Missing pages 59-62. Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston University / The purpose of this study is to develop two units of study on world understanding and friendship, for third and fourth grade levels. Today, need for cooperative, responsible living and for teachers and pupils to gain and keep a world view, is great. Advances made in the natural sciences make it more needful that man also give his best thought and effort to the social sciences. Anthropology and recorded history trace the steps of developing man, from that early day when he found it more advantageous to live in groups, to our own day when the group has broadened to include all peoples of our planet. The watchwords of our age might well be, "United we stand," I and "On to world gover=ent." It seems quite possible that in spite or the weaknesses of the United Nations, this body may save us from another open world conflict.

This thesis uses Cicero’s letters as evidence for an interpretation of Cicero’s φιλίαι that is at variance with his professed views on φιλία as well as with the conclusions of modern scholars. As the use of the term φιλία over amicitia or “friendship” suggests, the thesis provides a discussion of Cicero’s philosophical beliefs as reflected by his relationship not only with his friends and allies, but also with his family. While there have been several noteworthy studies of his relationship with Atticus and with his family, there is a tendency to accept his claims in his letters to them as genuine. This approach differs significantly from the caution that can be found in the studies of his public speeches and the letters to his allies. This thesis examines the discrepancies between his words and deeds in order to determine the degree of his sincerity. It argues that the inconsistencies and contradictions in his correspondence and philosophical treatises suggest a deliberate effort to use their mutual φιλία for his personal gain. Scholars have assumed that Cicero’s public affiliation with the Academy and his well-attested attack on Epicureanism prove that he did not see any merit in Epicurean philosophy. This thesis rejects this assumption. On the contrary, it argues that his negative attitude towards Epicureans stemmed from a concern about his public persona and a desire to distance himself from Epicurus. After examining Cicero’s relationship chiefly with Atticus, his family, and some of his allies, the thesis concludes that his φιλίαι with them resembled more the Epicurean than the Aristotelian account of φιλία.

This thesis is a Heuristic Self-Search Inquiry (HSSI) that explores the personal experience of one gay man's participation in a gay male friendship group whose culturally constructed sense of being gay, characterised by specific places, customs and practices the researcher considers 'cultic'. The study is undertaken through the researcher who found himself outside a closed group of emotionally intimate gay friends, which represented an entire world. Using the HSSI model created by Sela-Smith (2002), this profoundly personal qualitative study considers the researcher's internal experiencing as the primary source of knowledge. Material from online images, academic papers and personal writing of the inquirer's lived experience of the research topic provided for periods of contemplative incubation and illumination, typical of HSSI. The output was the depiction of six emergent themes that highlight the qualities and nuances of the topic: pain, frustration, mistrust, joy, disgust and confusion. The other main findings are: this gay male friendship group developed characteristics of a symbolically enclosed cultic institution; that gay men are susceptible to forming cultic relationships; and a depth of distress experienced when intimate friendships between gay men fail. The findings finish by offering a creative synthesis, which captures the resultant integrated understanding of the experience in the form of a short story. Recommendations are made for counselling professionals to trouble their understanding of gay male friendship groups, and for public and third sector organisations working with Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ) identifying peoples to begin discussing interpersonal issues inside LGBTQ populations.

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In Works of Love (Kjerlighedens Gjerninger) Søren Kierkegaard contrasts two seemingly opposing forms of love. One, "preferential" love, primarily includes the love found in friendships and romances. The other, "non-preferential" or "neighbor love," is associated with Christian agape love. Some interpreters believe Kierkegaard's clear support of neighbor love as the "higher" form of love reveals an incompatibility between preferential relationships, like friendship, and universal Christian love. This reading imagines an "either/or" in which a person is forced to choose between Christian faith on one hand, and friendship/erotic love on the other. The objective of this paper is to argue against such an interpretation and to demonstrate that preferential love understood in the context of neighbor love is endorsed by Kierkegaard himself. A comparison of his thought to that of Robert O. Johann and an analysis both the social and religious context in which Works of Love was written will shed light on the rhetorical strategies at work and reveal the nature of the love that Kierkegaard promotes.

International students who experience difficulties in a new culture are often considered to have suffered a breakdown in their normal healthy psychological functioning, and therefore need therapy and counselling (Pedersen et al, 1976). This study views failure and problems experienced by the sojourner as a result of lack of the necessary new social skills and knowledge. Social networks, particularly friendships, are thus extremely important in that such networks are not only source of social support, but also major channels through which such skills and knowledge are acquired. Guided by social support theories and social skills theories, this study examines the following research questions through the survey and the interview with a sample of Chinese students at Northwest University I and five other universities across the United States. How is adjustment of Chinese students related to their friendship patterns? What are the friendship patterns of Chinese students? What are the primary functions of the friendship patterns of Chinese students? How is the degree of difficulty felt by Chinese students in different social situations related to their friendship patterns? How is social adjustment related to the degree of difficulty felt by Chinese students in different social situations? Some additional questions related to the five research questions were also addressed in this study. The study showed there were different functions for different friendship patterns among Chinese students. Despite different functions, friendships are very important for Chinese in their adjustment to the United States. However, students belonging to the bi-cultural friendship pattern were more satisfied with social as well as academic aspects of their life in this country than those who belong to the mono-cultural friendship pattern. Among different factors contributing to social adjustment, social skills account most for the variance of social adjustment among Chinese students. This study concluded with suggestions for forming institutional policies toward international students in American higher education, training of international students both at the home country and the host country, and advice to prospective international students, particularly Chinese students.

