Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-07-25T14:24:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Eduardo Rangel Braga.pdf: 1956266 bytes, checksum: ae6382d24285821071b6ba5bbba30198 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T14:24:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Eduardo Rangel Braga.pdf: 1956266 bytes, checksum: ae6382d24285821071b6ba5bbba30198 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior, CAPES, Brasil. / The need for technological advances in the operation of drilling wells for oil has encouraged the research and development of drilling fluids, like the study of the its flowing in different geometries. On this work is studied the flow of two drilling fluids in pipe and annular tube with the objective to evaluate rheological models that describe the fluid behavior, to characterize the flow regimes using the experimental method and compare with correlations found in literature, to evaluate equations of hydraulic diameter found in the literature, to evaluate correlations of friction factor in the turbulent regime and to propose new correlations for the friction factor in turbulent regime. The data are obtained in a pilot plant consisting of a system operating in closed circuit of 6 meters composed of horizontal tubes made of galvanized iron, arranged in three parallel lines of independent flows that allow the measurement of friction loss caused by a circular tube of 1" of diameter and by two ratios of concentric annular tubes (annulus formed by 2" and 3/4 "and 1 1/4" and 1/2"). The system consists of a tank with a capacity of 500 liters, with a mechanical stirrer, connected to a positive displacement pump of helical type with 25HP, operating with volumetric flow up to 20m3/h. The pilot plant is instrumented with a set of three transducers of pressure. The rheology of the fluid is evaluated with the aid of a FANN viscometer, model 35A. The rheological models used are the power law and Casson. The results show that the choice of equations of hydraulic diameter and friction factor are dependent on the geometry of flow and the rheological model used, showing that should be analyzed separately. The new correlations of friction factor for turbulent regime generate good results. / A necessidade de avan?os tecnol?gicos na opera??o de perfura??o de po?os de petr?leo tem incentivado a pesquisa e o desenvolvimento de fluidos de perfura??o, assim como o estudo do escoamento dos mesmos em geometrias distintas. Neste trabalho ? estudado o escoamento de dois fluidos de perfura??o em tubos e dutos anulares, com o objetivo de avaliar modelos reol?gicos que descrevam o comportamento do fluido, caracterizar os regimes de escoamento utilizando m?todo experimental e comparar com correla??es encontradas na literatura, avaliar equa??es de di?metro hidr?ulico encontradas na literatura, avaliar correla??es de fator de atrito no regime turbulento e propor novas correla??es para o fator de atrito no regime turbulento. Os dados s?o obtidos em uma unidade piloto constitu?da de um sistema operando em circuito fechado de 6 metros de extens?o horizontal composto de tubos de ferro galvanizado, dispostos em tr?s linhas paralelas de escoamento independentes que permitem a avalia??o da perda de carga ocasionada em um tubo circular de 1" de di?metro e em duas raz?es de anulares conc?ntricos (?nulo formado pelos tubos de 2" e 3/4", e 1 1/4" e ?"). O sistema ? composto de um tanque com capacidade de 500 litros, dotado de um agitador mec?nico, conectado a uma bomba de deslocamento positivo do tipo helicoidal de 25HP, operando com vaz?es de at? 20m3/h. A unidade piloto ? instrumentada com um conjunto de tr?s transdutores de press?o. A reologia do fluido ? avaliada com o aux?lio de um viscos?metro FANN, modelo 35A. Os modelos reol?gicos adotados s?o o da pot?ncia e Casson. Os resultados revelam que a escolha das equa??es de di?metro hidr?ulico e fator de atrito s?o dependentes da geometria do escoamento e do modelo reol?gico utilizado, devendo ser analisados separadamente. As novas correla??es de fator de atrito para o regime turbulento geram bons resultados.

