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Alagoas state consists of 102 cities shared in three mesoregions: backwoods, west and east. It shows diversity of plant species arousing greater interest in exploring the activities of pests in these habitats. This work was conducted in areas located in five counties in the state of Alagoas: Palmeira dos Índios, Arapiraca, Maceió, Anadia and Junqueiro. It Aimed to identify the species of fuit flies, parasitoids and their hosts, as well as the fauna analysis obtained. To obtain flies McPhail® traps were installed and held gathering fruit. Of the samples collected in traps were examined McPhail® 18.551 specimens of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) and 31,863 females of Anastrepha, of which 12 species were identified. The municipality of Anadia showed the highest species richness and Junqueiro of the smallest. As for fruits, was collected approximately 730 kg in all municipalities, belonging to 14 families and 25 species were sampled. We identified 7224 females of Anastrepha, which identified eight species, 2401 specimens of C. capitata and six species of Neosilba. Of the 13 species captured in traps eight tephritids emerged from fruit samples: A. fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1930), A.obliqua (Maquart, 1835), A. pickeli Lima 1939 A. serpentine (Wiedemann, 1830), A. sororcula Zucchi 1979, A. zenildae Zucchi 1939, Anastrepha sp. 1., and C. capitata. N. pendula (Bezzi, 1919) was the greater diversity lonqueídeo that infested fruit. A. pickeli infested exclusively Manihot esculenta Crantz. Species of fruit flies emerged, only A. antunesi Lima, 1938 was not captured in traps. We identified three species of braconid, Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti, 1911), Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck, 1958) and Utetes anastrephae (Viereck, 1913), and specimens of the genus Opius and families Figitidae, Pteromalidae and Torymidae. The highest rates of parasitism occurred in smaller fruits, with the exception of fruits and cassava, D. areolatus was obtained in all fruit infested by at least one species of fruit fly. This constitutes the first record of the species A. alveata Stone, 1942; A. daciformis Bezzi, 1909, A. montei Lima, 1934, A. nascimentoi Zucchi, 1979 and Anastrepha sp (in prep.), besides the family Torymidae as parasitoids parasitoid of fruit flies in the State of Alagoas. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / O estado de Alagoas é constituído de 102 municípios divididos em três mesorregiões: Sertão, Agreste e Leste. Apresenta diversidade de espécies vegetais despertando maiores interesses em explorar a diversidade de insetos praga nesses habitats. Este trabalho foi conduzido em áreas localizadas em cinco municípios do estado de Alagoas: Palmeira dos Índios, Arapiraca, Maceió, Anadia e Junqueiro. Teve como objetivos identificar as espécies de moscas frugívoras, seus parasitoides e hospedeiros, como também a análise faunística das espécies obtidas. Para a obtenção das moscas foram instaladas armadilhas tipo McPhail® e realizada a coleta de frutos. Das coletas realizadas em armadilhas McPhail® foram examinadas 18.551 espécimes de Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) e 31.863 fêmeas de Anastrepha, das quais foram identificadas 12 espécies. O município de Anadia foi o que apresentou maior riqueza de espécies e o de Junqueiro a menor. Quanto aos frutos, foi coletado aproximadamente 730 kg em todos os municípios, pertencentes a 14 famílias e à 25 espécies botânicas. Foram identificadas 7.224 fêmeas de Anastrepha, das quais foram identificadas oito espécies, 2.401 espécimes de C. capitata e seis espécies do gênero Neosilba. Das 13 espécies de tefritídeos capturadas em armadilhas oito emergiram das amostras de frutos: A. fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1930), A.obliqua (Maquart, 1835), A. pickeli Lima 1939, A. serpentina (Wiedemann, 1830), A. sororcula Zucchi 1979, A. zenildae Zucchi 1939, Anastrepha sp. 1., e C. capitata. N. pendula (Bezzi, 1919) foi o lonqueídeo que infestou maior diversidade de frutos. A. pickeli infestou exclusivamente Manihot esculenta Crantz. Das espécies de moscas emergidas dos frutos, apenas A. antunesi Lima, 1938 não foi capturada em armadilhas. Foram identificadas três espécies de braconídeos, Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti, 1911), Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck, 1958) e Utetes anastrephae (Viereck, 1913), além de exemplares do gênero Opius e das famílias Figitidae, Pteromalidae e Torymidae. Os maiores índices de parasitismo ocorreram em frutos menores, e com exceção dos frutos de mandioca, D. areolatus foi obtido em todas as frutíferas infestadas por pelo menos uma espécie de mosca frugívora. Este se constitui no primeiro registro das espécies A. alveata Stone, 1942; A. daciformis Bezzi, 1909, A. montei Lima, 1934, A. nascimentoi Zucchi, 1979 e Anastrepha sp (em prep.), além dos parasitoides da família Torymidae como parasitoide de mosca-das-frutas no estado de Alagoas.

East African highland bananas (Musa spp., AAA-EA genome group) are a major staple and income-generating fruit crop in the highlands of eastern and central Africa, grown across the countries of the Great Lakes region (i.e. Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and North-West Tanzania). Despite its importance, farmers and researchers are reporting that yields are declining, most notably in areas with low soil fertility. Although numerous studies have been conducted on yield constraints of bananas in the East African highland region, there is virtually no understanding of the impact of plant density management on the yields of these low-input banana systems. The productivity and profitability of various plant densities was studied in contrasting agro-ecological sites of Rwanda (Ruhengeri, Rusizi, Karongi, Butare, Ruhango, Kibungo and Bugesera), that differed distinctly in terms of altitude (1400-1960 m a.s.l), temperature (17-20°C), annual rainfall (950-1400 mm yr-1) and soil types (Nitisols, Ferralsols, Acrisols and Andosols). Under those cropping systems, the plant density is one management factor that resource poor farmers have some control over. An on-farm survey was conducted in all sites to determine the influence of climatic and edaphic factors on variations in on-farm plant density practices and bunch mass. In addition, three researcher-managed banana density experiments were conducted in contrasting agroecological sites (Kibungo low rainfall with medium soil fertility, Rubona high rainfall with low soil fertility and Ruhengeri high rainfall with high soil fertility) to (i) investigate the influence of plant density on the vegetative growth and yield parameters of AAA-EA bananas for typical highland agro-ecological zones, (ii) to assess the effect of plant density on nutrient deficiencies and imbalances, and (iii) to assess the magnitude and variability of nutrient depletion in the smallholder banana systems that are characterized by low external input use. Three different local EA highland banana varieties (i.e. “Ingaju”-cooking type, “Injagi”- cooking type, “Intuntu”-beer type) were each planted at five different plant densities (plants ha-1) of 1428, 2500, 3333, 4444 and 5000. Agronomic data (growth and yield traits) were collected over two cropping cycles (plant and ratoon crops). Soil, plant and climate data were also collected. Approaches such as compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND), boundary line functions and yield gap analysis were used to quantify the contribution of each identified yield limiting factor to yield gap. A first order magnitude of nutrient depletion was determined using partial nutrient balance calculations. Plant density positively correlated with water supply (i.e. difference between rainfall and evapotranspirative demand of bananas), with highest plant densities (>1500 mats ha-1) found in high rainfall areas (>1200 mm yr-1) with water surplus (218-508 mm yr-1) and lowest plant densities (1000-1400 mats ha-1) found in lower rainfall areas (1000-1200 mm yr-1) with water deficit (from -223 to -119 mm yr-1). Bunch masses were significantly higher at the lowest plant densities (18.1-20.8 kg fresh mass plant-1) when compared to the highest plant densities (14.7-15.5 kg). Lower soil and banana leaf nutrient contents were observed on weathered soils (Acrisols) and were associated with smaller bunch mass in comparison to fertile soils (Andosols, Nitisols). Farmers tended to reduce mat densities (i) if they wanted to intercrop, and (ii) to increase bunch mass to adapt to market preferences for large bunches. The plant densities generally recommended by extension bodies (3 × 3 or 2 × 3 m; i.e. 1111 and 1666 mats ha-1, respectively) are seldom practiced by farmers, nor do they seem to be very appropriate from an agronomic or economic perspective. Per hectare bunch and above ground biomass yields increased with increasing plant density, but maximum yield strongly depended on agro-ecological site. Bunch yields of beer bananas continued to increase with density, but maximum yields for the cooking cultivars were observed at 4444 plants ha-1 at Kibungo and Rubona, whereas yields continued to increase linearly beyond this level at Ruhengeri. Relationships between bunch yield, the total above ground dry matter yields and soil chemical properties suggest that nutrient deficiencies were larger at Kibungo (i.e. notably K) and Rubona (i.e. K, P, Ca, Mg) when compared with Ruhengeri. With increasing densities, leaf area index (LAI) continues to increase up to a value of 4 with 95% of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) intercepted by the crop canopy. This suggests that further density and LAI increases would probably have little additional positive effect on total per hectare production. Compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) indices showed that K, Mg and P were the most deficient elements in areas with low inherent soil fertility (Kibungo and Rubona) compared with relatively fertile areas (Ruhengeri). The boundary line functions and yield gap analysis also confirmed that K was the most limiting factor, contributing to an expected yield gap of 55.3% at Kibungo, while P and Mg contributed to a 35% yield gap at Rubona. An increase in plant density resulted in an increase in average yield gap from 45.6 % to 70.2% at Kibungo, whilst average yield gap decreased significantly from 47.5% to 30.2% at Rubona, and 76.6 to 53.7% at Ruhengeri. Nutrient uptake increased with plant density. Partial N and K balances (kg ha-1 yr-1) were estimated to be strongly negative at Rubona and Ruhengeri, while Ca and Mg were positive at Kibungo and Ruhengeri, but negative at Rubona. The results of this study indicate that, generally, soil fertility is a more limiting factor than water, but both CND norms and boundary line analysis showed that expected yield gaps seem to be high for plant density due to low inherent soil fertility. Partial nutrient balances provide a first order magnitude of nutrient depletion. Nutrient mining is significant, particularly for K. The current extraction rates will not allow farmers to sustain their yields, and options should be developed to improve the productivity of EAH banana cropping systems. The limited availability of manure and inorganic fertilizers is a real threat to the food and income security role that banana production plays in smallholder systems. In summary, the results from this study suggest the optimal density for bananas depends on water availability, soil fertility and cultivar. The agronomic optimal plant density is lower (< 4444 plants ha-1) in low rainfall (< 1000 mm yr-1) and less fertile areas, but seems to be higher (> 5000 plants ha-1) in areas with high fertility, which receive high rainfall (> 1300 mm yr-1). Improved plant density management can serve as an important entry point for resource poor farmers to maximize yield potential of EAH bananas in the various production zones. Blanket density recommendations do not make sense. While farmers can significantly improve their banana production, increased densities will put significant additional stress on limited nutrient resources, and region-specific integrated soil fertility recommendations should be developed and adopted to ensure sustained improvements of banana production and smallholder livelihoods. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:49:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1323910 bytes, checksum: 2e096f4354fc6f4167c0197035edb511 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-15 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / The research was made in the Project Jaíba, located in the municipal districts of Jaíba and Matias Cardoso, in the north of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Aiming at to evaluate the efficiency in the use of the water for the farmers, and the economical and environmental impacts of the excess of water in the irrigation of fruit trees, experiments were accomplished with the cultures of the guava (Psidium guajava L.), sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.) and atemoya (Annona atemoya Mabb), and a diagnosis of the consumption of water in managerial lots of the Gleba C2 of the Project Jaíba. In the experiment with the cultures of the guava and of the atemoya were evaluated productivity, medium weight of the fruits, and production cost data in function of irrigation depths applied in different proportions in relation to the crop evapotranspiration during the productive cycle. It was observed that the effect of the applied water depth was not significant for the production parameters, in other words, there were not productivity and weight of the fruits difference among the treatments, although it has had great difference in the costs to the irrigation. It was also evaluated the effect of the irrigation depth in the nutrients leaching in the soil, in the experimental portion of the sugar apple trees. The studied elements were P, K, Ca and Mg. The results showed a general tendency of larger displacement of salts of the superficial layers for the deepest where there was larger application of water, varying in agreement with the element. In the study on the use of the water in the lots of the Gleba C2 of the project Jaíba the volume of water consumed in the period of April to September of 2006 was compared with the consumption of water dear through simulation of the water balance with the use of the program Irriplus. Ten lots were selected in which soil, water, cultures and irrigation equipments data among other necessary information for the simulations were collected. The meteorological data were obtained in the located automatic station in one of the lots. All the lots presented excess of water in the irrigations in certain periods and deficit in other. The general average was 139 m³.ha-1month-1 of water in excess used in the irrigations. / A pesquisa foi realizada no Projeto Jaíba, situado nos municípios de Jaíba e Matias Cardoso, no norte de Minas Gerais. Objetivando avaliar a eficiência no uso da água pelos produtores irrigantes, e os impactos econômicos e ambientais do excesso de água na irrigação de fruteiras, foram realizados experimentos com as culturas da goiaba, pinha e atemóia, e um estudo de caso sobre o consumo de água em lotes empresariais da Gleba C2 do Projeto Jaíba. No experimento com as culturas da goiaba e da atemóia foram avaliados dados de produtividade, peso médio dos frutos, e custo de produção em função de lâminas de irrigação aplicadas em diferentes proporções em relação à ETc durante o ciclo produtivo. Observou-se que o efeito da quantidade de água aplicada não foi significativo para os parâmetros de produção, ou seja, não houve diferença de produtividade e peso dos frutos entre os tratamentos, embora tenha havido grande diferença nos custos relativos à irrigação. Avaliou-se também o efeito da lâmina de irrigação na lixiviação de nutrients no solo, na parcela experimental da pinheira. Os elementos estudados foram P, K, Ca e Mg. Os resultados mostraram uma tendência geral de maior deslocamento de sais das camadas superficiais para as mais profundas onde houve maior aplicação de água, variando de acordo com o elemento. No estudo sobre o uso da água nos lotes empresariais do projeto Jaíba comparou-se o volume de água consumido no período de abril a setembro de 2006 com o consumo de água estimado através de simulação do balanço hídrico com o uso do programa Irriplus. Foram selecionados 10 lotes onde foram coletados dados de solo, água, culturas, equipamentos de irrigação entre outras informações necessárias para as simulações. Os dados meteorológicos foram obtidos na estação automática localizada em um dos lotes. Todos os lotes apresentaram excesso de água nas irrigações em determinados períodos e déficit em outros. A média geral foi de 139 m³.ha-1mês-1 de água em excesso utilizada nas irrigações.

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