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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Recuperação de pastagens naturais degradadas por sobrepastejo, por meio do diferimento / Restoration of overgrazed natural grassland by temporary grazing exclusions

Fedrigo, Jean Kássio January 2015 (has links)
A herbivoria em pastagens naturais apresenta papel de destaque no direcionamento das dinâmicas vegetacionais, determinando modificações na estrutura da vegetação, nos padrões de biodiversidade e na produtividade do sistema. Essas alterações, que de modo geral contribuem para a sustentabilidade dos ecossistemas em níveis moderados de intensidade de pastejo, podem dar origem a processos de degradação ambiental quando a lotação animal utilizada é superior à capacidade de suporte das pastagens. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade de recuperação dos padrões de diversidade, composição botânica, biomassa de forragem, altura do pasto, interceptação luminosa e do banco de sementes de uma pastagem natural degradada por sobrepastejo, por meio do diferimento, tomando como base uma área de referência. Três tratamentos baseados em exclusões estacionais do pastejo (Diferimento de Primavera, Diferimento de Outono e Pastoreio Contínuo) com três repetições foram aplicados simultaneamente em áreas manejadas por um longo período com duas intensidades de pastejo: severa e moderada (utilizada como área de referência). A pastagem manejada com pastejo severo apresentou rápida alteração na composição botânica e nos padrões de diversidade em resposta ao diferimento. Depois de dois anos de exclusões temporárias do pastejo, a composição botânica da vegetação estabelecida e do banco de sementes dessa área sofreu alterações nos grupos funcionais de gramíneas na direção das espécies características da comunidade vegetal sob pastejo moderado. Também foram verificados importantes incrementos na biomassa de forragem, altura e interceptação luminosa. A comunidade vegetal sob pastejo moderado apresentou maior equilíbrio entre diferentes grupos funcionais de plantas, especialmente entre espécies com hábitos de crescimento prostrado e cespitoso. Essa condição favoreceu o aparecimento de estrutura espacial na distribuição das espécies de plantas, maior diversidade, riqueza e melhores condições estruturais do pasto. O diferimento realizado na moderada intensidade de pastejo proporcionou dominância de espécies cespitosas, determinando decréscimo na diversidade e riqueza de plantas. As épocas de diferimento apresentaram padrões de resposta semelhantes dentro de cada intensidade de pastejo, com magnitude superior para o diferimento de primavera. Os resultados revelam a importância do diferimento do pastejo como uma ferramenta para a recuperação de pastagens degradadas por sobrepastejo. / The herbivory on natural grasslands has a prominent role in driving vegetation dynamics, determining changes in vegetation structure, biodiversity patterns and primary and secondary productivity. These changes, which generally contribute to the ecosystems sustainability at moderate grazing intensities, can cause environmental degradation when the stocking rate used is higher than the pasture carrying capacity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of temporary grazing exclusion to restore diversity, botanical composition, forage biomass, sward height, light interception and soil seed bank from a natural grassland degraded by overgrazing based on a reference area. Three treatments based on seasonal grazing exclusions (spring deferment, autumn deferment and continuous stocking) with three replications were applied simultaneously in areas managed for a long period with two grazing intensities: severe and moderate (used as reference area). The pasture managed under severe grazing showed a rapid change in botanical composition and diversity patterns in response to grazing exclusions. After two years of temporary grazing exclusions, grass functional groups of the established vegetation and soil seed bank from overgrazed pasture changed toward the characteristic species of plant community under moderate grazing. We also verified significant increases in forage biomass, sward height and light interception. The plant community under moderate grazing intensity showed better balance between different functional groups of plants, especially among species with prostrate and cespitose growth habits. This condition favored the spatial structure of appearance in the distribution of plant species, greater diversity, species richness and better structural pasture conditions. The grazing exclusion in moderate intensity grazing provided dominance tussock species, determining decrease in the diversity and richness of plants. The deferment periods showed similar response patterns within each grazing intensity with higher magnitude for spring deferment. These results reveal the importance of grazing exclusion as a tool for the recovery of degraded pastures by overgrazing.
32

Redundância funcional em comunidades campestres / Functional redundancy in grassland plant communities