O procedimento de dimensionamento de uma linha lateral de microirrigação necessita avaliar com precisão as perdas de carga distribuídas na tubulação e as perdas de carga localizadas nas inserções dos emissores com os tubos. Estas perdas localizadas podem ser significativas quando comparadas com as perdas de carga totais, devido ao grande número de emissores instalados ao longo da linha lateral. Este trabalho reporta os resultados de um experimento sobre perda de carga distribuída, fator de atrito e perda de carga localizada em conexões de emissores &#34;on-line&#34; em tubos de polietileno de pequeno diâmetro. Foram utilizados cinco tubos com diâmetros internos de 10,0 mm, 13,0 mm, 16,3 mm, 17,4 mm e 19,7 mm. O experimento foi conduzido para números de Reynolds no intervalo de 5000 a 68000, obtidos pela variação da vazão nos tubos, a uma temperatura média da água de 20 &#177; 2 &#176;C. Os resultados foram analisados e concluiu-se que o fator de atrito f da equação de Darcy-Weisbach pode ser estimado com c = 0,300 e m = 0,25. A equação de Blasius com c = 0,316 e m = 0,25 mostrou-se conservadora na estimativa do fator de atrito, porém esse fato não constitui limitação para sua utilização em projetos de microirrigação. As análises mostraram que as duas equações proporcionam estimativas de f com pequeno desvio médio (5,1%). Para um dado conjunto tubo-conexão o coeficiente de carga cinética (KL) foi praticamente independente do número de Reynolds, para R>20000, sugerindo que cada conjunto tubo-conexão pode ser caracterizado por um valor médio de KL. Para desenvolver um procedimento de estimativa de KL, a geometria da conexão entre o emissor e o tubo foi caracterizada por um índice de obstrução IO, que depende da razão (r) entre a área da seção transversal do tubo, onde o conector está localizado, e a área da seção transversal do tubo fora do conector. Uma função potência foi ajustada aos pares experimentais (IO, KL). A seleção do modelo é consistente com o fenômeno físico uma vez que KL = 0 para r = 1 (nenhuma obstrução dentro do tubo). Para 5000<R68000 a relação foi KL = 1,23 (IO)0,51 com R2 = 0,9556 e erro padrão do ajuste igual a 0,04245. As diferenças entre os valores de KL estimados e observados são normalmente distribuídas. / Microirrigation lateral design procedure needs to accuratel evaluation of both the pipe head losses and the local losses that are due to the protrusion of emitter barbs into the flow. These local losses, in fact (in relation to the high number of emitters located along the line) can become significant compared to the overall energy loss. On this paper, the results of an experimental study on the pipe head losses, friction factor and head local losses for small-diameters polyethylene pipes are reported. The experiment was carried out using a range of Reynolds number between 5000 to 68000, obtained by varying discharge at 20 &#177; 2 &#176;C water temperature, with a internal diameter pipes of 10,0 mm, 13,0 mm, 16,3 mm, 17,4 mm and 19,7 mm. According to the results analysis and experimental conditions the friction factor (f) of the Darcy-Weisbach equation can be estimated with c = 0,300 and m = 0,25. The Blasius equation (c = 0,316 and m = 0,25) gives a conservative estimative of f, although this fact is non restrictive for microirrigationsystem design. The analysis shows that both the Blasius and the adjusted equation parameters allow accurate friction factor estimate, characterized by low mean error (5,1%). For a given pipeconnection system, the fraction KL of kinetic head was practically independent of the Reynolds number, for R>20000, which suggested that each system can be characterized by the mean value of KL. To derive an estimating procedure of KL, the geometry of the connection between the emitter and the pipe was characterized by the obstruction index IO, which is dependent on the ratio (r) between the pipe cross-section area corresponding to the section in which the emitter is located, and the pipe cross-section area. A power relationship was then fitted to the experimental IO, KL data pairs. The selection form of thr relationship is consistent with the physical phenomenon since it estimates KL = 0 for r = 1 (no obstruction into the pipe). For 5000<R<68000 the relationship was KL = 1,23 (IO)0,51 with R2 = 0,9556 and standard fit error equal to 0,04245. The differences between KL observed values and the calculated ones are normally distributed.

Gas-liquid annular two phase flow in pipes is important in the oil and gas, nuclear and the process industries. It has been identified as one of the most frequently encountered flow regimes and many models (empirical and theoretical) for the film flow and droplet behaviour for example have been developed since the 1950s. However, the behaviour in large pipes (those with diameter greater than 100 mm) has not been fully explored. As a result, the two- phase flow characteristics, data, and models specifically for such pipes are scarce or non-existent such that those from smaller pipes are extrapolated for use in design and operation. Many authors have cautioned against this approach since multiphase pipe flow behaviour is different between small and large pipes. For instance the typical slug flows seem not to occur in vertical upwards flows when the pipe diameter exceeds 100 mm. It is therefore imperative that theoretical models and empirical correlations for such large diameter pipes are specifically developed.

