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La Drosophile produit des cellules sanguines aussi appelées hémocytes qui se rapprochent fonctionnellement des cellules de la lignée myéloïde des vertébrés. On en dénombre trois sortes : les plasmatocytes qui sont apparentées aux macrophages des vertébrés, les cellules à cristaux, qui participent à la coagulation, et les lamellocytes qui ne sont produits que suite à certains challenges immuns et qui participent à l'encapsulation de corps trop gros pour être phagocytés. Le choix de destin, la prolifération et la différenciation des cellules hématopoïétiques sont contrôlés par plusieurs familles de facteurs de transcription conservés de la Drosophile à l'Homme. En particulier, le gène serpent (srp), codant pour un facteur de transcription de type GATA, joue un rôle majeur à différentes étapes du développement des cellules sanguines embryonnaires et larvaires de la Drosophile. En effet, srp est non seulement requis pour la spécification et le maintien des progéniteurs sanguins (prohémocytes) mais il participe aussi à la différenciation des trois lignages hématopoïétiques. Cette diversité de fonction de Srp est notamment assurée par l'interaction avec d'autres partenaires dont le cofacteur de type FOG (Friend of GATA) U-shaped (Ush) qui participe au contrôle de la différenciation des plasmatocytes et des lamellocytes. Enfin un second facteur de transcription de type GATA, Pannier (Pnr), est quant à lui nécessaire à la différenciation et à la maturation des plasmatocytes. L'objectif de ma thèse est de mieux comprendre la fonction et le mode d'action de ces facteurs GATA et FOG dans le contrôle du développement des cellules sanguines larvaires, et en particulier des lamellocytes. Dans un premier temps, une analyse génétique m'a permis d'identifier des rôles spécifiques pour les deux complexes GATA/FOG, Srp/Ush et Pnr/Ush, dans le processus de formation des hémocytes larvaires circulants. Ainsi, mes résultats suggèrent que : 1) le complexe Srp/Ush réprime la prolifération et la différenciation des hémocytes circulants ; 2) Srp participe à la maturation des lamellocytes ; 3) le complexe Pnr/Ush contrôle le maintien de l'identité des plasmatocytes par répression de leur transdifférentiation en lamellocytes ; 4) le complexe Srp/Ush réprime l'expression de pnr, qui est nécessaire à la maturation des plasmatocytes. Il apparait donc que la combinatoire des trois facteurs Srp, Pnr et Ush régule différentes étapes du développement des cellules sanguines larvaires. Dans un second temps, j'ai cherché à mettre à jour les réseaux géniques contrôlés par ces facteurs. Pour cela, j'ai utilisé une lignée de cellules sanguines d'origine larvaire sur laquelle j'ai réalisé des expériences d'immunoprécipitation de chromatine (ChIP-Seq) contre Srp, Pnr et Ush ainsi que des analyses transcriptomiques (RNA-Seq) en condition normale ou de perte de fonction de ush. Mes analyses montrent notamment que Ush participe à l'activation de l'expression de marqueurs des plasmatocytes comme les gènes codant pour les composants de la matrice extracellulaire et à la répression de l'expression de marqueurs des lamellocytes comme les gènes codant pour les récepteurs de la matrice extracellulaire. Ces analyses montrent aussi que Ush régule l'expression de composants de différentes voies de signalisation impliquées dans la formation des lamellocytes tels que shaggy (voie Wnt), wts (voie Hippo) et pi3k21B (voie mTor). Le cofacteur Ush, au travers de ses interactions avec Srp et Pnr, apparait donc comme un acteur central dans la régulation du destin des plasmatocytes et des lamellocytes au cours de l'hématopoïèse chez la Drosophile. L'ensemble de ces résultats apportent une meilleure compréhension des réseaux géniques mis en œuvre lors de la formation des cellules sanguines et notamment du rôle joué par les facteurs GATA et du cofacteur FOG au cours du processus hématopoïétique. / Drosophila produces blood cells or hemocytes, which are related to the myeloid lineage of vertebrates. There are three kinds of hemocytes: plasmatocytes are phagocytic cells akin to vertebrate macrophages; crystal cells are involved in the clotting process and lamellocytes are produced after immune challenges like wasp infestation in order to encapsulate objects too large to be phagocytized. Different families of transcription factor conserved from Drosophila to Human finely regulate blood cell fate, proliferation and differentiation. For instance, the GATA transcription factor Serpent (Srp), which plays a key role at different steps of embryonic and larval blood cell development in Drosophila. Indeed, srp is not only required for the specification and maintenance of blood cell progenitors (prohemocytes) but it is also involved in the differentiation of the three hemocyte lineages. This functional diversity is ensured in particular by the interaction with other partners such as the Friend of GATA (FOG) co-factor U-shaped (Ush), which is involved in the control of plasmatocytes differentiation into lamellocytes. Moreover, a second GATA factor, Pannier (Pnr) is necessary to plasmatocytes differentiation and maturation. The purpose of my work is to provide a better understanding of the function and mode of action of these two GATA proteins and of their FOG co-factor during Drosophila blood cell development and in particular for lamellocyte production. At first, a genetic analysis allowed us to identify specific role for each GATA / FOG complex in circulating larval hemocytes. Notably my results suggest that 1) the Srp / Ush complex represses hemocytes proliferation and differentiation; 2) Srp alone participates to lamellocytes maturation; 3) the Pnr / Ush complex maintains plasmatocytes identity by repressing their differentiation into lamellocytes; 4) the Srp / Ush complex represses Pnr expression, which is necessary for plasmatocytes maturation. These data indicate that the combinatorial interplay between Srp, Pnr and Ush participates in the fine-tuning of larval blood cell development. Second, I tried to decipher the gene networks regulated by these three factors. To do so, I used an ex vivo cellular model of larval hemocytes to identify Srp, Pnr and Ush direct target genes by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP-Seq) experiments as well as Ush-regulated genes by transcriptomic analyses (RNAseq). My results revealed that Ush participates in the activation of plasmatocytes markers such as extracellular matrix (ECM) components whereas it represses the expression of lamellocytes markers such as ECM receptor. In addition, these analyses allowed us to identify components of different signalling pathway involved in lamellocytes formation that are directly regulated by Ush, including shaggy (Wnt pathway), wts (Hippo pathway) and pi3k21B (mTor pathway). Therefore, it appears that Ush, thanks to its interaction with Srp or Pnr, plays a central role in the regulation of plasmatocyte and lamellocyte fate. All together, these results shed new light on the genetic network involved in blood cell formation and on the role of the GATA / FOG complexes during haematopoiesis.

