Submitted by dayse paz (daysepaz@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-06T11:50:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta_o_Cristiane_Carvalho.pdf: 1091025 bytes, checksum: 71418d6d8927740542513191376e2254 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by cleuza maria medina dos santos (cleuzamai@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-05-09T14:26:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta_o_Cristiane_Carvalho.pdf: 1091025 bytes, checksum: 71418d6d8927740542513191376e2254 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-09T14:26:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta_o_Cristiane_Carvalho.pdf: 1091025 bytes, checksum: 71418d6d8927740542513191376e2254 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Em lagos as macrófitas aquáticas são importantes fontes de matéria orgânica detrital, aumentam a complexidade do hábitat proporcionando vários nichos ecológicos a uma diversidade de espécies animais. Durante do processo de decomposição, a colonização dos detritos passa por uma sucessão ecológica entre fungos, bactérias e invertebrados, sendo seu papel fundamental para promover a circulação dos nutrientes. Assim, essa dissertação objetivou: (1) analisar os coeficientes de decomposição e a composição química dos detritos de duas macrófitas, a fim de verificar os efeitos dessas características sobre a biomassa fúngica e invertebrados; (2) analisar se o local de incubação das bolsas dos detritos influencia o recurso de hábitat e sobreposição espacial, interferindo na estrutura funcional da comunidade colonizadora. Para tanto foram realizados dois experimentos. Para o experimento 1 (setembro à dezembro de 2011), incubamos 24 bolsas de Potamogeton pectinatus e 24 de Chara zeylanica e retiradas em 1, 7, 20, 40, 60 e 80 dias. O material foi lavado, seco e triturado para análises químicas e determinação dos coeficientes de decomposição. A biomassa fúngica foi avaliada através do conteúdo de ergosterol. Para o experimento 2 (janeiro de 2012), foram incubadas 60 bolsas aleatoriamente divididas em 4 tratamentos, onde 15 bolsas contendo detritos de P. pectinatus foram incubadas em meio ao próprio estande (PP); 15 bolsas no estande de C. zeylanica (PC); 15 bolsas com detritos de C. zeylanica (CC) incubadas em meio ao seu estande e 15 no estande de P. pectinatus (CP), sendo retiradas em 5, 10 e 20 dias. Em ambos os estudos, os invertebrados foram classificados em grupos tróficos funcionais e determinadas a riqueza e abundância. As características químicas explicaram 59% da variação na abundância de invertebrados. A biomassa fúngica nos detritos não diferiu. A maior abundância e riqueza de invertebrados ocorreram nos detritos de P. pectinatus para o experimento 1 e nos detritos incubados em meio ao seu próprio estande (experimento 2). Houve diferença na perda de massa entre os tratamentos e entre detritos. A maior abundância na composição funcional foi de coletores - catadores e predadores, em ambos os estudos. Houve menor sobreposição espacial entre os grupos tróficos nos tratamentos em relação a PP. Nosso estudo demonstrou que os as características químicas e os coeficientes de decomposição interferem na colonização de invertebrados, relacionado ao tempo de incubação dos detritos. Além disso, o local de incubação afetou os coeficientes de decomposição e a estruturação da comunidade de invertebrados, relacionado à disponibilidade de hábitat oferecido pelos tratamentos. / In lakes the macrophytes are important sources of detrital organic matter, increase the complexity of providing various habitat niches to a variety of animal species. During the colonization process of decomposition of the waste undergoes an ecological succession among fungi, bacteria and invertebrates, and its key role in promoting the circulation of nutrients. Thus, this thesis aimed to: (1) analyze the decomposition rates and chemical composition of the detritus of two macrophytes in order to verify the effects of these characteristics on the fungal biomass and invertebrates, (2) examine if the site of the bags of incubation detritus influences the use and habitat overlap of space, affecting the functional structure of the settler community. Therefore, we performed two experiments. For experiment 1 (September to December, 2011), incubated 24 bags of Potamogeton pectinatus and 24 Chara zeylanica and withdrawn at 1, 7, 20, 40, 60 and 80 days. The material was washed, dried and ground for chemical analyzes and determination of the coefficients of decomposition. The fungal biomass was evaluated through the content of ergosterol. For experiment 2 (January, 2012), 60 bags were incubated randomly assigned to 4 treatments, where 15 bags of debris containing P. pectinatus were incubated in medium to own booth (PP); 15 scholarships in booth C. zeylanica (PC), 15 bags of detritus C. zeylanica (CC) incubated in the midst of its stand and 15 at the P. pectinatus (CP) and taken in 5, 10 and 20 days. In both studies, the invertebrates were classified into functional trophic groups and certain richness and abundance. The chemical characteristics explained 59% of variation in abundance of invertebrates. The fungal biomass in waste did not differ. The greatest abundance and diversity of invertebrates occurred in the debris of P. pectinatus for experiment 1 and incubated debris amidst its own booth (experiment 2). Was no difference in weight loss between treatments and among detritus. The highest abundance was in the functional composition of collectors - scavengers and predators, in both studies. There was a lower spatial overlap between trophic groups in treatments against PP. Our study demonstrated that the chemical characteristics and the coefficients of decomposition interfere with colonization of invertebrates, related to incubation time of detritus. Furthermore, the location of incubation affected the decomposition rates and invertebrate community structure, related to the availability of habitat offered by the treatments.