This study numerically examines the heat transfer and pressure drop performance of finned tube heat exchangers with staggered and inline tube layout for a range of tube pitch. The first part of the thesis considers the case where the heat exchanger is placed in fully ducted airflow. The simulations indicate that the performance reduced considerably for the staggered tube layout with an increase in the tube pitch, but a minimal difference for the inline tube arrangement. The effects of other geometrical parameters like fin pitch and the number of tube rows are then presented. Finally, a correlation for fin and tube heat exchangers with inline tube layout is proposed based on 280 simulations for 70 different configurations. The proposed heat transfer correlation can describe the database within ±8% discrepancy while the friction factor correlation can correlate the dataset within a ±10% discrepancy. The mean deviations for heat transfer and friction factor correlations are 4.3% and 5.4%. An important factor that influences the performance of flat plate and finned tube heat exchangers is when there is bypass flow around the heat exchanger. The next section of this thesis numerically investigates the partially ducted inline fin and tube heat exchanger with side bypass. The effects of the side clearance and the Reynolds number on the heat transfer and the pressure drop performance of the heat exchanger are presented. The simulations indicate that the heat transfer performance depreciates by more than 25% for infinite side clearance. The study then compares the pressure difference observed for entry, exit and the friction pressure drop with the various correlations available in the literature. Finally, the heat transfer and pressure drop performance for staggered and inline tube layouts are compared. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

This study examines the local and averaged endwall heat transfer effects of a staggered array of porous pin fins within a rectangular channel. The porous pin fins were made from aluminum and had a pore density of 10 pores per inch (PPI). The pressure drop through the channel was also determined for several flow rates and presented in terms of the friction factor. Local heat transfer coefficients on the endwall were measured using Thermochromic Liquid Crystal (TLC) sheets recorded with a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. Static and total pressure measurements were taken at the entrance and exit of the test section to determine the overall pressure drop through the channel and explain the heat transfer trends through the channel. Results are presented for Reynolds numbers between 25000 and 130000 and a blockage ratio (blocked channel area divided by open channel area) of 50%. All results were compared to the corresponding results obtained using solid pins. All experiments were carried out in a 150 mm by 500 mm channel with an X/D of 1.72, a Y/D of 2.0, and a Z/D of 1.72 for the porous pins. It was found that for the range of Reynold's numbers tested in this study, the porous pin array consistently resulted in a larger friction factor, and therefore greater losses than a geometrically similar array of solid pins. The friction factors for the solid pin array were between 9.5 and 10.5, similar to the results found in the literature. For the porous pins, however, the friction factors were significantly increased as the Reynold's number increased, reaching as high as 15.3 at the highest Reynold's number tested. The heat transfer enhancement for the porous pins was found to be between 150 and 170% while the solid pins resulted in a heat transfer enhancement between 190 and 230%.

This study aims to investigate hydraulics and the flow characteristics of drilling fluids inside annulus and to understand the mechanism of cuttings transport in horizontal and deviated wellbores. For this purpose, initially, extensive experimental studies have been conducted at Middle East Technical University, Petroleum &amp / Natural Gas Engineering Flow Loop using water and numerous drilling fluids for hole inclinations from horizontal to 60 degrees, flow velocities from 0.64 m/s to 3.05 m/s, rate of penetrations from 0.00127 to 0.0038 m/s, and pipe rotations from 0 to 120 rpm. Pressure loss within the test section and stationary and/or moving bed thickness are recorded. New friction factor charts and correlations as a function of Reynolds number and cuttings bed thickness with the presence of pipe rotation for water and drilling fluids in horizontal and deviated wellbores are developed by using experimental data. Meanwhile empirical correlations that can be used easily at the field are proposed for predicting stationary bed thickness and frictional pressure loss using dimensional analysis and the effect of the drilling parameters on hole cleaning is discussed. It has been observed that, the major variable influencing cuttings transport is fluid velocity. Moreover, pipe rotation drastically decreases the critical fluid velocity that is required to prevent the stationary cuttings bed development, especially if the pipe is making an orbital motion. A decrease in the pressure loss is observed due to the bed erosion while rotating the pipe. Cuttings transport in horizontal annulus is modeled using a CFD software for different fluid velocities, pipe rotation speeds and rate of penetrations. The CFD model is verified by using cuttings transport experiments. A mathematical model is also proposed to predict the flow characteristics of Newtonian fluids in concentric horizontal annulus with drillpipe rotation. The Navier-Stokes equations of turbulent flow are numerically solved using finite differences technique. A computer code is developed in Matlab 2007b for the proposed model. The performance of the proposed model is compared with the experimental data which were available in the literature and gathered at METU-PETE Flow Loop as well as Computational Fluids Dynamics (CFD) software. The results showed that the mechanistic model accurately predicts the frictional pressure loss and the velocity profile inside the annuli. The model&rsquo / s frictional pressure loss estimations are within an error range of &plusmn / 10%.