Joner, Fernando January 2008 (has links)
Os campos do Rio Grande do Sul apresentam grande biodiversidade, beleza cênica e um importante recurso para a economia do estado, cuja principal atividade é a pecuária. O manejo inadequado do campo traz conseqüências graves para a diversidade e sustentabilidade desse ecossistema através da perda de espécies promovida pelo pastejo excessivo. Entretanto, algumas espécies desempenham as mesmas funções nos ecossistemas, logo a perda de algumas espécies pode não afetar o seu funcionamento, pela compensação de outras espécies do mesmo grupo funcional. Esta redundância funcional aumentaria a confiabilidade do funcionamento do ecossistema quando perturbado, funcionando como um tipo de "seguro" contra a perda de espécies. A hipótese da redundância funcional foi avaliada em ecossistemas campestres através de um experimento de remoção no qual os tratamentos avaliados consistiram em: 1) remoção de duas espécies graminóides, 2) remoção de duas espécies herbáceas não-graminóides, 3) remoção de uma espécie de graminóide e uma herbácea não-graminóide e 4) sem remoção. As evidências indicam que existe redundância funcional para as espécies de plantas em ecossistemas campestres, pois a remoção de uma espécie de cada grupo funcional causou menos modificações na composição de espécies das comunidades que a remoção de duas espécies do mesmo grupo funcional. Observou-se também que a porcentagem da cobertura das espécies remanescentes tende a compensar a remoção de espécies do mesmo grupo funcional. Entretanto, os tratamentos não tiveram efeito para a biomassa aérea. A avaliação de um banco de dados de um experimento de pastejo realizado anteriormente revelou que a redundância funcional está positivamente relacionada com a resistência da comunidade ao pastejo, enquanto a riqueza de espécies não apresentou relação. Áreas de campo com maiores níveis de redundância funcional são mais resistentes ao pastejo, sofrendo menos modificações na composição de espécies de suas comunidades. Além disso, um manejo adequado não reduz os níveis de redundância funcional dos campos. Áreas de campo dentro de unidades de conservação deveriam ser manejas adequadamente mantendo os níveis de redundância funcional e a estabilidade deste ecossistema. Entretanto, novos estudos são necessários para avaliar a importância da redundância funcional em experimentos de longa duração. / Grasslands from Rio Grande do Sul present great biodiversity, scenic beauty and an important resource to the province economy, which main activity is cattle grazing. Inadequate pasture management brings serious consequences to ecosystem diversity and sustainability by the loss of species promoted by excessive grazing. Although, some species may role the same functions in ecosystems, therefore loss of some species may not affect functioning, due to species compensation within functional groups. This functional redundancy would increase ecosystem reliability when perturbations occur, working as an "insurance" to species loss. Functional redundancy hypothesis was evidenced in grassland plant communities through a removal experiment in which evaluated treatments were: 1) removal of two graminoid species, 2) removal of two forb species, 3) removal of one species of each functional group and 4) no removal (control). Evidences point to functional redundancy for grassland plant species; removal of one species of each functional group caused less harm to community species composition than removal of two species of the same functional group. Furthermore, remaining species percent covers tend to compensate removed species of the same functional group. However, treatments did not effected aboveground biomass. Data set evaluation of a previously conducted cattle-grazing experiment reveled that functional redundancy is positively related to community resistance to cattle grazing, otherwise species richness presented no relation. Grassland areas with higher levels of functional redundancy are more resistant to cattle grazing, suffering less modification in community species composition. Also, adequate management do not reduce functional redundancy on pastures. Grassland areas inside conservation units should be managed adequately maintaining redundancy levels and ecosystem reliability. Although, new studies are required to better evaluate functional redundancy implications in long term experiments.
33

Descritores da qualidade ambiental do sistema estuarino do Recife (PE): o papel do fitoplâncton

