Many leisure researchers have examined the recreation specialization construct with the belief that recreationists progress along a specialization continuum, from low to high, the longer they participate in an activity. Building on other researchers' conclusions that recreationists do not necessarily progress over time, this study sought to better understand whether people truly desire to progress. Competition, sociability, and skill development variables were proposed as measures that would more accurately describe an intermediate career trajectory of specialization. This intermediate career trajectory of specialization was called flatlining, because recreationists progress to their desired level of specialization and then maintain a flat, or non-progressing, style of involvement on the specialization continuum. Behavior, skill and knowledge, and commitment variables were also used to measure recreation specialization. A three-level self-classification measure was used to predict group membership, and this classification was used to evaluate both groups of variables. The behavior, skill and knowledge, and commitment variables did a very good job of predicting level of specialization. The competition, sociability, and skill development variables did a good job of predicting the high and low levels of specialization, but did a very poor job of predicting the flatlining level of specialization. Motivations to participate were also studied. This study's failure to accurately predict the flatlining career trajectory highlights the need for further research on the phenomenon.

Many leisure researchers have examined the recreation specialization construct with the belief that recreationists progress along a specialization continuum, from low to high, the longer they participate in an activity. Building on other researchers' conclusions that recreationists do not necessarily progress over time, this study sought to better understand whether people truly desire to progress. Competition, sociability, and skill development variables were proposed as measures that would more accurately describe an intermediate career trajectory of specialization. This intermediate career trajectory of specialization was called flatlining, because recreationists progress to their desired level of specialization and then maintain a flat, or non-progressing, style of involvement on the specialization continuum. Behavior, skill and knowledge, and commitment variables were also used to measure recreation specialization. A three-level self-classification measure was used to predict group membership, and this classification was used to evaluate both groups of variables. The behavior, skill and knowledge, and commitment variables did a very good job of predicting level of specialization. The competition, sociability, and skill development variables did a good job of predicting the high and low levels of specialization, but did a very poor job of predicting the flatlining level of specialization. Motivations to participate were also studied. This study's failure to accurately predict the flatlining career trajectory highlights the need for further research on the phenomenon.

This diploma thesis concerns comparison of different categories regarding the offensive phase of the frisbee ultimate match. The theoretical part deals with the offensive play skills of the individuals, that are important for this phase of the game. It also concerns team skills and tactics essential for mastering the game at a high level. Marginal defense systems are mentioned as well. The research part deals with comparison of different offensive procedure, representation of offensive tactics, percentage success of the particular types of offensive play, all in the categories OPEN, WOMEN, MIXED. For the researcg, a video analysis from the 2015 European Championship of Nations was used. Key word Frisbee ultimate, category OPEN, category WOMEN, category MIXED, horizontal lane, vertical lane, zone defense game, short lane, split stack

Ultimate is the fastest growing field sport in America. Created in 1968, forty-five years later the sport was still on the periphery of the mainstream but reached new heights in 2013 – two professional leagues, over 800 college teams and a broadcasting deal with ESPN – and the discussions throughout the sports’ history have never been as relevant. Self-officiation and the Spirit of the Game are the main tenets that make up the ethos of the sport and its community. These unique aspects differentiate Ultimate’s predominate culture from that of mainstream sports culture. This study shows the countercultural ties and survival of the ethos during the adolescent period of Ultimate’s evolution (1987-2010). It examines the progression of the community’s established grassroots culture and the governing body of the sport alongside the influx of young players with mainstream sports attitudes who bolstered certain organizers’ attempts to alter Ultimate in the hopes of gaining “legitimacy” through adding third-party officials, commercialization and corporate sponsorship.

