the aim of detecting possible anomalies and taking the necessary measures for continuous safe power production. Thus, neutron noise techniques are more and more used by the nuclear industry for non-invasive monitoring, control and detection of anomalies in nuclear power plants. They are also applied to the measurement of the properties of the coolant, such as speed and void fraction, or of global dynamic properties such as the moderator temperature coefficient of a pressurized water reactor.The general noise equations are obtained by assuming small perturbations around a steady state in the neutron field and by subsequently taking the Fourier transform in the frequency domain. The analysis is performed based on the neutron kinetic equations including the coupling with neutron precursors. For each frequency, the outcome of the Fourier transform analysis is a fixed-source equation for the perturbed neutron field, which can then be solved so as to predict noise measurements at detector locations.The objective of this thesis is to develop techniques for neutron noise analysis and especially to implement a neutron noise solver in the deterministic transport code APOLLO3® developed at CEA.First, we studied and analyzed the traditional neutron noise theory. In order to take into account the action of the regulating system which cancel the time-averaged reactivity added by a perturbation in a core, we found that it is preferable to choose as steady-state operator the time-averaged of the kinetic operator rather than the stationary Boltzmann operator. This new steady-state operator has been developed for the linear and the non-linear full theory.Then, we have implemented a neutron noise solver in diffusion and transport theory for a simple “rod” geometry in multigroup. A non-linear neutron noise solver has been also implemented in diffusion theory for this rod geometry in order to analyze the limits of the linear theory. Moreover, two Monte Carlo methods that solve the transport equations for the neutron noise in the frequency domain have been implemented for this rod geometry: one recently developed in the literature and a new Monte Carlo algorithm that we have developed so as to improve the latter. This new algorithm is supposed to be implemented in the reference Monte Carlo code TRIPOLI-4® developed at CEA. In addition, a new one-dimension vibration model has been developed and tested for the rod geometry in order to simulate a periodic vibration of a mechanical element and to determine the neutron noise generated by this perturbation.Lastly, a neutron noise solver has been implemented in diffusion and transport theory in the deterministic transport code APOLLO3® (IDT lattice solver). In order to test this new solver, we have performed neutron noise simulations in a large pressurized water reactor with heavy baffle in two and three dimensions. Thus, we have concluded our work by analyzing the neutron noise induced by different noise sources, an oscillation or a vibration of one assembly for example, in a case as realistic as ones used in stationary calculations. These simulations have been performed in diffusion and transport theory with two energy groups.

Various methods of DNA sequences modifications for frequency analysis and basic characteristics of DNA are described in the theoretical part of this thesis. Tricolor spectrograms, created by short time Fourier transform help us to recognize some characteristic patterns in DNA sequences. Practical part of this work deals with developed programme which generates spectrograms and analyse them. Last part deals with the analysis of selected sequences of C. elegans genome. Some patterns are related to data of public databases such as NCBI. Various patterns are explained from the biological nature, which relates to chromosome structure and protein coding regions. Another well recognised patterns, tandem repetitions composed of satellites, microsatellites and minisatelites are described by spectrograms as well.

