No description available.

Cette étude propose de mettre en relation une pratique poétique propre à la communauté des pêcheurs du fleuve Sénégal, le Pékâne (Pekaan en poulâr) – en particulier l’une de ses composantes la moins connue, le Diârâlé (jaaraale en poulâr)- et un paysage : la vallée du Fleuve Sénégal. Le Pékâne est une poésie orale en poulâr chantée a capella par des Soubalbés, c’est-à-dire les pêcheurs du Fleuve Sénégal. Le Diârâlé est couramment défini comme de la poésie descriptive. Il s’agit d’une poésie ancrée dans un territoire local qui retrace l’itinéraire des poètes circulant au bord du fleuve Sénégal. Cette dimension géographique fondamentale a orienté le choix d’un cadre théorique particulier, celui de la géopoétique, qui n’a pas encore été mis à l’épreuve pour étudier le Pékâne et ses différentes composantes. C’est pourquoi cette étude essaiera de montrer en quoi le Diârâlé peut être défini comme une poésie paysagère qui a su s’adapter à un contexte très mouvant. Pour ce faire, trois questions principales seront abordées. La première partie analysera comment le Diârâlé se construit sur un réseau non seulement intertextuel mais aussi social et culturel. Une seconde partie s’interrogera sur les évolutions du Diârâlé en montrant qu’il s’agit d’un genre dynamique qui a su se perpétuer au-delà de Guélâye Âli Fâl, la figure tutélaire du Pékâne contemporain sur lequel toutes les études avaient jusqu’à présent porté. Enfin, une dernière partie montrera que le Diârâlé peut être considéré comme une poésie paysagère et nomade en prise avec les bouleversements environnementaux qui frappent de plein fouet la Vallée du Fleuve Sénégal.L’analyse s’appuiera sur un corpus de six textes oraux, transcrits en poulâr et traduits en français, collectés auprès de deux chanteurs de Pékâne au Sénégal en 2011 et 2012. / This dissertation aims to link a poetry specific to River Senegal’s fishermen called Pékâne (Pekaan) - especially one of its lesser-known component called Diârâlé (Jaaraale) - and a landscape : the Valley of the River Senegal. Pékâne is a fulani oral poetry sung a capella by fishermen of the River Senegal. Diârâlé is often defined as a descriptive poetry. It is deeply rooted in a local territory and it retraces the poets’ itinerary along the bank of the River Senegal. This fundamental aspect has lead me to choose a specific theoretical framework : the geopoetic approach which has never been used before to study Pékâne and its components. This is why, this dissertation tries to show why Diârâlé can be defined as a landscaping poetry which was able to adapt itself to a highly changing environment. Three main issues are raised.The first part analyses how Diârâlé is building itself not only on an intertextual network but also on a social and cultural network. The second part examines the Diârâlé actual evolutions, showing that it is a dynamic genre which was able to continue beyond Guélâye Âli Fâl, the tutelary figure of modern Pékâne. Finally, the last part shows that Diârâlé can be considered as a landscaping and nomadic poetry linked to environmental changes that are hitting the River Senegal Valley.The analysis is based on a corpus made of six oral performances collected in 2011 and 2012 in Senegal. Texts are transcribed in Fulani and translated into French.