BORGES, Gislayne Cristina Palmeira 16 February 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Natalia de Souza Gonçalves (natalia.goncalves@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-19T14:40:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DESCRITORES DA QUALIDADE AMBIENTAL DO SISTEMA ESTUARINO DO RECIFE (PE) O PAPEL DO FITOPLÂNCTON.pdf: 2208267 bytes, checksum: c2b5f36208eafe2193b88e29c8e6fc13 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-19T14:40:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DESCRITORES DA QUALIDADE AMBIENTAL DO SISTEMA ESTUARINO DO RECIFE (PE) O PAPEL DO FITOPLÂNCTON.pdf: 2208267 bytes, checksum: c2b5f36208eafe2193b88e29c8e6fc13 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-16 / CAPES / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo caracterizar os descritores do fitoplâncton no Sistema Estuarino do Recife (PE) e determinar os fatores que contribuem para as flutuações sazonais e espaciais dos grupos funcionais. As amostragens foram feitas em três pontos fixos (P1, Bacia Portuária; P2, estuário do rio Beberibe; P3, estuário do rio Capibaribe) nos período chuvoso e de estiagem de 2010, 2011 e 2012, durante as baixa-mares e preamares. A temperatura, transparência da água e profundidade foram medidos in situ, enquanto a salinidade, potencial hidrogeniônico (pH), material particulado em suspensão (MPS), oxigênio dissolvido (OD), demanda bioquímica do oxigênio (DBO5) e sais nutrientes foram coletados com garrafa Kitahara e analisados no Laboratório de Oceanografia Química da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Para coleta do plâncton, foram utilizados dois tipos de amostradores (rede de plâncton com 45 e 64 μm de abertura de malha e garrafa Kitahara). As amostras para o estudo qualitativo foram fixadas com formol a 4%, enquanto para o estudo quantitativo foram fixadas com lugol a 2% e posteriormente analisadas no Laboratório de Fitoplâncton da UFPE. A partir destas amostras foram determinados a riqueza específica, clorofila a, biovolume celular, biomassa em carbono, densidade fitoplanctônica e os grupos funcionais foram determinados. A temperatura, salinidade, OD e fosfato apresentaram variação sazonal significativa. A variação sazonal indicou que a profundidade, MPS e os nutrientes foram elevados no período chuvoso enquanto transparência, temperatura, salinidade, OD e pH no período de estiagem. A clorofila a variou de 2,4 a 60,77 mg.m-3. Foram identificados 226 táxons fitoplanctônicos, tendo sido o período chuvoso quantitativamente e qualitativamente mais rico em decorrência da variabilidade hidroclimática. A densidade celular oscilou entre 46.667 e 723.333 cél.L-1, com maiores valores no período chuvoso. Os táxons descritores foram Planktothrix agardhii, Planktothrix isothrix, Bellerochea malleus, Cyclotella sp., Cylindrotheca closterium, Coscinodiscus sp. e Nitzschia longissima. O biovolume celular variou sazonalmente de 0,2 a 213,9 mm3 L-1, enquanto a biomassa em carbono de 0,07 a 93,62 pgC L-1. Os principais produtores nos estuários estudados foram Planktothrix isothrix, Oscillatoria sp. (período chuvoso) e Coscinodiscus sp. (período de estiagem). Foram registrados 17 grupos funcionais (A, C, D, P, MP, I, II, III, VI, J, TD, H1, LO, SN, S1, S2, F), dos quais, H1, S2, C e III caracterizaram o período chuvoso, enquanto I, II e F caracterizaram o período de estiagem, com o predomínio dos relacionados a ambientes eutróficos, rasos e de águas turvas. Os grupos H1 e I (P1), S2, II e III (P2) e C (P3) foram exclusivos para cada estuário. A precipitação pluviométrica e as marés influenciaram a abundância e a distribuição destes grupos e condicionaram as maiores densidades algais registradas. A utilização dos grupos funcionais, do biovolume e da biomassa em