Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2000. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Karlstad : Karlstads universitet, 2009. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.) - University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermarizburg, 2009. / Full text also available online. Scroll down for electronic link.

As estatísticas de produção e consumo de lenha e carvão vegetal existentes para o Brasil apresentam diferenças significativas entre si. Como não estão disponíveis os métodos utilizados, o que permitiria identificar os critérios utilizados, foram desenvolvidos métodos para estimar o consumo de lenha e carvão vegetal e elaborado um balanço oferta-demanda de madeira. Os métodos foram elaborados buscando simplicidade, robustez e disponibilidade de informações. Os métodos foram testados para o período 1996 - 2005 e comparados com os dados do Balanço Energético Nacional - BEN, elaborado pelo Ministério das Minas e Energia - MME. Os resultados mostram pequenas diferenças para o consumo total de lenha e carvão vegetal. Por outro lado, existem diferenças significativas no consumo setorial. Em 2005, quando comparado com o BEN, o consumo calculado de lenha no setor residencial é a metade, no setor agropecuário é o triplo, no setor de serviços e na industria é 26,5% e 14,6% menor, respectivamente. O consumo de carvão vegetal cai nos setores residencial e de serviços, 62,9% e 82,7%, respectivamente e cresce 10,0% e 812,3% nos setores industrial e agropecuário, respectivamente. No diagnóstico realizado sobre o uso de lenha e carvão vegetal no Brasil, foram identificadas regiões suscetíveis a problemas de oferta e que deverão ser alvo de estudos aprofundados para não comprometer a quantidade de madeira disponível de forma sustentável. O balanço é o resultado da diferença entre a oferta e a produção de madeira em nível municipal, que corresponde à menor unidade espacial com informação disponível para o Brasil. As regiões mais críticas no que se refere à produção de madeira para fins energéticos encontram-se nos Estados de Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais e Bahia. É importante destacar que mesmo municípios com balanços positivos podem apresentar situações de déficit devido à exploração excessiva e pontual de madeira. / Fuelwood and charcoal statistics for Brazil present important differences between them. Once the methods used to estimate production and consumption of these woodfuels are not available, which would allow to identify the used criteria, methods were developed to estimate the fuelwood and charcoal consumption and it was also elaborated a supply-demand balance of woodfuels. The methods were prepared seeking simplicity, robustness and availability of information. The methods were tested for the 1996 - 2005 period and compared with data from Brazilian Energy Balance (BEB), produced by Mines and Energy Ministry. The results show little differences for total fuelwood and charcoal consumption. On the other hand, there are expressive differences in sector consumption. In 2005, the fuelwood consumption in residential sector estimated by this study is half of Brazilian Energy Balance data. In agriculture is triple and in services sector and industry is 26.5% and 14.6% less than BEB data, respectively. The charcoal consumption decreases in residential and services sectors in 62.9% and 82.7%, respectively and grows 10.0% and 812.3% in industrial and agriculture, respectively. In the spatial assessment of fuelwood and charcoal use in Brazil, hotspots were identified concerning supply problems, which should be studied in order not to endanger the availability of woodfuels. The balance is the difference between supply and demand of woodfuel in the municipal level, which corresponds to the minimum administrative unit with available information for Brazil. The more critical woodfuels production hotspots are located in Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais and Bahia States. It is important to highlight that even municipal districts with positive balances may present fuelwood deficits due to an excessive and punctual wood exploitation.