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-05-04T14:32:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marcospereiralopes.pdf: 2209315 bytes, checksum: 7fb3d297f8d26fb98f07a65d24dfd96f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-17T13:31:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marcospereiralopes.pdf: 2209315 bytes, checksum: 7fb3d297f8d26fb98f07a65d24dfd96f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T13:31:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marcospereiralopes.pdf: 2209315 bytes, checksum: 7fb3d297f8d26fb98f07a65d24dfd96f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Na região tropical são escassos os estudos que exploram o uso do processo de decomposição foliar como ferramenta funcional para avaliar os efeitos das perturbações antrópicas sobre os ecossistemas aquáticos. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos dos impactos antrópicos sobre a taxa de decomposição de Picramnia sellowii em riachos no Sudeste do Brasil. O experimento foi realizado durante 60 dias em três riachos referências e três impactados por poluição orgânica e sem cobertura vegetal. Em cada riacho foram incubados três sacos contendo 3 ± 0,05 g de folhas secas de P. sellowii. Os riachos referência apresentaram maiores concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido e menores valores de nutrientes, turbidez, condutividade elétrica, TIA (área total impermeável) e temperatura. O coeficiente de decomposição (k) diferiu entre os riachos referência (k = 0,014 ± 0,003 d-1) e os impactados (k = 0,005 ± 0,001 d-1). Nas folhas incubadas nos riachos referência foi observada maior biomassa de fungos e abundância de invertebrados, assim como a presença de fragmentadores, estando o k relacionado com a biomassa destes organismos. A decomposição se mostrou sensível para avaliar impactos antrópicos nos ecossistemas aquáticos uma vez que foram observadas nítidas diferenças entre a perda de massa foliar nos riachos referências e impactados. Estes resultados reforçam o efeito negativo da urbanização sobre a decomposição e biomassa de fungos e fragmnetadores. No segundo experimento foram realizadas retiradas após 7, 15, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias, em três remansos e três corredeiras apenas nos riachos referências. Os principais resultados foram: no final do experimento restaram 16,63 % (remansos) e 10,30 % (corredeiras) de massa seca, que diferiu apenas entre os dias do experimento e não entre os mesohabitats e, foi influenciada pela biomassa de fungos; houve aumento na biomassa destes microorganismos no dia 90, diferindo apenas entre os dias do experimento e sendo influenciada pela temperatura e O2; a abundância de invertebrados foi maior em corredeiras e no dia 30, apresentando diferença entre mesohabitats e entre os dias, e sendo influenciada pela temperatura, O2 e velocidade; maior riqueza foi registrada em remansos e no dia 60; a família Chironomidae foi a mais abundante durante todo o experimento nos dois mesohabitats; a abundância e biomassa de fragmentadores foram baixas; o escalonamento multidimensional não métrico mostrou a separação dos mesohabitats e períodos inicial e final da decomposição. Através do segundo experimento foi possível observar que a perda de massa nos ecossistemas lóticos de baixa ordem é mais influenciada pela biomassa de fungos que pela biomassa de fragmentadores e pela velocidade da água. Adicionalmente, observamos que diferenças na abundância, riqueza e composição de invertebados são influenciadas por diferenças entre mesohabitats e pela sucessão ao longo da decomposição. Esses resultados contribuem para reforçar a importância do material vegetal de origem terrestre como fonte de energia para os invertebrados em riachos, e a necessidade de preservação da vegetação ripária. / There are few studies in tropical regions exploring the use of leaf breakdown process as a functional tool to assess anthropic disturbance on aquatic ecosystems. We assessed the effects of water pollution due to human activities on the leaf breakdown rate of Picramnia sellowii in streams of the southeastern Brazil. The experiment was carried out for 60 days in three reference streams and three streams impaired by organic pollution and absente of riparian vegetation. Three litter bags were incubated in each stream containing 3 ± 0.05 g of P. sellowii leaves. The reference streams presented higher values of dissolved oxygen and lower values of nutrients, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total impermeable area and water temperature. The leaf breakdown rate (k) differed significantly between the reference (k = 0.014 ± 0.003 d-1) and impaired streams (k = 0.005 ± 0.001 d-1). The leaves incubated in the reference streams contained greater fungal biomass (measured as ergosterol concentration) and abundance of invertebrates, as well as greater presence of shredders, with k values being related to the biomass of these organisms. Overall, there were clear differences between the leaf mass loss in the reference and impaired streams. These results reinforce the negative effect of urbanization on leaf breakdown and fungal and shredder biomass. In the second experiment were performed withdrawn after 7, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days, in three backwaters and three rapids only in streams references. The main results were: at the end of the experiment remained 16.63% (backwaters) and 10.30% (rapids) of dry mass, which differed only between days of the experiment and not between mesohabitats and was influenced by fungal biomass; there was an increase in biomass of these microorganisms on day 90, differing only from the days of the experiment and being influenced by temperature and O2; the abundance of invertebrates was higher in rapids and on the 30 th, presenting difference between mesohabitats and between days, and being influenced by temperature, O2 and speed; greater richness was recorded in backwaters and day 60; the family Chironomidae was the most abundant throughout the experiment in both mesohabitats; the abundance and biomass of shredders were low; non-metric multidimensional scaling showed the separation of mesohabitats and initial and final periods of decomposition. Through the second experiment it was observed that the mass loss in the low-order stream ecosystems is more influenced by the biomass of fungi that the biomass of shredders and the velocity of the water. Additionally, we found that differences in the abundance, richness and composition invertebados are influenced by differences between mesohabitats and the succession in the decomposition. These results help to reinforce the importance of plant material of terrestrial origin as an energy source for invertebrates in streams, and the need for preservation of riparian vegetation.