carbono demonstrou que são ferramentas válidas e eficientes para serem utilizadas em estuários tropicais. Com base na distribuição sazonal do fitoplâncton no presente estudo, sugere-se o monitoramento periódico do Sistema Estuarino do Recife, para constatar o efeito das variáveis ambientais sobre o fitoplâncton em longo prazo, bem como para o conhecimento da dinâmica das cianobactérias Planktotkrix agardhii e Planktothrix isothrix, devido ao potencial tóxico dessas espécies. / This study aimed to characterize phytoplankton descriptors in the Estuarine System of Recife (PE) and determine the factors that contribute to seasonal and spatial fluctuations of the functional groups. Samples were collected in three fixed points (P1, Port Basin; P2, Beberibe River estuary; P3, Capibaribe River estuary) in rainy and dry seasons 2010, 2011 and 2012, during the low and high tide. Temperature, water transparency and depth were measured in situ, while salinity, hydrogenionic potential (pH), suspended particulate matter (SMP), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen dissolved (BOD5) and nutrients were collected with a Kitahara bottle and analyzed at the Chemical Oceanography Laboratory of Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. To collect the plankton, two types of samplers were used (plankton net with 45 and 64 μm of mesh opening and Kitahara bottle). Samples for the qualitative study were fixed with 4% formaldehyde, while for the quantitative study were fixed with 2% lugol and posteriorly analyzed at the Phytoplankton Laboratory of UFPE. From these samples were determined the species richness, chlorophyll a, cell biovolume, carbon biomass, phytoplankton density and the functional groups were determined. The temperature, salinity, DO and phosphate showed significant seasonal variation. The seasonal variation indicated that the depth, SPM and nutrients were high in the rainy season and transparency, temperature, salinity, DO and pH in the dry season. The chlorophyll a varied between 2.4 to 60.77 mg.m-3. 226 phytoplankton taxa were identified, being the rainy season qualitatively and quantitatively richer as result of the hydroclimatic variability. The cell density varied between 46.667 and 723.333 cells.L-1, with highest values in rainy season The descriptors taxa were Planktothrix agardhii, Planktothrix isothrix, Bellerochea malleus, Cyclotella sp., Cylindrotheca closterium, Coscinodiscus sp. and Nitzschia longissima. The cell biovolume ranged from 0.2 to 213.9 mm3 L-1, while the carbon biomass from 0.07 to 93.62 pgC L-1. The main producers in the studied estuaries were Planktothrix isothrix, Oscillatoria sp. (rainy season) and Coscinodiscus sp. (dry season). 17 functional groups were recorded (A, C, D, P, MP, I, II, III, VI, J, TD, H1, LO, SN, S1, S2, F), of which, H1, S2, C and III characterized the rainy season, while I, II and F characterized the dry season, with the predominance of related to eutrophic, shallow and muddy water environments. The groups H1 and I (P1), S2, II and III (P2) and C (P3) were unique to each estuary. The rainfall and the tides influenced the abundance and distribution of these groups, hindered the establishment of blooms and conditioned the largest algal densities recorded. The use of functional associations, biovolume and biomass carbon showed that they are valid and efficient tools for use in tropical estuaries. Based on the seasonal distribution of phytoplankton in the present study, it is suggested the periodic monitoring of the Estuarine System of Recife to observe the effect of environmental variables on phytoplankton long-term, as well as for understanding the dynamics of cyanobacteria Planktotkrix agardhii and Planktothrix isothrix due to the toxic potential of these species.
34