Cette étude propose de mettre en relation une pratique poétique propre à la communauté des pêcheurs du fleuve Sénégal, le Pékâne (Pekaan en poulâr) – en particulier l’une de ses composantes la moins connue, le Diârâlé (jaaraale en poulâr)- et un paysage : la vallée du Fleuve Sénégal. Le Pékâne est une poésie orale en poulâr chantée a capella par des Soubalbés, c’est-à-dire les pêcheurs du Fleuve Sénégal. Le Diârâlé est couramment défini comme de la poésie descriptive. Il s’agit d’une poésie ancrée dans un territoire local qui retrace l’itinéraire des poètes circulant au bord du fleuve Sénégal. Cette dimension géographique fondamentale a orienté le choix d’un cadre théorique particulier, celui de la géopoétique, qui n’a pas encore été mis à l’épreuve pour étudier le Pékâne et ses différentes composantes. C’est pourquoi cette étude essaiera de montrer en quoi le Diârâlé peut être défini comme une poésie paysagère qui a su s’adapter à un contexte très mouvant. Pour ce faire, trois questions principales seront abordées. La première partie analysera comment le Diârâlé se construit sur un réseau non seulement intertextuel mais aussi social et culturel. Une seconde partie s’interrogera sur les évolutions du Diârâlé en montrant qu’il s’agit d’un genre dynamique qui a su se perpétuer au-delà de Guélâye Âli Fâl, la figure tutélaire du Pékâne contemporain sur lequel toutes les études avaient jusqu’à présent porté. Enfin, une dernière partie montrera que le Diârâlé peut être considéré comme une poésie paysagère et nomade en prise avec les bouleversements environnementaux qui frappent de plein fouet la Vallée du Fleuve Sénégal.L’analyse s’appuiera sur un corpus de six textes oraux, transcrits en poulâr et traduits en français, collectés auprès de deux chanteurs de Pékâne au Sénégal en 2011 et 2012. / This dissertation aims to link a poetry specific to River Senegal’s fishermen called Pékâne (Pekaan) - especially one of its lesser-known component called Diârâlé (Jaaraale) - and a landscape : the Valley of the River Senegal. Pékâne is a fulani oral poetry sung a capella by fishermen of the River Senegal. Diârâlé is often defined as a descriptive poetry. It is deeply rooted in a local territory and it retraces the poets’ itinerary along the bank of the River Senegal. This fundamental aspect has lead me to choose a specific theoretical framework : the geopoetic approach which has never been used before to study Pékâne and its components. This is why, this dissertation tries to show why Diârâlé can be defined as a landscaping poetry which was able to adapt itself to a highly changing environment. Three main issues are raised.The first part analyses how Diârâlé is building itself not only on an intertextual network but also on a social and cultural network. The second part examines the Diârâlé actual evolutions, showing that it is a dynamic genre which was able to continue beyond Guélâye Âli Fâl, the tutelary figure of modern Pékâne. Finally, the last part shows that Diârâlé can be considered as a landscaping and nomadic poetry linked to environmental changes that are hitting the River Senegal Valley.The analysis is based on a corpus made of six oral performances collected in 2011 and 2012 in Senegal. Texts are transcribed in Fulani and translated into French.

The thesis is focused on two mtDNA haplogroups of Eurasian origin that occur mostly among the Fulani, herders of the African Sahel. On the initial analysis 544 DNA samples from unrelated Fulani individuals were used. These samples were classified to haplogroups according to hypervariable segment I (HVS-I) of mtDNA and subsequently, specific Eurasian haplotypes were chosen for the whole mtDNA genome sequencing. Obtained mito-genomes were assigned to phylogenetic trees and dated. It turned out that they belonged to haplogroups U5b1b1b and H1ca1a with the probable origin in the Iberian Peninsula, presumably in Franco-Cantabrian refugium where their ancestors originated in the period between the Late Glacial and the first half of the Holocene. Afterwards they migrated through the Strait of Gibraltar to North Africa and the Sahara, where the proto-Fulani pastoral population was being formed. It may also be assumed that a part of this population came to Africa from the Near East, along with cattle. In the second half of the Holocene, this pastoral population migrated from the drying Sahara to the Sahel. Probably due to small number of female migrants the females from the local populations were integrated, which explains the major representation of West African mtDNA haplogroups in contemporary Fulani....

The population genetic study was carried out on 188 unrelated individuals from 5 populations of the Sahel. Relationships of nomadic Fulani to sedentary populations of different linguistic backgrounds and geographic origins were inferred from 16 polymorphic Alu insertions. Bayesian clustering approaches could be applied due to biallelic multilocus nature of the data. Fulani were shown to be divergent from neighbouring sedentary populations (Kassena and Mossi) and similar to Somali of East Africa. In context of already published genetic data, these results could be interpreted as Saharan origin of Fulani diaspora that was caused by Sahara drying out around 6 000 BP. After this initial migration of nomads to West Africa, a primarily female gene flow (integration of females) must have influenced the Fulani population. In contrast to Fulani, Songhai have shown a signal of recent admixture in concordance with historical and linguistic assumptions. KEY WORDS Alu insertions, Fulani, population genetics, Sahel