iv The primary objective of this study is to understand the mechanism, the hydraulics and the characteristics, of the two-phase flow in horizontal annuli. While achieving this goal, both theoretical and experimental works have been conducted extensively. The METU-PETE-CTMFL (Middle East Technical University, Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Department, Cuttings Transport and Multiphase Flow Laboratory) multiphase flow loop consists of 4.84 m long eccentric horizontal acrylic pipes having 0.1143m inner diameter (I.D) acrylic casing - 0.0571m outer diameter (O.D) drillpipe and 0.0932m I.D acrylic casing - 0.0488m O.D drillipipe geometric configurations. During each experiment, differential pressure loss data obtained from digital and analog pressure transmitters at a given liquid and gas flow rate were recorded. The flow patterns were identified visually. Meanwhile a mechanistic model has been developed. The flow pattern identification criteria proposed originally for twophase flow through pipes by Taitel and Dukler1 has been inherited and modified for the eccentric annular geometry. The complex geometry of eccentric annuli has been represented by a new single diameter definition, namely representative diameter dr. The representative diameter has been used while calculating the pressure losses. A computer code based on the algorithm of the proposed mechanistic model has been developed in Matlab 7.0.4. Both the flow pattern prediction and the frictional pressure loss estimation are compared with the gathered experimental data. Moreover, friction factor correlations have been developed for each flow pattern using experimental data and statistical methods. The performance of the proposed model and the friction factor correlations has been evaluated from experimental data. The mechanistic model developed in this study accurately predicts flow pattern transitions and frictional pressure losses. The model&rsquo / s pressure loss estimations are within &plusmn / 30% for two different annular flow geometries.

[pt] Escoamentos bifásicos no regime anular são caracterizados pela formação de um filme de líquido ao redor das paredes do duto com a fase gasosa escoando na área central do duto. O presente trabalho consiste na simulação numérica de um escoamento anular em tubulação horizontal, com e sem transferência de calor através de um código unidimensional baseado no Modelo de Dois Fluidos. São considerados dois pares de fluidos, sendo o primeiro ar-água, o qual é vastamente estudado na literatura e um fluido típico encontrado na produção de petróleo formado de gás natural e óleo. Parâmetros característicos do padrão de escoamento anular como gradiente de pressão, fator de atrito da interface e espessura do filme de líquido são determinados e comparados com dados experimentais e numéricos, apresentando boa concordância. O gás natural é modelado como gás real, através da aplicação da Equação de Estado de Peng-Robinson e comparado com a modelagem utilizando Equação de Gases Ideais. Para o fluido típico selecionado, este efeito é muito pequeno tanto com relação aos parâmetros hidrodinâmicos como velocidades das fases e queda de pressão como nos parâmetros térmicos como campo de temperatura, perda de calor para o ambiente e coeficiente bifásico de troca de calor. / [en] Annular two-phase flow is characterized by the formation of a liquid layer spread around the pipe circumference with gas flowing in the core area of the pipe. The present work consists in the numerical simulation of an annular flow in horizontal pipe, with and without heat transfer through a one-dimensional code based on the Two Fluid Model. Two pairs of fluids are considered, being the first air-water, which is widely studied in the literature and a typical natural gas and oil fluid from production oil fields. Characteristics parameters of annular flow such as pressure drop, interface friction factor e liquid film height are obtained and compared with experimental and numerical data, showing in both cases good agreement. The natural gas is modeled as real gas, using the Peng-Robinson Equation of State, and compared with the ideal gas modeling. For the typical fluid selected, this effect is quite small on the hydrodynamics parameters such as phases velocities and pressure drop and on the thermal parameters such as temperature, heat loss for the environment and heat exchange coefficient.