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-25T12:46:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Iana Marcionila Moura de Sa e Silva.pdf: 573862 bytes, checksum: 3154654c74d293a00ac11c9ffc9c2ec3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-25T12:46:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Iana Marcionila Moura de Sa e Silva.pdf: 573862 bytes, checksum: 3154654c74d293a00ac11c9ffc9c2ec3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Caatinga is the only exclusively Brazilian biome. Although it is considered by many as a biodiversity-poor region, it is rich in natural resources. In the northeastern region, there is, until current days, high population and other economy sectors dependence on forest products as a source of energy. So it is verified that firewood and charcoal are the most important ways of using forest resources. Therefore, the present work aimed to identify the known, used and preferred fuelwood species in three rural communities in the municipality of Soledade, Paraiba. The collection of ethnobotanical data was conduced in two steps, and developed though permission of the interviewed who signed a term of clarified free consent. Firstly, there were conduced semi-structured interviews in all the households, returning to these households for the interviewed to revise and/or complement the previously given data. The total sample for the study included 55 adult residents, 31 (56.36%) females and 24 (43.64%) males. The interviewed listed 36 species distributed into 30 genera and 15 botanical families, besides two indeterminate plants. The total richness of cited species was 30 in Cachoeira, 23 in Barrocas and 26 in Bom Sucesso, and it was not verified significant differences among the communities (p<0.05) according to species number. The most representative families were Euphorbiaceae,Anacardiaceae, Mimosaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Sapotaceae e Fabaceae. The species Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul. (catingueira) was cited with highest frequency in the three communities. It was also observed that knowledge is intimately related to the gender (p<0.05). In the community of Bom Sucesso, where, on average, men used to know more species than women. There were found significant differences in the communities on the relation cited and used plants (p<0.05), indicating that people know more species than they effectively use. It was observed correlation between the species citation as declining and its knowledge (p<0.05) and preference (p<0.05). At last, the studiedcommunities still have relevant fuelwood plants knowledge and use, although the strong influence of Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). / A Caatinga é o único bioma exclusivamente brasileiro. Apesar de ser considerada por muitos como uma região pobre em biodiversidade, é rica em recursos naturais. Na região Nordeste, há até os dias atuais uma grande dependência da população e dos demais setores da economia por produtos florestais como fonte de energia. Dessa forma, verifica-se que a lenha e o carvão vegetal são as formas mais importantes de utilização dos recursos florestais. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho objetivou identificar as espécies conhecidas, utilizadas e preferidas como combustíveis em três comunidades rurais no município de Soledade, Paraíba. A coleta dos dados etnobotânicos foi realizada em duas etapas, conduzida mediante a permissão dos entrevistados que assinaram um Termo de Consentimento Livre Esclarecido. Primeiramente, foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas em todas as residências, retornando-se a essas residências para que os entrevistados revisassem e/ou complementassem a informação fornecida anteriormente. O total da amostra para o estudo incluiu 55 moradores adultos, 31 (56,36%) do sexo feminino e 24 (43,64%) do sexo masculino. Os entrevistados listaram 36 espécies distribuídas em 30 gêneros e 15 famílias botânicas, além de duas plantas indeterminadas. A riqueza total de espécies citadas foi 30 em Cachoeira, 23 em Barrocas e 26 em Bom Sucesso, não se verificando diferenças significativas entre as comunidades (p>0,05) quanto ao número de espécies. As famílias mais representativas em número de espécies foram Euphorbiaceae, Anacardiaceae, Mimosaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Sapotaceae e Fabaceae. A espécie Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul. (catingueira) foi citada com maior freqüência nas três comunidades. Observou-se também, que o conhecimento está intimamente relacionado ao gênero (p<0,05) na comunidade de Bom Sucesso, onde em média os homens conhecem mais espécies do que as mulheres. Encontrou-se diferenças significativas nas comunidades na relação plantas citadas e usadas (p<0,05), indicando que as pessoas conhecem maisespécies do que efetivamente usam. Foi observada correlação entre a citação de espécies como declinante e o seu conhecimento (p<0,05) e preferência (p<0,05) para lenha em Barrocas, não ocorrendo diferenças nas demais comunidades. Por fim, as comunidades estudadas ainda mantêm relevante conhecimento e uso de plantas energéticas, apesar da forte influência do gás liquefeito de petróleo (GLP).