Internet med dess sociala nätverk som blivit till mediekanaler har kommit att förändra vårt beteende när det gäller hur vi kommunicerar och vad vi kommunicerar. Det senaste skiftet representeras av förskjutningen från datorn till mobilen dit alltmer aktivitet flyttas. Detta skifte beror på den snabba produktutveckling som skett, där mobiltelefonen idag har kommit att innehålla komponenter tidigare isolerade till datorer. Detta har påverkat företagens marknadsföringsstrategier. Rapporten bygger på meningen att använda äldre sådana, applicerade på nya mediekanaler inte är effektivt. Istället behövs nya strategier och metoder, och den interaktiva, sociala delen i hur företag kommunicerar sitt budskap till målgrupper har blivit allt viktigare. Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka ett nytt verktyg som drar nytta av den mobila trenden när det kommer till social media och människors nya kommunikationsvanor. Produkten som representerar av det nya verktyget här föremål för analys, är Wrapp’s presentkortsapplikation. Vi syftar med analysen fastställa huruvida verktyget hjälper företag att skapa förespråkare av varumärken så kallade brand advocates. Datainsamlingen och analysen av Wrapp som ett varubyggande marknadsföringsverktyg är begränsad till den amerikanska marknaden och två av partnerorganisationernas Facebook kampanjer. Wrapp möjliggör för företag att ge ut gratis och betalda presentkort till Facebook-vänner genom en mobil och webbaserad applikation. I undersökningen har en intervjustudie där respondenterna representeras av Wrapp-anställda genomförts. I denna framgår  spondenternas uppfattningar om i vilken utsträckning Wrapp’s applikation är ett arumärkesbyggande verktyg för företag, som skapar brand advocates. En analys av Wrapp’s kampanjverktyg har också genomförts, för att se om verktyget visar exponentiell tillväxt och en viral spridningscykel vad det gäller antalet skickade presentkort från ett specifikt varumärke. Resultaten från analysen presenteras och paralleller dras mellan de empiriska resultaten och den teori som presenteras i litteraturen, främst gällande brand advocates, social media marketing, viral marketing och Word-of-mouth, WOM. Resultatet från analysen av kampanjverktyget visar att det på den amerikanska marknaden, ännu inte blivit en strategi som leder till en viral spridning och en exponentiell tillväxt i antalet skickade presentkort. Lärdomar från intervjustudien granskas och presenteras med syfte att komplettera resultatet från kampanjverktygsanalysen. Också för att få en bredare förståelse för vad som skapar brand advocacy kring ett varumärke. Till det kompilerade resultatet tillämpar vi en modell som i rapporten antas beskriva hur rand advocates skapas. Genom att göra detta når vi den huvudsakliga slutsatsen, att Wrapp inte nödvändigtvis skapar brand advocates men, möjliggör handlingen av brand advocacy Modellen som sådan skulle kunna vara ett sätt för företag att undersöka huruvida nya sociala medierna skapar brand advocates, genom att undersöka och utvärdera de byggstenar som behövs för att ha en effektiv strategi vad det gäller opinionsbildning kring varumärket eller brand advocates alternativt handlingen av brand advocacy. / The Internet through social online networks and media has come to change our behavior when it comes to how we communicate and what we communicate. The latest shift is that from desktop to mobile, following the product developments happening with mobile phones making them smarter, portable and connected mini computers. This has had an effect on companies marketing strategies. To simply apply older marketing strategies on this new media channel is not sufficient. Instead new strategies and approaches are needed, and the social element needs to be implemented to a larger extent. The purpose with this report is to investigate a new social mobile marketing tool created by the tech start up Wrapp, and to analyse whether or not the tool helps companies create brand advocates. The data collecting and analysis of Wrapp as a brand advocacy tool is limited to the American market and two of the partner brands’ Facebook campaigns  onducted in this setting. Wrapp enables for companies to give out free and paid gift cards to Facebook friends through and mobile and web based application. In the research an interview study where we asked respondents represented by Wrapp employees about their conceptions on brand advocacy and social media marketing was conducted. An analysis of the Wrapp Facebook campaign tool was also done, to see if the tool shows exponential growth and virality in branded gift cards sent. Results are presented and efforts are made to draw parallels between the empirical findings and theory presented in the literature review concerning mainly brand advocates, social media marketing, viral marketing and WOM. The result from the Facebook campaign tool analysis shows, that the Wrapp tool on the merican market is yet to become viral. From the interviews we examine and present results to complement this finding, also to get a broader understanding on what creates brand advocacy. To the compiled results we apply a model assumed to describe how brand advocates are created. By doing this we reach our main conclusion, Wrapp does not based on our analysis create brand advocates, but the act of brand advocacy. The model as such could be a way for companies to investigate whether or not new social media platforms create brand advocates, by examining and evaluating the building blocks necessary to have an efficient brand advocacy strategy.