Composição da assembleia de formigas em três fitofisionomias do Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca – MG

Hallack, Noelle Martins dos Reis 31 May 2010 (has links)
Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-12-16T12:46:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 noellemartinsdosreishallack.pdf: 2781071 bytes, checksum: 21f7fe843f205edb72e0314b232b072c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-12-19T12:35:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 noellemartinsdosreishallack.pdf: 2781071 bytes, checksum: 21f7fe843f205edb72e0314b232b072c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-19T12:35:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 noellemartinsdosreishallack.pdf: 2781071 bytes, checksum: 21f7fe843f205edb72e0314b232b072c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-31 / A realização de inventários de espécies de formigas pode fornecer dados de distribuição de espécies raras, ameaçadas ou de importância ecológica, sendo algumas espécies citadas na literatura como bioindicadoras pela sua capacidade de responder ao estresse em um nível muito mais sensível do que outros animais. Este estudo foi realizado no Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca – MG com o objetivo de fornecer uma base de dados sobre a mirmecofauna local. A assembléia de formigas foi inventariada e caracterizada e os parâmetros ecológicos investigados foram riqueza, diversidade, dominância e equitabilidade. Os locais de amostragem foram Mata Ciliar (MC), Campo Rupestre (CR) e Mata Secundária Semidecidual Ombrófila (MS). "Pit-fall", isca atrativa de sardinha e mel e coleta manual de serapilheira foram os métodos de coleta utilizados de julho a dezembro de 2008. Um total de 8.730 indivíduos, 20 gêneros, 46 espécies e oito subfamílias foi amostrado. A curva de rarefação sugere que a amostragem contemplou a maioria das espécies, exceto na Mata Ciliar, cuja curva não tende a assíntota. A subfamília com o maior número de gêneros foi Myrmicinae e o mais representativo foi Pheidole. A abundância média de formigas foi maior na Mata Ciliar, a riqueza (Margalef) também foi maior para a Mata Ciliar. O índice de diversidade (Shannon) ficou muito próximo para as três áreas podendo ser considerado relativamente alto. A Dominância foi baixa e a Equitabilidade alta, indicando uma distribuição uniforme entre as espécies que compõem a mirmecofauna do Parque. Tais resultados demonstram que as relações de dominância e/ou co-dominância estão bem estabelecidas. Classificando-se as espécies em grupos funcionais, predominou-se as Generalistas Myrmicinae (Crematogaster e Pheidole): Mata Secundária (75.50%), Campo Rupestre (59.45%) e Mata Ciliar (45.63%). Os resultados contribuem com uma base de dados para auxiliar em ações conservacionistas futuras, utilizando as formigas como instrumento de pesquisa e como espécies bioindicadoras. / Inventories of ants species can provide data about distribution of rare, threatened or with ecological importance species, some of them are cited at the literature as bioindicators due to its ability to respond to stress in a much more sensitive way than other animals. This study was conducted in Ibitipoca State Park – MG in order to provide a database on the local ant fauna. The ants assemblage was sampled and characterized and the ecological parameters investigated were: richness, diversity, dominance and evenness. The sampling sites were Riparian Forest (MC), Field Rock (CR) and Secondary Semidecidual Rain Forest (MS). Pit-fall, bait attractive of sardines and honey and manual collection of litter were the collection methods used during July and December 2008. A total of 8730 individuals, 20 genera, 46 subfamilies and eight species were sampled. The rarefaction curve suggests that samples included the most species, except in the riparian forest, which tends to curve does not asymptote. The subfamily with the largest number of genera was Myrmicinae and the genera more representative was Pheidole. The average abundance of ants was greater in the riparian forest, as well as the Margalef richness index. The diversity index (Shannon) was very close to the three areas and can be considered relatively high. The Dominance was low and Equitability high, indicating a uniform distribution among the species that composed the Park ant fauna. Our results demonstrate that the relations of dominance and/or codominance are well established. Classifying species into functional groups, are the predominant Generalists Myrmicinae (Crematogaster and Pheidole): Secondary Forest (75.50%), Camp Rock (59.45%) and riparian forest (45.63%). The results contribute to a database to assist in future conservation actions, using ants as a research tool and as bioindicators.
35

Padrões espaciais e temporais na predação do coral construtor Montastrea Cavernosa e de algas calcarias incrustantes por budiões (Pisces: Labridae: Scarinae e Sparisomatinae) no Banco dos Abrolhos, BA / Spatial and temporal patterns of predation on coral Montastrea Cavernosa builder and encrusting coralline algae by parrotfish (Pisces: Labridae: Scarinae and Sparisomatinae) in the Abrolhos Bank, BA