The first part of the thesis focuses on developing a numerical methodology to simulate the acoustic properties of a hybrid liner consisting of a perforated plate, a porous layer and a Helmholtz cavity. Liners are always a standard way to reduce noise in today’s aeroengines, e.g. the fan noise can be reduced effectively through the installation of acoustic liners as wall treatments in the ducts. In order to optimize a liner in the design phase, an accurate and efficient prediction tool is of interests. Hence, a unified Linearized Navier-Stokes equations(LNSE) approach has been implemented in the thesis, combining the LNSE in frequency domain with the fluid equivalent model. The LNSE is applied in the vicinity of the perforated plate to simulate sound propagation including viscous damping effect, and the fluid equivalent model is used to model the sound propagation in the porous material including absorption. The second part of the thesis focuses on the prediction of thermoacoustic instabilities. Thermoacoustic instabilities arise when positive coupling occurs between the flame and the acoustics in the feedback loop, i.e. the flame acts as an amplifier of the disturbances (acoustic or fluid) at a natural frequency of the combustion system. Once the thermoacoustic instabilities occur, it will lead to extremely high noise levels within a relatively narrow frequency range, resulting in a huge damage to the structure of the combustors. Hence, a solution must be found, which breaks the link between the combustion process and the structural acoustics. The numerical prediction of thermoacoustic instabilities in the thesis is performed by two different numerical methodologies. One solves the Helmholtz equation in combination of the flame n − tau model with the low Mach number assumptions, and the other solves the Linearized Navier-Stokes equations in frequency domain with mean flow. The result show that the mean flow has a significant effect on the thermoacoustic instabilities, which is non-negligible when the Mach number reaches to 0.15. / <p>QC 20151221</p> / TANGO

Frequency Domain Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy (FD-DOS) is an emerging optical technique that uses near infrared light to probe the hemodynamics of biological tissue. Compared to more common Continuous Wave (CW) methods, FD-DOS uses light that is temporally modulated on the order of MHz to quantify the absorption and scattering of tissue. FD-DOS can also be used to obtain absolute concentration of tissue chromophores such as oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin, which allow for quantitative measurements of tissue hemodynamics. This dissertation focuses on the evolution of our lab’s custom digital FD-DOS as a platform for taking optical measurement of biological tissue for respiratory and cardiovascular applications. Several important instrumentation improvements will be reviewed that have enhanced the performance of the system while making it more portable and clinic ready. Two translational applications will be described in detail: 1) the use of high-speed FD-DOS for the non-invasive extraction of venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) and 2) the use of FD-DOS to monitor the hemodynamics of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle towards the non-invasive monitoring of patients on mechanical ventilation. The custom FD-DOS system parameters were adjusted for each application, with a focus on high speed to extract the cardiac signal for the SvO2 project, and a focus on high SNR to measure the highly absorbing SCM. Measurements on healthy volunteers and rabbits were used to assess the feasibility of using FD-DOS for these applications. Finally, preliminary work was conducted to characterize a miniature FD-DOS source and detector with the goal of moving towards a wearable version of FD-DOS. / 2022-05-15T00:00:00Z

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No description available.

Assessing the effect of foam layers on transport phenomena is of significant interest in many industries, so a method for predicting foam layer properties has been developed. A model of the propagation of radiation from an amplitude-modulated laser beam through a non-absorbing foam layer has been developed using diffusion theory. Measurements predicted by diffusion theory were compared to results generated using Monte Carlo methods for a variety of foam layer properties in both the time-domain and the frequency-domain. The properties that were varied include the layer thickness, the scattering coefficient, and the asymmetry parameter. Layer thicknesses between 8.5 mm and 18 cm were considered. Values of the scattering coefficient ranged from about 600 m-1 to 14000 m-1, while the asymmetry parameter varied between 0 and 1. A conjugate-gradient algorithm was used to minimize the difference between simulated Monte Carlo measurements and diffusion theory predicted measurements. A large set of simulated measurements, calculated at various source-detector separations and three discrete frequencies were used to predict the layer properties. Ten blind cases were considered and property predictions were made for each. The predicted properties were within approximately 10% of the actual values, and on average the errors were approximately 4%. Predictions of the reduced scattering coefficient were all within approximately 5% with the majority being within 3%. Predictions of L were all within approximately 10% with the majority being within 7%. Attempts to separate g from the reduced scattering coefficient were unsuccessful, and it was determined that implementation of different source models might make such attempts possible. It was shown that with a large number of measurements, properties could be accurately predicted. A method for reducing the number of measurements needed for accurate property estimation was developed. Starting with a single measurement location, property predictions were made. An approach for updating the optimal detector location, based on the current estimate of the properties, was developed and applied to three cases. Property predictions for the three cases were made to within 10% of the actual values. A maximum of three measurement locations were necessary to obtain such predictions, a significant reduction as compared to the previously illustrated method.