Consumption of citrus fruits and citrus juice production creates wastes, which could be valorized by using it for cultivating fungi. Before cultivation, the medium needs to be sterilized though autoclavation. Larger volumes used when autoclaving requires longer heating cycles and therefore runs the risk of degrading the medium to a greater extent. This research examines the effects of the volume lemon waste medium used while sterilizing. The aim is to find the largest volume still providing good growth for the filamentous fungus used, Rhizopus Delemar. Lemon waste was provided by Herrljunga Musteri AB and was pre-treated at 45°C for 2h. The liquid was strained and autoclaved in different volumetric series ranging from 200 – 10 000 mL, that was then used in 200 mL shake flask cultivations.  A scale up in two 3,5 L bubble column reactors was also performed from the 10 000 mL autoclaved medium, after not observing severe impacts on growth. Testing was done by weighing biomass and HPLC analysis of sugars. The yield of the biomass in the shake flasks ranged from 0,11 – 0,14 g/g sugars and the biomass concentration ranged between 2,4 - 3,0 g/L. Overall, the volume of autoclavation seems to not too be of great concern when cultivating R. Delemar on lemon waste medium in the analyzed ranges.

La fusariose de l’épi est une des maladies les plus importantes du blé. Elle est causée par un complexe d’espèces dont les plus courantes sont F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. poae, M. majus et M. nivale. Ces champignons infectent les épis de blé au moment de la floraison mais l’impact de contaminations tardives sur les grains est peu compris. De plus, deux ou trois espèces sont susceptibles de co-infecter un même épi, ce qui pourrait modifier leur développement et leur production de toxines dans l’épi. Pour étudier ces problématiques, plusieurs isolats appartenant aux espèces citées ont été caractérisés selon leurs traits de vie et leur agressivité sur épi. Nous avons ensuite étudié le développement de souches de Fusarium inoculées 3 jours avant ou 0, 8, 18 ou 28 jours après la sortie des premières anthères. Les niveaux de maladie et toxines se sont révélés maximum autour de la floraison. La date d’inoculation semble conditionner la sévérité de la maladie et influencer le développement des souches. Des contaminations précoces et tardives seraient malgré tout possibles avec des isolats agressifs, ce qui ouvre la possibilité de telles infections au champ. Dans une deuxième expérimentation, nous avons étudié la compétition entre F. graminearum et les autres espèces (F. culmorum, F. poae, M. majus et M. nivale). Les réponses se sont avérées variables ; néanmoins, les souches agressives ne sont pas influencées ou légèrement favorisées par la présence d’un compétiteur alors que les souches peu agressives sont défavorisées par la présence de souches agressives. La production de toxines est, dans la plupart des cas, restée stable ou a diminué en co-inoculations par rapport aux inoculations simples. Dans une dernière expérimentation nous avons étudié la compétition entre souches associée à leurs mouvements dans l’épi. Inoculés seuls, les champignons progressent dans la totalité de l’épi alors que la présence d’un second champignon empêche leur développement, ce qui suggère une interaction compétitive entre eux. Cette étude apporte de nouveaux éléments nécessaires à la compréhension de l’épidémiologie de ces agents pathogènes et des niveaux de contamination à l’échelle du champ. / FHB is a potentially very damaging wheat disease, present in most wheat-growing areas and caused by a species complex from which F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. poae, M. majus and M. nivale are the most common. These fungi may infect wheat spikes at flowering but infections at late stages of kernel development are poorly understood. Moreover, disease surveys have shown that co-infection of the same spike by two or three species is frequent and could modify their development in spikes. To investigate these questions, several isolates of the species cited above were characterised for their life traits and aggressiveness on spikes. We then investigated the development of Fusarium isolates inoculated on wheat spikes 3 days before or 0, 8, 18 and 28 days post anthers extrusion. The highest disease and toxin levels were found around anthesis. The inoculation date appeared to condition the disease severity and to influence the isolates development. Early or late contaminations were however possible with aggressive isolates, which suggest the possibility of such infections in field. In a second experiment, we studied the competition between F. graminearum and the other species (F. culmorum, F. poae, M. majus and M. nivale). The responses were variable; nevertheless, aggressive isolates were most of the time unchanged in their development or even promoted whereas less aggressive isolates were reduced against more aggressive ones. The toxin levels were generally unchanged or they decreased in co-inoculations compared to single inoculations. In a last experiment, we investigated the isolate competition and the movement of fungi in the spikes. Alone, isolates progressed in the whole spike whereas the presence of another fungus impaired their development, suggesting a competitive interaction. This study contributes to our understanding of these pathogens epidemiology and provides new elements for a better understanding of the contamination of wheat kernels at the field level.