In malaria endemic regions, resistance to malaria constitutes a critical selective pressureon genetic polymorphisms that regulate immune defense and inflammatory pathways.Differences in malaria susceptibility between sympatric ethnic groups have been described inMali. The Fulani are less susceptible to malaria compared to the neighboring group the Dogon,in spite of similar socio-economic and environmental conditions. Paper I is focused on IL-4-590 T/C polymorphism and correlation with levels of malariaspecific IgG, IgG (1-4) subclasses as well as malaria specific and total IgE level in the two ethnicgroups. Our data show that the Fulani individual carrying the IL-4-590 T allele found to havehigher parasite carriage rate and had higher levels of malaria-specific IgG4 and IgE compared tothe individual carrying the C allele. No such differences were seen within the Dogon.Paper II investigated 166 SNPs in the human host in individuals belonging to the Fulani and theDogon ethnic groups. These SNPs were correlated with total IgG against AMA-1, MSP-1, MSP-2 and CSP antigens as well as total IgE level. All antibody levels were higher in the Fulanicompared to the Dogon and strengthens previous finding that antibodies might play a role in theprotection seen in the Fulani. We identified higher frequencies of the protective blood group O.Several allelic differences between the two ethnic groups were found in CD36, IL-4, RTN3 andADCY9. Moreover several polymorphisms in SLC22A4, IRF1, IL5, LTA and TNF have beenfound to be correlated with anti-MSP antibody level; TLR6, IL3, TNF, and IL22 found to becorrelated with anti-MSP-2 antibody level in the Fulani. Such association was not seen in theDogon. In Paper III, the same individuals, as in paper II, were investigated with a focus on the FcγRIIapolymorphism and correlation with levels of anti-AMA-1, MSP-1, MSP-2, CSP specificantibodies as well as total IgE level. The genotype distribution and allele frequency weresignificantly different between the Fulani and the Dogon with the Fulani being HH, H allele- andthe Dogon RR, R allele carriers. A correlation between the HH genotype and the H allele andprotection against mild malaria was seen in the Fulani but not in the DogonTaken together our study has found significant genetic differences between the Fulani and theDogon Ethnic groups, which suggest that ethnicity should be taken into account in monitoring ofimmunological studies and vaccines trials in malaria endemic areas.

In areas where malaria is endemic, pregnant women and children bear the main burden of severe and life-threatening malarial disease. The aim of this work was to study the impact of Plasmodium falciparum infection on inflammatory responses in pregnant women and children residing in African countries. In paper I we investigated peripheral blood samples from pregnant women, living in Tanzania, for potential biomarkers of P. falciparum infection during pregnancy. We found that IL-10 and IP-10 were potential candidates, which increased upon infection, irrespective of gestational age. In addition, increased IL-10 and IP-10 and decreased RANTES levels were predictive of an infection. In paper II we investigated frequencies of peripheral blood-cell types and biomarkers upon infection, in pregnant women living in Benin, and assessed the predictive values of variables measured at inclusion for pregnancy outcomes at delivery. Higher IL-10 levels distinguished quantitative PCR-detectable, sub-microscopic infections, at inclusion, but not at delivery. Maternal anaemia at delivery was associated with increased numbers of circulating monocytes, Treg cells and IL-10 levels measured at inclusion. In paper III we investigated neutrophil functions in the context of pregnancy malaria in vivo and in vitro. Numbers of circulating neutrophils and IL-8 levels were reduced in the infected women, whilst increased levels of IL-8 were found in placental blood of those infected. In vitro assays suggested migration of neutrophils to infected placentas, which also was supported by histological examinations showing the presence of neutrophils containing hemozoin (Hz), in the infected placenta. Stimulation of neutrophils with various Hz preparations revealed distinct patterns of neutrophil activation. In paper IV we investigated cytokines and malaria-specific antibody titres in children belonging to two African ethnic groups, living in Mali, with known different susceptibility to malaria. The Fulani showed increased cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IFN-α, IFN-γ) and higher titres of malaria-specific antibody subclasses (IgG, IgM and IgG1-IgG3), compared to the Dogon. Taken together, this thesis shows that host biomarkers in peripheral blood may represent useful diagnostic markers for malaria during pregnancy. The neutrophil population was shown to be highly affected by the presence of P. falciparum parasites, suggesting a role for neutrophils during malaria infections. The Fulani, showed increased pro-inflammatory and antibody responses against P. falciparum parasites, as compared to Dogon, and these differences are established already at an early age. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript.</p>