In this study, the magnetically-induced vibrations of functionalized magnetic particle suspensions were probed for the development of a novel optical spectroscopy technique. Through this work (1) the frequency-dependence of the faraday rotation in ferrofluids and (2) the extension of this system to elucidating particle size and conformation as an alternative immunossay to costly and labor/time intensive Western Blotting and ELISA has been shown. With its sensitivity and specificity, this method has proven to be a promising multi-functional tool in biosensing, diagnostic, and therapeutic nanomedicine efforts. Due to its ubiquitous nature in all optically-transparent materials, the farady rotation, or circular birefringence, was developed as a robust and sensitive nanoscale biomolecule characterization technique through Brownian relaxation studies of particle suspensions. Current efforts have shown the applicability of this phenomenon in solid, pure liquid, and colloidal samples as well as simultaneous advancements of magnetic nanoparticle research in the magnetometric and magneto-optical regimes. By merging these two fields, a clinically relevant spectroscopy (fd-FRS, Frequency Domain Faraday Rotation Spectroscopy) was developed based on a newly revised model stemming from Debye relazation theory. Through this work, an optical bench with a variable permeability core electromagnet and a frequency-domain lock-in amplifier setup (DC to 20 kHz) have been used to distinguish between Fe3O4-core nanoparticles with functionalization layers of PEG4/PEG8 polymer with future applications involving the Anti-BSA/BSA antibody/antigen couple. Particle concentrations down to 500 nM (magnetic nanoparticles) and 0.01 Volume % (magnetic beads) were studied with diameters ranging from 200 nm to 1μm. currently, the characteristic peak corresponding to the out-of-phase relazation of the suspended particles has been elusive, despite a wide particle size distribution and the use of a balanced photodetector. Future work will involved highly monodisperse samples, faster scan times, and thermal characterization applications of fs-FRS.

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Malgré la multiplicité des méthodes d'estimation de la VaR, elles souffrent d'une faiblesse fondamentale. En effet, elles ne font aucune distinction entre l'information captée à basse fréquence et celle captée à haute fréquence. Ce qui revient à  supposer de façon implicite que l'information contenue dans les données historiques a la même importance quel que soit l'horizon temporel de l'investisseur c'est-à-dire sa fréquence de trading (intra-journalière, journalière, hebdomadaire, mensuelle,..). Mais, accepter une telle hypothèse revient à supposer que les marchés financiers sont homogènes. Ce qui est contraire à la réalité empirique. En effet, les marchés financiers sont caractérisés par une grande hétérogénéité d'acteurs. L'objet de notre thèse est d'apporter une contribution à l'estimation de la VaR basée sur la décomposition de la volatilité dans le domaine des fréquences. Ce qui nous permet de mette en évidence l'influence de l'hétérogénéité des horizons temporels des acteurs des marchés financiers sur l'estimation de la Value at Risk. Pour cela,nous faisons appel à un outil statistique susceptible de nous procurer de l'information temporelle sur la volatilité et de l'information fréquentielle sur la fréquence de trading des différents acteurs des marchés financiers: l'approche temps-fréquence de la transformée en ondelettes. / Although multiplicity of VaR estimate approaches,they suffer from a fundamental weakness.They don't make any distiction between informations captured in a high frequency and in a low frequency manner.It is an implicit assumption of homogeneity of fiancial markets in contrast to empirical facts. In our thesis, we try to construct a VaR model based on volatility decomposition in the frequency domain.It enables us to show how the time horizons heterogeneity of financial markets participants could influence value at risk estimates.We use a statistical tool able to give us temporal information about volatility and frequencial information about trading frequencies of market participants:the time frequency approach of wavelet transform.