Ferreira, Camilo Moitinho 28 February 2012 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:18:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camilo Moitinho Ferreira 1.pdf: 2101565 bytes, checksum: 646f1982aab4e605510cdfb96d5f2f74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The benefits of herbivory by parrotfishes in reef systems have been relatively well studied. However, in recent years some studies have put these benefits in check. Although they feed preferentially on algae may also consume the parrotfish and coral encrusting coralline algae (ACIs), thus compromising the growth and reproduction of corals and facilitating the colonization of open spaces by non-builders. The study presented here aims to describe the spatial and temporal dynamics in density and biomass of parrotfish in the Abrolhos Bank and its relation to predation of coral Montastrea carvenosa and ACIs. The parrotfish and the two functional groups (scrapers and excavators) showed distinct spatial patterns. There was no temporal variation in the density and biomass of parrotfish. This same pattern was observed for coverage area and relative preyed on M. cavernosa and ACIs. Encrusting coralline algae covered by epilithic algae (ACICS) were the only organisms that are influenced by density and biomass of scrapers excavators. It registered a strong positive influence of biomass Sc. trispinosus in coverage without encrusting coralline algae coverage epilithic algae (ACISs) and M. cavernosa. The absence of temporal variation in the area preyed on M. cavernosa may be due to (1) low intensity of predation to detect temporal patterns clear, (2) low density and biomass of the top predator of coral, Sp.amplum, and (3) low preference for this coral parrotfish. In addition, predation on ACICS is probably beneficial for the reef system, since this substrate is competition areas between epilithic IACs and algae. Our results indicate that the parrotfish play beneficial effect on corals, stressing the need for conservation of this threatened group of overfishing. / Os benefícios proporcionados pela herbivoria dos budiões em sistemas recifais têm sido relativamente bem estudados. Entretanto, nos últimos anos, alguns estudos colocaram tais benefícios em cheque. Apesar de se alimentarem preferencialmente de algas os budiões podem também consumir corais e algas calcárias incrustantes (ACIs), comprometendo assim o crescimento e reprodução dos corais e facilitando a colonização dos espaços abertos por organismos não construtores. O estudo apresentado aqui visa descrever a dinâmica espacial e temporal na densidade e biomassa de budiões no Banco dos Abrolhos e sua relação com a predação do coral Montastrea carvenosa e ACIs. Os budiões e os dois grupos funcionais (raspadores e escavadores) apresentaram padrões espaciais distintos. Não houve variação temporal na densidade e biomassa de budiões. Esse mesmo padrão foi observado para cobertura relativa e área relativa predada de M. cavernosa e ACIs. Algas calcárias incrustantes recobertas por algas epilíticas (ACICs) foram os únicos organismos que sofreram influência da densidade de raspadores e biomassa de escavadores. Foi registrada uma forte influência positiva da biomassa de Sc. trispinosus na cobertura de algas calcárias incrustantes sem cobertura de algas epilíticas (ACISs) e de M. cavernosa. A ausência de variação temporal na área relativa predada de M. cavernosa pode ter ocorrido por (1) baixa intensidade de predação para detecção de padrões temporais nítidos; (2) baixa densidade e biomassa do principal predador desse coral, Sp.amplum; e (3) baixa preferência dos budiões por este coral. Além disso, a predação em ACICs provavelmente é benéfica para o sistema recifal, pois este substrato representa áreas de competição entre ACIs e algas epilíticas. Os resultados aqui obtidos indicam que os budiões desempenham efeito benéfico sobre os corais, salientando a necessidade de conservação deste grupo ameaçado de sobrepesca.
36

Anatomia ecolÃgica foliar de espÃcies da caatinga / Leaf anatomy of species of ecological caatinga