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Title: Ethical Aspects of Ultimate Frisbee Objectives: The purpose of this study is to introduce one of the recent team sports - ultimate frisbee - in the matter of its ethics. The work is divided into two thematic parts. The first one deals with general introduction of the fair play problemacy including also the issue of the referees/umpires. The second part presents ultimate frisbee covering its history, game rules and the idea of the Spirit of the Game. Futhermore, the study also contains comparison of the ethics of ultimate frisbee and other team sports. Keywords: Ultimate frisbee, Spirit of the Game, ethics of sport, values in sport, referee

Title: Postural stability in Ultimate frisbee players Aims: The aim of the work is to objectively measure and evaluate the dynamic postural stability of a deliberately selected group of Czech Utimate frisbee (UF) players and then compare the measured results with the "Athles Norm 20-30" (AN 20-30) standard, set for the sporting population. The postural stability of the research group of probands was measured once using the computer dynamic posturography - NeuroCom Smart EquiTest System. A partial goal of the work was to describe the results of measuring postural stability with respect to pivoting. This characteristic movement is used by UF players to obtain a suitable position for passing to a teammateduring the game. Methods: This is a scientific research work, specifically a quantitative observational cross-sectional study. The research group (n = 28) was, on the basis of predetermined criteria (to be an active UF player registered under the organization ČALD (Czech Flying Disc Association), age 18-35 years, to attend UF for at least 3 years and to have at least one national team start at the European Championships or in higher competition). UF players who met these criteria were included. Measurement on the Smart EquiTest System from NeuroCom was chosen as an objective way of evaluating postural...

El Ultimate Frisbee, es una práctica que se desarrolla por equipos de siete jugadores, donde el objetivo es marcar gol recibiendo un disco en una zona de anotación sin haberlo dejado caer tras una serie de pases entre los integrantes de un equipo. Las dimensiones de la cancha son de 100 metros de largo por 37 de ancho y las zonas de gol son opuestas una de la otra en cada extremo del espacio de juego, como lo es en la mayoría de los deportes de conjunto. Un partido empieza con un “pull” o saque inicial por parte de un equipo lanzándole el disco al contrincante, quien lo recibirá y hará pases consecutivos sin dejar caer el disco al suelo o que un contrincante lo intercepte. Cada jugador tiene 10 segundos para realizar un pase después de haberlo recibido, tiempo en el cual no puede correr con el disco, solamente pivotear y amagar hasta lanzarlo a un compañero. De esta manera van avanzando hasta lograr el objetivo que es marcar gol. El Ultimate Frisbee es una práctica con un alto componente ético. Las reglas se encuentran institucionalizadas a nivel mundial bajo el nombre: “Espíritu de juego”, el cual garantiza derechos y deberes de los jugadores para lograr un desarrollo óptimo de la práctica ya que esta es auto-arbitrada. De este modo, esta investigación siguió una línea interpretativa. Para así poder comprender los intereses, motivaciones y sentidos atribuidos a la práctica del Ultimate por parte de los integrantes del grupo platense. El fair play desarrollado en el Ultimate, establece códigos de comportamiento por los propios jugadores, a partir de valores de camaradería implícitos en el reglamento. El respeto y la ética se hacen permanentes en todos los momentos lúdicos del Ultimate. Las relaciones establecidas entre los jugadores, responden y dan cuenta del “Espíritu de Juego” que es la base teórica e institucional de esta práctica. Las tensiones que genera esta práctica, la colocan entre lo deportivo y lo lúdico (recreativo). Su desarrollo no solo a nivel mundial, sino en el ámbito local genera múltiples interpretaciones desde la mirada y análisis que se le otorgue. Por tal motivo la pregunta de investigación fue: ¿Cómo se desarrolla el Ultimate Frisbee como práctica que tensiona los dispositivos tradicionales de las concepciones éticas, reglamentarias y cívicas del deporte? A partir de lo anterior, es que desde la interpretación y observación de todos los sujetos del Ultimate, se buscó evidenciar el sentido e importancia que le dan sus practicantes ética y competitivamente a la práctica, determinando así los aspectos que tensionan los dispositivos tradicionales de lo que es y no es deporte.

Title: Comparison of selected minority sports in the Czech Republic from the player, spectator and management aspects Objective: The aim of this work is to analyze the current situation in American football, frisbee and lacrosse in Prague and make suggestions for future improvements. Methods: The applied methods included the study of literature, collection of information, questionnaire examining players motivation and SWOT analysis. The research was conducted through surveys among athletes doing this sports. Results: Research has shown that the best prospects are waiting for frisbee, which benefits from minimum requirements for equipment and space. American football and lacrosse will probably never become mass sports, but using the above suggestions can improve their current position. Key words: amateur sport, american football, frisbee, lacrosse, SWOT analysis, motivation

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