MPM / Oliver Tambo Institute of Governance and Policy Studies

Includes bibliography. / A proposal to develop the Upper Tugela Location in KwaZulu, Natal, prompted this study. This study aims to investigate the means to enhance the availability of, and access to, affordable energy sources in the Upper Tugela Location. A further aim is to match appropriate energy sources with the socio-economic conditions prevailing there. The Upper Tugela Location is an ecologically sensitive area of the Upper Tugela catchment. Rural energy planning has been criticized for the development of energy-conversion technologies while there is insufficient understanding of energy procurement practices in rural subsistence economies in South Africa. Qualitative information gained from a questionnaire survey, informal group discussions and direct observations suggest that the inhabitants of the Upper Tugela Location are relatively poor. For this reason a basic rural energy needs approach, which attempts to address the needs of the poorest, has been adopted to provide a theoretical base for the study. Research has revealed the following. Wood is the dominant energy source in the Upper Tugela Location. It is estimated that the annual household consumption of fuelwood is 3000 kg which is below the average fuelwood consumption for a rural area in South Africa. This reflects that this resource is being depleted to the degree that the local inhabitants are supplementing their use of fuelwood with expensive commercial fuels such as coal and paraffin. Locally available wood is in short supply, particularly in densely populated areas of the Upper Tugela Location. Most people are buying fuelwood from Natal farmers living on the borders of the study area. This results in an economic leakage from the Upper Tugela Location and dependence on extralocally available sources of energy. There appear to be few attempts to establish woodlots at present in the Upper Tugela Location. Equitable access to local supplies of wood are curtailed. Renewable sources of energy such as thermal and photovoltaic solar energy, micro-hydro and wind generated power, and afforestation have been investigated as have non-renewable sources of energy such as grid electricity and commercial fuels. It is concluded that no single technical option adequately addresses the energy needs of the inhabitants of the Upper Tugela Location. Most of the renewable sources of energy, except wood, are too expensive for subsistence economies and can be unreliable as they are still at the developmental stage. It is recommended that electricity from the national grid should be made available to those who can afford it. The means to improving the distribution of commercial fuels in the Upper Tugela Location should be addressed. Woody biomass management and agroforestry programmes provide the best options for an energy strategy for the Upper Tugela Location as they are inexpensive, require little maintenance, are sustainable and reliable, and serve conservation requirements at the same time.

Thesis (M.A. (Health Sociology))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Humanities, 2016. / This study examines use of different energy sources by a poor community of the Ramaphosa Informal Settlement in Gauteng Province, South Africa. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reasons behind continued use of biomass fuel (plant or animal material, wood, charcoal) for cooking and space heating by poor residents. The research questions are: What informs the informal settlement residents’ use of certain energy sources for cooking and heating over other types? Where residents possess knowledge of the harmful effects of continued use of an energy source, yet continue to use it, what are the reasons for this? Whose responsibility does it become to collect a chosen energy source, and how is it collected? The consequences of indoor air pollution vary from short-term – eye and throat irritation – to long-term effects – respiratory disease and cancer. Exposure to high levels of some pollutants, such as carbon monoxide, can even result in immediate death. An exploratory empirical research was performed using mixed qualitative and quantitative methods using data on time-activity patterns collected from eleven households by means of semi-structured interviews, observations, focus group discussions and expert interviews. The results show that the respondents in the researched areas of Reserve and Extension two in Ramaphosa Informal Settlement use a total of thirteen different energy sources to meet their fuel needs. Although possessing the necessary knowledge on negative effects of indoor air pollution, the respondents lack sufficient resources to make decisions that would help improve their conditions regarding effects of air pollution. In thirty of the fifty respondents women and girls collect fuel and only in the remaining twenty wherein electricity, paraffin and liquid petroleum gas (LPG) are used, do men and boys become responsible for fuel collection. In the absence of electricity, respondents reported preferences for LPG, however, the prohibitive costs of the capital outlay of the latter energy source makes it unaffordable to more than half of the respondents. The major finding in this report is that whilst some of the respondents think that electricity remains a key barrier to improving their socio-economic development and well-being, twenty of the fifty respondents who exclusively rely on government grants do not think so. Electricity, although an absolute necessity in the researched areas, is not a sufficient condition for avoidance of effects of indoor air pollution for the poor communities. This was demonstrated by the five respondents who have electricity but alternate its use with coal and firewood. The high cost of electricity means that poorer communities will continue to rely on the less expensive bio-mass fuel – risking their lives in the process – even when electricity is available. Respondents reported difficult conditions under which they live which are shaped by broader sets of unresolved structural aspects in the form of economics, social policies, and politics. / GR 2017

No description available.