Ileane Oliveira Barros 13 August 2010 (has links)
FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Em ambientes semiÃridos a disponibilidade hÃdrica à o principal fator limitante para as espÃcies vegetais. Uma associaÃÃo de caracterÃsticas pode contribuir para a economia hÃdrica, entre elas as anatÃmicas. Os atributos anatÃmicos frequentemente relacionados com ambientes de restriÃÃo hÃdrica sÃo denominados xeromorfos. As folhas sÃo ÃrgÃos comumente expostos à incidÃncia solar que apresentam grandes Ãreas de transpiraÃÃo. Presume-se que as folhas das espÃcies da caatinga apresentem atributos morfolÃgicos e anatÃmicos que lhes permitam suportar as condiÃÃes de semiaridez do ambiente em que vivem. Desta maneira, foi realizada a coleta e processamento anatÃmico de acordo com tÃcnicas usuais de folhas em treze espÃcies comuns na caatinga. As caracterÃsticas xeromorfas observadas sÃo possivelmente relacionadas com a economia hÃdrica. Foram distinguidos trÃs grupos funcionais com relaÃÃo a tais atributos. O primeiro (G1) composto por espÃcies caducifÃlias tardias com indumento denso. O segundo (G2) agrupa principalmente as caducifÃlias, e um elemento marcante foi a presenÃa de mucilagem nas cÃlulas epidÃrmicas. No terceiro (G3) estÃo as perenifÃlias e duas caducifÃlias tardias com folhas mais resistentes e cutÃcula espessa. Estes agrupamentos tiveram influÃncia filogenÃtica, entretanto algumas relaÃÃes de proximidade nÃo podem ser atribuÃdas unicamente ao parentesco. Isso pode indicar outras similaridades, provavelmente funcionais, com relaÃÃo ao uso do principal fator limitante do semiÃrido nordestino: a Ãgua. As diversas maneiras de explorar um mesmo recurso sugerem diferenciaÃÃo de nicho que origina os diferentes grupos, enquanto o compartilhamento de caracterÃsticas pode refletir o nÃmero limitado de soluÃÃes adaptativas que direcionariam possÃveis convergÃncias responsÃveis pelas caracterÃsticas compartilhadas dentro de um grupo filogeneticamente distante / In semiarid environments water availability is a main limiting factor for plants. A combination of characteristics can contribute to saving water, including the anatomical ones. The anatomical attributes often associated with environments of water restriction are called xeromorphic. The leaves are organs commonly exposed to sunlight which have large areas of transpiration. It is assumed that the leaves of species in the caatinga exhibit some morphological and anatomical attributes that enable them to withstand the conditions of semiarid environment in which they live. Thus, we performed anatomical collection and processing according to standard techniques in thirteen leaves of species common in the caatinga. Xeromorphic characteristics observed are possibly related to water economy. Three functional groups were distinguished with respect to such attributes. The first (G1), consists of deciduous species with dense indument. The second (G2), consists mainly deciduous, and a distinctive feature is mucilage in the epidermal cells. In the third (G3) are two deciduous and three evergreen with tougher leaves and thick cuticle. These groups have phylogenetic influence, though some close relationships can not be attributed just to kinship, indicating other similarities, probably functional, with respect to the use of the main limiting factor in semiarid environments: water. The various ways of exploiting the same resource suggest niche differentiation, resulting in the different groups, while sharing characteristics may reflect the limited number of adaptive solutions that direct possible convergences responsible for characteristics shared within a group phylogenetically distant
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The blending and permeability of polymers for packaging applications

Thomas, Ian MacIntyre January 1995 (has links)
In this study, commercially available isotactic polypropylene (PP) and nylon-6 (PA6) blends and laminates were prepared, to develop a material with optimal water vapour and oxygen barrier properties. The effect of compatibilizers on phase dispersion has been investigated using three commercial Polybond's, PB3002, PB1001, and PB3009. Three compatibilizers prepared in-house were also used as, maleic anhydride(MA) grafted on PP, MA and butyl methacrylate(BMA) co-polymer grafted on PP, and BMA grafted on low density polyethylene. The effect of two silanes( methacrylate functional and vinyl functional) on PP were also investigated and also the plasticization of PA6 with formic acid. The results were compared with a commercial blend of PP and PA6, Orgalloy R-6000. Light microscopy with phase and fluorescence contrast has been used for morphological evaluation. Chemical changes were studied by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and rheology by dynamic and steady state measurements. Barrier properties were determined gravimetrically for water vapour and organic solvents, and for oxygen by an Oxtran apparatus. The results have shown that phase dispersion can be more easily explained by molecular interactions than by the rheological parameters. The blend slip factor has been improved however by compatibilizers and consequently the phase dispersion, which had little effect on the barrier properties of the blends and indeed the laminates were more effective water vapour barriers. The availability of particular functional groups, which can interact with the permeant is the most important parameter, which can be affected by processing and blending conditions. The addition of hydrophobic functional groups into polypropylene was therefore the most effective method for enhancing the barrier properties of polypropylene. Cross-linking of the matrix polymer has improved the barrier properties to a lesser extent. It has also been shown, that PP solvent permeability (particularly di-chloromethane) can be improved, by silane addition.
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Disturbance, Functional Diversity and Ecosystem Processes: Does Species Identity Matter?