Cette étude propose de mettre en relation une pratique poétique propre à la communauté des pêcheurs du fleuve Sénégal, le Pékâne (Pekaan en poulâr) – en particulier l’une de ses composantes la moins connue, le Diârâlé (jaaraale en poulâr)- et un paysage : la vallée du Fleuve Sénégal. Le Pékâne est une poésie orale en poulâr chantée a capella par des Soubalbés, c’est-à-dire les pêcheurs du Fleuve Sénégal. Le Diârâlé est couramment défini comme de la poésie descriptive. Il s’agit d’une poésie ancrée dans un territoire local qui retrace l’itinéraire des poètes circulant au bord du fleuve Sénégal. Cette dimension géographique fondamentale a orienté le choix d’un cadre théorique particulier, celui de la géopoétique, qui n’a pas encore été mis à l’épreuve pour étudier le Pékâne et ses différentes composantes. C’est pourquoi cette étude essaiera de montrer en quoi le Diârâlé peut être défini comme une poésie paysagère qui a su s’adapter à un contexte très mouvant. Pour ce faire, trois questions principales seront abordées. La première partie analysera comment le Diârâlé se construit sur un réseau non seulement intertextuel mais aussi social et culturel. Une seconde partie s’interrogera sur les évolutions du Diârâlé en montrant qu’il s’agit d’un genre dynamique qui a su se perpétuer au-delà de Guélâye Âli Fâl, la figure tutélaire du Pékâne contemporain sur lequel toutes les études avaient jusqu’à présent porté. Enfin, une dernière partie montrera que le Diârâlé peut être considéré comme une poésie paysagère et nomade en prise avec les bouleversements environnementaux qui frappent de plein fouet la Vallée du Fleuve Sénégal.L’analyse s’appuiera sur un corpus de six textes oraux, transcrits en poulâr et traduits en français, collectés auprès de deux chanteurs de Pékâne au Sénégal en 2011 et 2012. / This dissertation aims to link a poetry specific to River Senegal’s fishermen called Pékâne (Pekaan) - especially one of its lesser-known component called Diârâlé (Jaaraale) - and a landscape : the Valley of the River Senegal. Pékâne is a fulani oral poetry sung a capella by fishermen of the River Senegal. Diârâlé is often defined as a descriptive poetry. It is deeply rooted in a local territory and it retraces the poets’ itinerary along the bank of the River Senegal. This fundamental aspect has lead me to choose a specific theoretical framework : the geopoetic approach which has never been used before to study Pékâne and its components. This is why, this dissertation tries to show why Diârâlé can be defined as a landscaping poetry which was able to adapt itself to a highly changing environment. Three main issues are raised.The first part analyses how Diârâlé is building itself not only on an intertextual network but also on a social and cultural network. The second part examines the Diârâlé actual evolutions, showing that it is a dynamic genre which was able to continue beyond Guélâye Âli Fâl, the tutelary figure of modern Pékâne. Finally, the last part shows that Diârâlé can be considered as a landscaping and nomadic poetry linked to environmental changes that are hitting the River Senegal Valley.The analysis is based on a corpus made of six oral performances collected in 2011 and 2012 in Senegal. Texts are transcribed in Fulani and translated into French.

No description available.

Markers on the non-recombining region of chromosome Y is a useful tool for study of diversity between populations. SNPs are the most commom polymorphisms in human genome. Mutation rate of SNPs is very low and so they may be used as genetic markers in evolutionary and population studies. We have analyzed 205 unrelated men from 11 Sub-Saharan Fulani's subpopulations. Fulani are an ethnic group of people spread over many countries, mainly in West Africa. Our samples are from Tindangou area, Banfora area (Burkina Faso), Bongor area, Linia area (Chad), Diafarabé area (Mali), Tcheboua area (Cameroon), Banfora area, Diffa area, Zinder area, Ader area and Abalak area (Niger). Using kit Signet Y-SNP Identification Systems and Luminex instrument with LabMAP Luminex Technology we detected particular Y chromosome's SNPs. LabMAP Luminex Technology is universal array platform, which as a probe using fluorescent polystyrene microspheres. We have observed 12 different haplogroups. Haplogroup E, which is typical African haplogroups, is determined with derivated allele in polymorfism M96. We have detected haplogroup E in maximum of 89,3% in the Fulani's subpopulations. In 7,8% we have detected haplogroup R, which is characteristic of populations in the Euroasia. Gene pool of Fulani's population is influenced with a...