Forests are embedded in diverse forest governance, resource use, and resource user settings which are linked as components of social-ecological systems. This dissertation examines forest health at a landscape scale, governance at a community scale, and livelihoods at a household scale within a social ecological system; I develop a measure of forest health, the Bare Ground Index, derived from satellite imagery and combine this with socioeconomic data to examine relationships between forest health and forest governance and livelihoods across central India. This body of work has identified livelihood and governance approaches that provide social benefits and maintain healthy forests in central India, a landscape with globally important biodiversity and socially and historically marginalized people. This context is reflected in additional human-dominated landscapes where identifying sustainable development solutions that provide social and environmental benefits is a priority. As forests are lost, gained, and degraded around the world, satellite data has been a powerful tool in collecting estimates of forest cover change but less widely adopted to measure forest degradation, largely due to challenges in common interpretations of operational measures. In chapter 1, coauthors and I develop landscape-scale land cover and forest health datasets for central India. First, we identified land cover, including tree cover and bare ground, from Planet Labs Very High-Resolution satellite data using a Random Forest classifier, resulting in a 3-meter (m) thematic map with 83.00% overall accuracy. Second, we operationalize a measure of forest health and derived the Bare Ground Index (BGI), a normalized index that is a ratio of bare ground to tree cover at 90 m resolution. The BGI was mapped across forest (>10% tree cover). Although open areas occur naturally throughout the tropical dry forest of central India, results from field data indicated that the BGI served as a proxy for measuring the intensity of cattle presence in a landscape where grazing has changed forest composition. The BGI was developed as an indicator of forest health and now serves as a baseline to monitor future changes to a tropical dry forest landscape at an unprecedented spatial scale. In chapter 2, coauthors and I integrated the BGI with socioeconomic data from surveys to households and locally elected leaders to assess forest health and governance patterns across 238 villages at the community-scale. We experimentally selected 80 total villages as treatment and control groups and used this dataset in various statistical analyses to assess the extent of exposed bare ground within forests around villages with and without local institutions involved in making decisions about the forest. Forest had less bare ground within forest where there was a local institution compared to villages without an institution at 3 and 5 kilometers (kms), distances that households traveled from the village to graze cattle or collect Non-Timber Forest Products, firewood, and fodder. Having a local forest institution was more strongly associated with bare ground within forest at 3 and 5 kms than measures of local forest use. In villages with institutions, the authority to modify rules about forest use was relatively more important than the length of time the institution had been established for bare ground within forest. Establishing formal institutions with authority over forest management is important to promote forest cover around forest-dependent communities but it is necessary to ensure that forest governance does not worsen existing socioeconomic disparities. Bare ground within forests near and far (1 and 10 kms) villages was not different in places with and without formal local institutions and was most strongly associated with local forest uses. Both formal forest institutions and forest uses like collecting firewood for cooking or wood for construction material impact forests in central India. In my third and final chapter, coauthors and I examined firewood collection patterns and the adoption of Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) using surveys from 4,994 households in central India. Firewood collection is pervasive across central India’s rural communities and mainly used for cooking or heating. We adopted an energy justice approach, which emphasizes questions about who does and does not have access to alternative cooking fuels, because historically marginalized groups comprise a significant portion of central India’s total population. It was important to integrate social justice issues in a system where resource users experience multiple disparities, such as high levels of poverty. We found that despite overall growth in LPG use, disparities in access to clean cooking fuels remained and the probability of cooking with LPG was lowest for socially and historically marginalized households (i.e., Scheduled Tribe, Scheduled Caste, and Other Backward Caste). While 90% of LPG-using households continued to use firewood, households that have owned LPG for more years spent less time collecting firewood, indicating a waning reliance on firewood over time. This study found evidence that policies targeting communities with marginalized social groups living near forests can further accelerate LPG adoption and displace firewood use. My thesis examined components of a social ecological system at landscape, community, and household scales. I integrated insights from across social and ecological disciplines to identify strategies for sustainable development in central India. First, I developed an operational measure of forest health. Following chapters identified characteristics of governance and livelihood interventions that present potential pathways towards achieving benefits for conservation and people. Environmental and development goals should be harmonized so that the central Indian landscape can continue to support biodiversity and people. My approach can be replicated across additional social ecological systems by linking a landscape-scale resource condition to community governance and household socioeconomic patterns.