Emrick, Verl III 24 May 2013 (has links)
The role of disturbance is widely recognized as a fundamental driver of ecological organization from individual species to entire landscapes. Anthropogenic disturbances from military training provide a unique opportunity to examine effects of disturbance on vegetation dynamics, physicochemical soil properties, and ecosystem processes. Additionally, plant functional diversity has been suggested as the key to ecosystem processes such as productivity and nutrient dynamics. I investigated how disturbance and functional composition both singly and in combination affect vegetation dynamics, soil physicochemical properties, and ecosystem processes. I conducted my research at Fort Pickett, Virginia, USA to take advantage of the spatially and temporally predictable disturbance regime. In order to investigate the effect of plant functional composition on ecosystem properties, I used functional groups comprised of species with similar physiology and effects on ecosystem processes (C4 grasses, C3 grasses, legumes, forbs, woody plants). My study showed that two distinct disturbances associated with military training, vehicle maneuvers, and fire; affect functional group abundance, within functional group richness, and total species richness. I found strong effects of vehicle maneuvers on soil physical properties including an increase in bulk density and reduction in soil porosity. Fire also influenced soil physical properties but more indirectly through the reduction of above ground litter inputs. Though many of the measured physicochemical soil properties at Fort Pickett exhibited statistically significant effects of disturbance, the strength of these relationships appears to be modulated by influences of previous land use. I found statistically significant (P < 0.05) effects of disturbance on chlorophyll fluorescence, and effect of functional composition on available soil N- NH4+. In addition, I detected a significant interactive effect of disturbance class and functional composition on soil CO2 flux. The interactive effects of disturbance and functional composition on soil CO2 flux demonstrated how the loss of functional diversity could lead to instability in ecosystem processes in disturbed ecosystems.    In a dynamic ecosystem, I demonstrated that the abundance and diversity of plant functional groups was significantly influenced by disturbance. By experimentally altering the abundance and diversity of these functional groups in a disturbance-mediated ecosystem, I showed that functional groups and presumably species influence key ecosystem processes. / Ph. D.
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A System Dynamics Model of Soil Carbon Stock and Flows in Grasslands Under Climate and Grazing Scenarios.

Sommerlad-Rogers, Deirdre 01 June 2021 (has links) (PDF)
Carbon sequestration is paramount to reducing climate change. Grasslands, representing 40% of all terrestrial area, can serve as a primary sequestration location if optimal management strategies can be realized. This study used system dynamics modeling to examine the temporal dynamics of carbon stocks and flows in response to grass species composition, grazing intensity, and temperature and precipitation changes at the landscape level. While there are other biogeochemical models in existence, they are either meant to model large areas, including globally, or are meant to be at a farm level and have limited plot sizes, limiting the options for rangeland managers to test management strategies in larger areas. The aims included conducting a field study of the rangeland, create an initial model; evaluate how the model responded to grazing, temperature, and precipitation changes; and compare the model outcomes to prior work to test the behavior of the model as the start of validation. This thesis used four plant functional groups (C3 and C4 grasses, forbs, and legumes) as the base groups for the model. C4 grasses were not found in in the field study but served to test whether the model detected changes in sequestration when grassland composition is changed. The results demonstrated an approach of using functional groups in system dynamics modeling to optimize carbon sequestration while accounting for diverse management strategies, as has been seen in other biogeochemical models. The model was aligned with prior field research in terms of carbon sequestration levels. The model was able to note differences in grazing regimes, temperature, and precipitation changes in terms of carbon sequestration. Grazing scenarios showed that while increased grazing impacted aboveground litter, it had little impact on sequestration; there was only a 4% increase in carbon with no grazing, Changes in temperature, up to 3°C, were predicted to increase carbon sequestration by 16% from 0.442 to 0.514 kg*m-2*day-1 while decreases in precipitation, both alone and in combination with increasing temperatures, was predicted to decrease sequestration up to 44%. This has to do with the grassland composition, ii especially as this was a C3 dominated grassland which grows in the winter and early spring and required more water but lower temperatures for growth. Future research should continue model validation, test additional functional groups like shrubs, implement more soil carbon pools and flows and add a nitrogen component to the model.
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Rational Design and Characterization of Adsorbents for Environmental Remediation of FGD Wastewater

Malibekova, Alma January 2022 (has links)
No description available.

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