ABSTRACT In terms of theory, the matrix organization is not only beneficial to preserve and develop the core technologies of enterprise, is but also equipped with flexible functions. This is an ideal research and development organization. Though there are many relevant studies in this respect previously with project or balanced matrix organization as research target, yet many companies adopt the functional matrix organization. Besides the research alliance is formed among enterprises in jointly developing new product/new technique which operational model will be the same as management model of functional matrix organization. As a result this initiates the research motive. This research adopts the exploratory research of case analysis including the compilation and study of relevant literatures as well as case interview, analysis and comparison, finally concludes ¡§The Key Successful Factors of Research & Development Management in the Functional Matrix Organization¡¨. The following conclusions are obtained by this research: An enterprise implements the project research and development of functional matrix organization and must be equipped with the following conditions: 1. The high ranking supervisors support and manifest toward project: the supervisor should clearly manifest the project importance, authorize and support the project leader as well as request the coordination of functional departments. 2. Sufficient Resource: It includes the required professional personnel, technology, budget and time to complete the project, meanwhile the flexibility for counteraction has to be prepared. 3. Appropriate Project Leader: The leader has to be equipped with professional capability, trust from supervisor, especially communication ability and leadership to acquire the coordination of functional chief and project members. 4. Attractive and Definite Object: The project object has to satisfy the sense of achievement of project members, inspire their motives, while the definite object can avoid the unnecessary problems in the results valuation. This article also submits the following suggestions on project execution method: 1. To adopt management by object: When the management by object is adopted. the functional chief supervises his subordinates to complete the preset project and project leader is focused on completed quality, schedule and required budget of object in the project execution period. As such the conflict occurrence can be reduced. Besides project leader doesn¡¦t have to spend too much time on internal management; however the leader can generate more close interactivity with customers that is surely beneficial to achieve the object and performance. 2. Effective Project Information System: The effective project information system can provide the written data to realize the project progress, assure project quality, increase the project realization of project members as well as compile and provide the effective historical data. 3. To Build up Project Team: If project members can work together under project object and develop a project team culture with more awareness and less conflict, this surely facilitates the smooth implementation of project. As a result the project leader does not have to be formally authorized his commanding power from organization, still he is able to inspire its members to proactively work hard in attaining the object. 4. The project leader has the rights of evaluation and allocation: The project leader should be more aware of contributions from his members than other chiefs. If project leader has the performance reward allocation that will facilitate the members be fully dedicated to project implementation. In the project management of matrix organization, the functional department is responsible for sub-project work as well as responsibility of project performance. Therefore project leader should have the performance evaluation toward overall functional department.

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Cette thèse vise à participer à une meilleure connaissance des exostoses oro-faciales comme variation anatomique et préciser leur possible utilisation en anthropologie biologique. Une nouvelle méthodologie a été conçue pour faciliter leur enregistrement tant sur restes squelettiques qu’individus vivants. L’étude a été réalisée sur une population thaïlandaise : la collection anatomique de référence de la faculté de médecine de Chiang Mai. Cette population a été choisie pour ses hautes fréquences et forte expressivité des exostoses oro-faciales, ainsi que son homogénéité génétique. Les exostoses oro-faciales ont été évaluées par présence/absence et métriquement. Leur relation au sexe, à l’âge et entre leurs différents types est détaillée et les étiologies discutées. La composante génétique est évaluée sur la base de l’homogénéité populationnelle et les liens entre exostoses et variations anatomiques dentaires et crâniennes. La composante environnementale inclut des données sur l’alimentation, le stress occlusal et la santé orale. Les exostoses oro-faciales apparaissent comme un ensemble de caractères liés entre eux et très influencés par l’âge. Toutes les exostoses sauf l’exostose palatine sont significativement liées au sexe avec prédominance masculine. Les exostoses oro-faciales n’appartiennent pas aux variations hyperostotiques. Les liens récurrents avec certaines variations anatomiques dentaires suggèrent une base génétique. Les exostoses oro-faciales émergent préférentiellement quand un maximum de dents saines et peu usées sont présentes, mais l’édentation de large étendue ne réduit pas leur prévalence, ni leur expressivité. L’influence environnementale locale n’est pas caractéristique d’un stress fonctionnel. Le régime traditionnel asiatique pourrait être une influence conséquente par son caractère promoteur du tissu osseux. La double participation génétique et environnementale au processus étiologique suggère que les exostoses oro-faciales appartiennent aux variations quasi-continues. / We aim here at participating in a better understanding of oral exostoses as an anatomical variant in order to clarify their possible use in biological anthropology. We propose a new study design that could be applied both on skeletal remains and living individuals and that allows discuss the etiology of oral exostoses. The research has been undertaken on the anatomical reference collection of the faculty of medicine of Chiang Mail, Thailand. The Thai population displays a wide array of expression of oral exostoses and a great genetic homogeneity. The oral exostoses have been scored by presence/absence and their measurements. The genetic component has been evaluated through population homogeneity and the relationships between oral exostoses and dental and cranial anatomical variants. The environmental component includes data on diet, occlusal stress and oral health. Oral exostoses appear as a set of characters linked together and strongly influenced by age. All types of oral exostoses except the palatine exostosis are correlated with sex with a male predominance. Oral exostoses do not belong to hyperostotic variants. The recurring relationships with dental anatomical traits point to a genetic basis. Oral exostoses preferentially arise when the greatest number of healthy, unworn teeth is present, although extensive edentulousnes does not lessen both their presence and their expressivity. The local environmental context is not typical of functional stress. The traditional Asian diet may be a substantial influence because of its bone-promoting composition. A dual participation of both genetic and environmental components to the etiological process implies that oral exostoses are quasi-continuous variants.