This dissertation provides an account of the ways seven preadolescent boys with autism spectrum disorders describe friendship. This study extends previous research by providing more in-depth descriptions of friendship gleaned through iterative interviews. In addition to multiple interviews with each of the boys, I collected interview data from their parents, and one teacher of each boy. In order to convey friendship from the boys' perspectives, I present data across three broad themes: (1) Establishing and maintaining friendships, (2) Social reciprocity, and (3) Conflicts. The findings indicate that some important components of close friendships, (i.e., frequent and varied interactions, relative equality and reciprocity, maintenance over an extended period of time, and emotional support), that are commonly included in descriptions of preadolescent relationships in the general literature were evident in the close friendships of these boys with autism spectrum disorders. Not only does this study help increase the understanding of the construct of friendship, but of autism spectrum disorders as well. Specifically, my findings challenge the deficit perspective of autism spectrum disorders in several ways: (1) these preadolescents described ways that they socialize with friends rather than ways to avoid social situations in favor of isolation (Kanner, 1943); (2) the majority described same-age friendships as opposed to failing to develop peer relationships (American Psychiatric Association, 2000); and (3) four boys either are developing or have developed social reciprocity with friends, instead of demonstrating a lack of social reciprocity (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Researchers are just beginning to understand how preadolescents with autism spectrum disorders describe friendships. This study provides an important addition to the extant literature by providing insight into how a small group of highly verbal, preadolescent boys labeled with autism spectrum disorders describe friendship. Further research is necessary and will add to the sparse body of literature that just begins to depict how people with autism spectrum disorders understand and experience friendship. / Ph. D.

Immigration disrupts an individual’s support network; however, the stresses of the immigration process increase the need for social support. The presence of social support becomes essential for immigrant children and adolescents to cope with these important transitional circumstances. Friends are both sources of social support and models for behavior. Furthermore, friendship networks are known to have a significant influence on youths’ functioning. Literature suggests that peer relations become more important in adolescence and friend support is related to child and adolescent well-being. Thus, friend relationships may be particularly important for immigrant youths who experience disruption in their friendship networks during the process of migration to another country. In addition to friendship networks and support, friend characteristics also need to be taken into consideration as important factors for immigrant youth adjustment. My study involved analyses of the effects of friend support and friend problem behaviors on emotional and behavioral functioning for elementary, middle, and high school age newly immigrant children and adolescents. Immigrant children and adolescents (N = 503) were interviewed at schools by interviewers fluent in participants’ languages. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analyses revealed that friend support and friend problem behaviors were related to children’s self-esteem and externalizing behaviors. In addition, friend problem behavior alone predicted children’s psychological symptoms and depression scores. Furthermore, age/grade was found to be a moderator for the relation between friend problem behavior and immigrant youth behavioral adjustment such that compared to elementary and high school cohorts, middle school youths showed more externalizing behaviors when they had friends performing problem behaviors. Results supported the idea that both friend support and friend behavior are related to newly immigrant youths’ emotional and behavioral adjustment. This study informs further research and interventions concerning the development of programs to facilitate immigrant youths’ adjustment by revealing friendship factors related to their adaptation.

A few studies have demonstrated differences in various personality attributes and creative abilities in children with imaginary companions. This study examined how recalled childhood engagement with an imaginary companion correlates with adult personality and creativity measures. It was hypothesized that creation of childhood imaginary companions would be positively correlated with adult creativity, but that this relationship would be mediated by certain personality attributes such as openness to experiences and extraversion. Other details of the imaginary companion experiences were also investigated. Two hundred and forty-six participants were recruited online to answer questions related to their personality and creativity, as well as any remembered imaginary companion experiences. Results indicated that the presence of a childhood imaginary companion was related to an individual’s openness to experience, but that the roles an imaginary companion played for its creator related to adult personality attributes more. These results suggest that further analyses of different roles and types of imaginary companions can help further explore why certain types of imaginary companions are created, and how their presence may impact developmental processes that influence their creators’ personality and creativity in adulthood.

FLI-1 est un facteur de transcription de la famille ETS dont le gène activé dans les érythroleucémies murines induites par le virus F-MuLV. Le gène fli-1 est également activé par le facteur SPI-1 / PU.1, un autre facteur ETS dont le gène est lui-même activé dans les érythroleucémies induites par le virus SFFV. Mon travail de thèse visait à définir la contribution de FLI-1 dans les érythroleucémies induites par SPI-1 / PU.1. Par déplétion inductible de FLI-1, j'ai montré qu'il contribue effectivement à la prolifération et au blocage de la différenciation de cellules érythroleucémiques surexprimant

The internet has been proved to be a main media to develop interpersonal relationship, especially for adolescents. Moreover, in terms of three characteristics of internet, which are anonymity, accessibility, and affordability, internet makes sexual friendship popular in the present society. Although this kind of sexual relationship generates many social problems reported by the print media . The thesis bases on the interpersonal relationship theory on the internet; and further, it investigates the development of the intimate relationship among them. The purpose is to realize whether they are different from general internet friend-making clubs in demographic characteristics, motives, self-exposure, and requirement standards. This research uses purposive sampling approach to select objects from BBS, and analyzes 754 messages by content analysis. The results are as following: 1. Demographic characteristics: (1) Males are more than females, but the latter have more power to choose the former. (2) Regional adjacency is also a key requirement. (3) Like realistic situation, appearance, figure, and educational background are main external conditions. 2. Motives: Sexual passion is the main motive, and pressure-releasing and time-killing is in the next place. 3. Self-exposure: The average self-exposure lines of males are 7.55, and females are 10.3. Generally, they use specific demographic data to describe themselves instead of profound profile. Otherwise, there are almost positive and neutral terms to establish self-image. 4. Requirement standards: As same as realistic world, most of them have stereo-type on appearance. They decide whether to have relationship with others or not after seeing each other, and the feeling is also important to them. In short, internet sexual friendship group doesn¡¦t differentiate from general friend-making one, and they are consistent in the requirements of partners. But the main purpose of internet sexual friendship group is having sexual relationship. They just remove the appointment place from realistic world to virtual space.

In this thesis, we propose a system for finding friend groups in Blogosphere. This system includes two parts: The first part can traverse the Blogosphere so as to obtain the friend network; and the second part is used to find friend groups from the friend network. Our practical performance was tested on Wretch, which is the largest Blogosphere in Taiwan. In today's blog service environment, the establishments of friend relationships are usually unidirectional, i.e., a blogger can add any other as his friend without confirmation. Traditional methods such as clique/club or 2-clique/club are not suitable because the bidirectional link is built incompletely in the social network under such circumstances. To solve this problem, we propose the 1.5-club based on transitive extension. We further make a comparison among the results of finding groups by 1-club, 1.5-club, 2-club and k-clique, and analyze the historical data of social networks from over almost one year. The experimental results show that our proposed method is effective and promising.