Friendships are an important context of children's development, yet there is much still to be learned about these formative relationships. Friendship stability is one understudied feature of children's friendships. The aim of the present study was to investigate both predictors and outcomes associated with friendship stability to further elucidate the role that friendships play in shaping children's development. Potential predictors examined included age, gender, gender match, race, residence in a rural or urban community, number of moves in the last year, child externalizing behavior, friendship quality, and deficient parenting. Similarity between friends in terms of overt and relational aggression was also examined as a potential predictor of stability, and age was tested as a potential moderator of these relations. Additionally, a double mediational model was explored wherein child behavior was tested as a mediator of the link between deficient parenting and friendship quality and friendship quality was tested as mediator of the link between child behavior and friendship stability. Finally, in order to better understand the impact of stable friendships on children's adjustment, the present study tested friendship stability as a predictor of time 2 child externalizing behavior after controlling for time 1 externalizing behavior. Participants were 176 children and primary caretakers enrolled in a 3-year longitudinal study examining the social development of children living in circumstances of social disadvantage. A multisource, multimethod approach was used to assess deficient parenting and children's externalizing behavior. Friendship stability was assessed over two waves approximately 12 months apart. Participating children provided data on their friendships, friendship quality, and friends' aggressive behavior. Children were invited to report on friendships occurring in any setting and friendship stability was examined both in children's networks of 1-3 best friends and in children's relationships with one very best friend. Proposed models were tested using structural equation modeling. The link between child externalizing behavior and friendship stability was supported, as was the link between deficient parenting and child externalizing behavior. Deficient parenting and friendship quality did not predict friendship stability. Thus, the role of child externalizing behavior as a mediator of the relation between deficient parenting and friendship stability was not supported by the present study, nor was the role of friendship quality as a mediator of the relation between child externalizing behavior and friendship stability. Age significantly predicted friendship stability with one very best friend and residence in a rural or urban community significantly predicted friendship stability within children's networks of 1-3 best friends. Friendship stability did not predict time 2 externalizing behavior. These results highlight the influence of child behavior, age, and contextual factors on friendship stability.

Previous research has shown that social media impacts people's identities as well as their online communication as they maintain their online friendships. This study strives to further examine the relationship between daily Instagram usage in young adults’ life and its effect on their friendships and identities. The purpose of this study is to create an understanding of how young Instagram users' friendships function today, in order to achieve an understanding about the nature of the friendships as well as create an appreciation on whether Instagram usage influences a person's identity. The study is conducted through in-depth interviews with six young adults aged between 18-22 years. We analyze our respondents’ friendships through the application of Hartmut Rosa's framework, which describes the accelerating society (2014) and Sherry Turkle’s (2017) discussion on how friendships are affected by social media and not least the significant use of mobile phones. We found in our study that young Instagram users both have pure relationships as described by Anthony Giddens (1999) as well as superficial relationships. We also found that the character of the relationship depends on whether it occurs in real life or online through Instagram. Our study suggests that Instagram usage does not prohibit pure relationships but rather supplement them with superficial relationships that occur via Instagram. In addition, Instagram is utilized to present a desired identity (Goffman 2011). The users are to different degrees aware of whether this is their “true” identity or just a way of making an “impression”. Goffman (2011) is implying that the everyday presentation effect the self-image in different ways. / Tidigare forskning har visat att sociala medier påverkar människors identitet och deras online kommunikation, då de bibehåller sina vänskapsrelationer där. I denna studie fortsätter vi på denna forskningslinje och studerar unga vuxna som använder Instagram dagligen, för att se hur Instagram eventuellt påverkar deras vänskapsrelationer och identitet. Syftet med denna studie blir därmed att skapa förståelse för hur unga instagramanvändares vänskapsrelationer ser ut idag, detta för att studera vänskapsrelationernas karaktär samt om eventuellt identitetsskapande sker via användningen av Instagram. Vi undersöker detta genom kvalitativa intervjuer med sex unga vuxna i åldrarna 18–22. För att analysera detta använde vi oss av Hartmut Rosas teori om det accelererande samhället (2014) samt Sherry Turkles (2017) diskussion om hur vänskapsrelationer påverkas av sociala medier och inte minst mobilanvändningen. Resultatet av vår studie är att unga instagramanvändare har både rena relationer som Anthony Giddens (1999) beskriver samt ytliga. Relationernas karaktär är beroende av om de äger rum i verkligheten eller online via Instagram. Vi föreslår därför att instagramanvändningen inte utesluter rena relationer, men att de kompletteras med ytliga relationer som utspelar sig och bibehålls online. Resultatet gällande identiteten visar att individer tydligt skapar sina identiteter via instagram, dock är de olika medvetna om det, vilket är något som vi analyserar genom Goffmans (2011) teori om presentationen av jaget.

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"When we are unconscious of a thing which is constellated, we are identified with it, and it moves us or activates us as if we were marionettes. We can only escape that effect by making it conscious and objectifying it, putting it outside of ourselves, taking it out into the conscious." Carl Jung. Scheherazade is the story of Felicity who is in pursuit of a dream to become a solo violinist. As she ploughs into Year 12, she is so absorbed by her goals that she neglects her social environment: family; friends; relaxation. Sometimes she is barely conscious of their presence. At the Year 12 formal, she is forced to realise the consequences of the choices she is making. Writing Scheherazade, my first novel, was a lesson in dealing with and learning about mastering the writing process. The exegesis shows the journey of taking pieces of unconsciously/subconsciously created writing and turning them into pieces ofa deliberately crafted complex whole. Starting with a premise -If you don't pursue your dreams, you will live with regret -I found it easy to put together a character and give her a dream. Bringing in aspects of adolescent theory, I could contrast her with her friends and her parents. But all of the conflict was external and Felicity was unlikable. When I investigated other Young Adult and Junior fiction I found that I needed to bring the conflict more inside Felicity. Then I had a story.