Submitted by Pedro Silva Filho (pfsilva@ipen.br) on 2017-11-17T16:32:32Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-17T16:32:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Os aços inoxidáveis duplex são largamente utilizados na fabricação de equipamentos para a indústria de óleo e gás, utilizados tanto no ambiente onshore quanto offshore. Sua grande limitação é que, com o aumento de temperatura, ocorre precipitação de fases indesejáveis, que reduzem drasticamente a resistência à corrosão e as propriedades mecânicas desses materiais. Considerando o efeito deletério da soldagem a fusão nos aços inoxidáveis duplex, a soldagem por atrito com pino não-consumível (FSW) é amplamente considerada como alternativa aos processos convencionais. Como no FSW a união dos materiais ocorre no estado sólido, muitos dos problemas de soldabilidade associados às técnicas tradicionais de soldagem por fusão são evitados. Neste trabalho, amostras retiradas da zona misturada (ZM), das zonas afetadas pelo calor (ZTA e ZTMA) e do metal de base (MB) de chapas de aço inoxidável lean duplex LDX 2404&reg (UNS S82441) soldadas por atrito com pino não-consumível foram caracterizadas microestruturalmente e tiveram sua resistência à corrosão avaliada por meio de ensaios eletroquímicos. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios eletroquímicos indicaram que as zonas afetadas pelo calor e a ZM se mantiveram tão resistentes à corrosão localizada quanto o MB. Permitiram concluir também que a excelente resistência à corrosão da liga está associada ao teor elevado de N. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Pedro Silva Filho (pfsilva@ipen.br) on 2017-11-21T11:56:39Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-21T11:56:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O processo de soldagem por fricção e mistura (FSW) tem despertado grande interesse nos últimos anos e tornou-se uma alternativa para unir materiais de baixa soldabilidade, como as ligas de alumínio das séries 2XXX e 7XXX, as quais são empregadas na estrutura das aeronaves, por possuírem elevada relação resistência/peso. O processo FSW, todavia, causa mudanças microestruturais nos materiais soldados, particularmente na zona misturada (ZM) e nas zonas termicamente (ZTA) ou termomecanicamente (ZTMA) afetadas. Estas mudanças geralmente interferem no desempenho frente à corrosão das ligas soldadas. No presente estudo, a resistência à corrosão das ligas de alumínio 2024-T3 e 7475-T761, unidas pelo processo FSW foi investigada em solução 10 mM de NaCl. Ensaios de visualização em gel ágar-ágar e de imersão associados a técnicas microscópicas foram realizados para investigar o efeito do acoplamento galvânico na corrosão das diferentes regiões da junta soldada. Os resultados do ensaio de visualização em gel mostraram que, quando acopladas, a liga 2024 atua como cátodo e a 7475 como ânodo. Os ensaios de imersão revelaram acoplamento galvânico entre as ligas na zona misturada (ZM). A região mais afetada pela corrosão foi a ZTMA da liga 7475, com corrosão intergranular desde as primeiras horas de imersão. A influência do processo de soldagem na resistência à corrosão das duas ligas de alumínio foi investigada por ensaios eletroquímicos. Os ensaios eletroquímicos adotados foram medidas de potencial de circuito aberto (PCA) em função do tempo de exposição ao meio corrosivo, espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE) e curvas de polarização potenciodinâmica. Os ensaios de polarização mostraram elevada atividade eletroquímica na zona de mistura indicada pelos altos valores de densidade de corrente em comparação com as demais zonas testadas. Os resultados de EIE globais mostraram que nas primeiras horas de exposição ao eletrólito o processo de corrosão foi predominantemente controlado pela liga 7475; todavia, com o tempo de exposição ao eletrólito, a corrosão passou a ser controlada pela liga 2024. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP