Central fuelling is a fundamental issue in the neat generation tokamak ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor). It is essential for optimization of the bootstrap current which is proportional to the pressure gradient of trapped particles. The conventional tokamak fuelling techniques, such as gas puffing and cryogenic pellet injection, are considered to be inadequate to fulfill this goal due to premature ionization caused by high plasma temperature and density. Fuelling by injecting a compact torus (CT) may be the only viable method suitable for a reactor-grade tokamak. CTs can be injected at different angles with respect to the tokamak toroidal magnetic field, either horizontally or vertically. In vertical injection, deeper CT penetration is expected due to the absence of the gradient of tokamak toroidal magnetic field in that direction. This thesis contributes to experimental investigation of vertical compact torus injection into the STOR-M tokamak. <p>To perform vertical injection, the original injector- USCTI (University of Saskatchewan Compact Torus Injector) was modified by attaching a segment of 90˚ curved drift tube to bend the CT trajectory from horizontal to vertical. Bench tests have shown that a CT injected horizontally can be deflected effectively to the vertical direction. The velocity of 130 kms^{-1}has been achieved while the CT passes through the 90˚ curved drift tube. It was found that the CT magnetic field structure kept intact as a typical structure of compact torus plasma. By further optimization of the USCTI configuration, the velocity has been increased to 270 kms^{-1}. Based on the encouraging bench test results, actual vertical CT injection experiments have been performed in the STOR-M tokamak. Experimental results demonstrated, for the first time, vertical CT injection into a tokamak. Prompt increases both in line averaged electron density and in soft X-ray emission (central cord) are observed following vertical injection. Some H-mode phenomena, characterized by suppression of the m =2 Mirnov oscillation level and drop in Hα radiation level, have also been observed following the vertical injection. Fuelling effects caused by vertical injection and by tangential injection are discussed. The experimental results suggest that vertical CT injection is a feasible tokamak fuelling technique.

Central fuelling is a fundamental issue in the neat generation tokamak ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor). It is essential for optimization of the bootstrap current which is proportional to the pressure gradient of trapped particles. The conventional tokamak fuelling techniques, such as gas puffing and cryogenic pellet injection, are considered to be inadequate to fulfill this goal due to premature ionization caused by high plasma temperature and density. Fuelling by injecting a compact torus (CT) may be the only viable method suitable for a reactor-grade tokamak. CTs can be injected at different angles with respect to the tokamak toroidal magnetic field, either horizontally or vertically. In vertical injection, deeper CT penetration is expected due to the absence of the gradient of tokamak toroidal magnetic field in that direction. This thesis contributes to experimental investigation of vertical compact torus injection into the STOR-M tokamak. <p>To perform vertical injection, the original injector- USCTI (University of Saskatchewan Compact Torus Injector) was modified by attaching a segment of 90˚ curved drift tube to bend the CT trajectory from horizontal to vertical. Bench tests have shown that a CT injected horizontally can be deflected effectively to the vertical direction. The velocity of 130 kms^{-1}has been achieved while the CT passes through the 90˚ curved drift tube. It was found that the CT magnetic field structure kept intact as a typical structure of compact torus plasma. By further optimization of the USCTI configuration, the velocity has been increased to 270 kms^{-1}. Based on the encouraging bench test results, actual vertical CT injection experiments have been performed in the STOR-M tokamak. Experimental results demonstrated, for the first time, vertical CT injection into a tokamak. Prompt increases both in line averaged electron density and in soft X-ray emission (central cord) are observed following vertical injection. Some H-mode phenomena, characterized by suppression of the m =2 Mirnov oscillation level and drop in Hα radiation level, have also been observed following the vertical injection. Fuelling effects caused by vertical injection and by tangential injection are discussed. The experimental results suggest that vertical CT injection is a feasible tokamak fuelling technique.

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The thesis is concerned with road transportation of fuel. In theoretical part there are described the legal clauses that are related to this issue. The most detailed regulations can be found in the European Agreement on the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (so called Agreement ADR). Hence the biggest part of the theoretical section is devoted to these regulations. Instructions for transportation of diesel and petrol have been chosen from this international agreement and explained. Practical part deals with particular carrier of fuel - company Petrotrans s.r.o. Standard of service is compared according to several different customers, established demands on safety of fuel transportation are decribed and security of consumption tax in international fuel transportation is analysed.

Nectarivorous hummingbirds subsist almost exclusively on a mixture of sucrose, glucose and fructose found in floral nectar. Previous studies have shown that hummingbirds can fuel hovering flight almost exclusively using recently ingested sucrose. However, the relative capacities for the direct utilization of glucose and fructose by hovering hummingbirds remain unknown. 13C-enriched solutions of glucose and fructose were administered separately. Exhaled breath samples were collected using feeder-mask respirometry and sent for subsequent mass spectrometric analysis. I found hovering hummingbirds transition from exclusively oxidizing endogenous fatty acids when fasted, to oxidizing newly ingested carbohydrates when given access to either glucose or fructose solutions. Interestingly, the amount ingested, fractional turnover of stable carbon isotope signatures, amount oxidized, energy expended and proportion of hovering metabolism supported by each hexose, were each similar between glucose and fructose. These results demonstrate hovering hummingbirds’ ability to utilize fructose and glucose equally.

Nectarivorous hummingbirds subsist almost exclusively on a mixture of sucrose, glucose and fructose found in floral nectar. Previous studies have shown that hummingbirds can fuel hovering flight almost exclusively using recently ingested sucrose. However, the relative capacities for the direct utilization of glucose and fructose by hovering hummingbirds remain unknown. 13C-enriched solutions of glucose and fructose were administered separately. Exhaled breath samples were collected using feeder-mask respirometry and sent for subsequent mass spectrometric analysis. I found hovering hummingbirds transition from exclusively oxidizing endogenous fatty acids when fasted, to oxidizing newly ingested carbohydrates when given access to either glucose or fructose solutions. Interestingly, the amount ingested, fractional turnover of stable carbon isotope signatures, amount oxidized, energy expended and proportion of hovering metabolism supported by each hexose, were each similar between glucose and fructose. These results demonstrate hovering hummingbirds’ ability to utilize fructose and glucose equally.

Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2018-07-11T13:40:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 daniel_carlos_nunes.pdf: 1961797 bytes, checksum: ac4ddcf7ff5eb0c542a1981ce4b8934c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-11T13:40:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 daniel_carlos_nunes.pdf: 1961797 bytes, checksum: ac4ddcf7ff5eb0c542a1981ce4b8934c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES# / #2075167498588264571# / #600 / A localization model was developed and simulated in a spreadsheet for a pre-cast production process made by coaxial pressing, composed of a mixture of gypsum and coal ash used as fuel in a thermoelectric plant. The encapsulation of coal ash with a high sulfur content has been recommended to attenuate environmental liabilities and its use as an input of pre-cast gypsum based presents itself as an environmental solution of this residue and reduces the cost of material for civil construction. However, the geographical points where this waste is produced requires scholars to develop efficient logistic strategies, such as a model for optimized conditions, so that transport costs do not negate the high availability of these wastes to the areas located in Their environments. Preliminarily, experimental conditions were studied for the definition of proportions of components in precast. Next, a localization model was elaborated based on the geographic distances of the production points of the inputs, on the transportation costs of these materials and on the use of the mass / load center definition methodology. The routes of the means of transport were traced with the help of resources available on the Internet, allowing the creation of physical geographic models (maps). The mathematical localization model was simulated using the Solver tool from the Excel spreadsheet of Microfoft®. The installation point chosen for a company of gypsum and coal ash precast is at coordinates x = 0 and y = 589, in the city of Araripina (PE). The production of pre-cast with gypsum and charcoal gray, in addition to filling environmentally friendly solutions, contributes to increase the supply of new gypsum-based products. / Foi elaborado e simulado em planilha eletrônica um modelo de localização para um processo de produção de pré-moldado confeccionado por prensagem coaxial, composto por uma mistura de gesso e cinza de carvão mineral utilizada como combustível em usina termelétrica. O encapsulamento de cinzas de carvão mineral com alto teor de enxofre tem sido recomendado para atenuar passíveis ambientais e seu uso como insumo de pré-moldados a base de gesso apresenta-se como solução ambiental desse resíduo e redutor de custo de material para a construção civil. Contudo, os pontos geográficos onde esse resíduo é produzido exige dos estudiosos a elaboração de estratégias eficientes de logísticas, tais como um modelo de localização de condições otimizadas, para que os custos de transporte não venham anular a grande disponibilidade desses resíduos para as áreas localizadas em seus entornos. Preliminarmente, foram estudadas condições experimentais para definição de proporções das componentes em pré-moldados. Em seguida, foi elaborado um modelo de localização com base nas distâncias geográficas dos pontos de produção dos insumos, em custos de transportes desses materiais e no emprego da metodologia de definição de centros de massa/carga. Os percursos dos meios de transportes foram traçados com auxílio de recursos disponíveis na Internet, permitindo a confecção de modelos geográficos físicos (mapas). O modelo matemático de localização foi simulado com auxílio da ferramenta Solver da planilha eletrônica Excel da Microfoft®. O ponto de instalação escolhido para uma empresa de pré-moldados de gesso e cinzas de carvão mineral encontra-se nas coordenadas x = 0 e y = 589, na cidade de Araripina (PE). A produção de pré-moldados com gesso e cinza de carvão mineral, além de preencher soluções amigáveis ambientalmente, contribui para aumentar a oferta de novos produtos à base de gesso.