L'objectif principal de ce travail est d'évaluer si l'amendement calco-magnésien de deux bassins versants acidifiés du massif vosgien (un sur grès et un sur granite) engendre des changements de la morphologie des humus, de l'abondance et de la diversité de la mésofaune, de la biomasse fongique, du stockage de carbone dans les horizons organiques 5 et 7 ans après l'amendement. Par ailleurs, nous avons effectué une étude dans des conditions contrôlées de laboratoire en utilisant des microcosmes contenant les horizons organiques du sol provenant de bassins versants acidifiés sur grès et sur granite afin d'évaluer les effets à court terme de l'amendement. Les résultats indiquent que les effets de l'amendement sont beaucoup plus marqués sur le substrat le plus acide. À court terme, sur substrat gréseux, nous observons une diminution de l'abondance de la mésofaune puis une augmentation de celle-ci 5 ans après l'amendement avant de ne montrer plus aucun effet 7 ans après l'épandage. L'effet inverse ou aucun effet n'est par contre observé sur substrat granitique. Le contenu en Ca et Mg de l'horizon OL a augmenté avec l'amendement, mais cet effet n'est également significatif que sur grès. La biomasse fongique du sol n'a pas été affectée par le chaulage, mais est significativement plus élevée sur granite que sur grès. Le chaulage a augmenté l'épaisseur de l'horizon OH sur grès alors qu'il a diminué l'épaisseur de l'horizon OL sur granite, probablement en relation avec les modifications de l'activité biologique (mésofaune ou microorganismes). Enfin, sur substrat gréseux, le stock de carbone de l'humus a augmenté du fait d'un épaississement notable de l'horizon OH avec le chaulage. / The main objective of this work is to assess the consequences of calco-magnesium liming on two acidified forested catchments in Vosges Mountain (sandstone and granite) on humus morphology, abundance and diversity of mesofauna, fungal biomass and carbon storage in organic horizons 5 and 7 years after liming. Moreover, we performed a study to verify under laboratories conditions by using microcosms filled with soil from acidified catchments lying on sandstone and granite in order to study the short-term effect of calco-magnesium liming. During the two field campaigns, we determined calcium and magnesium contents of OL horizon, pH, humus morphology, mesofauna abundance and diversity, fungal biomass, soil carbon storage of organic layers OL, OF and OH.Results indicated that calco-magnesium liming affects studied parameters in different ways according to elapsed time after liming and the geological substrate (sandstone and granite), the more acidic catchment (sandstone) showing the most remarkable reaction. Results of immediate effects of liming showed a decrease of mesofauna abundance and then gradually increasing tendencies in field campaigns after 5 years while no effect after 7 years after liming. The opposite or no effects were observed on granite substrate. Ca and Mg contents in OL horizon increased by liming but this effect were only significant on sandstone substrate. Soil fungal biomass was not affected by liming but was significantly higher on granite substrate than sandstone. Liming increased the OH horizon thickness on sandstone while decreased the OL horizon on granite, under the influence of biological activity (mesofauna vs microorganisms).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-04-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:35:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_lj_me_sjrp.pdf: 1135399 bytes, checksum: 5c78b7f4373a9244db399ef5e02efdad (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Os polímeros microbianos extracelulares (exo-biopolímeros) são moléculas que apresentam um grande potencial de aplicação nas indústrias de alimentos, farmacêuticas, petrolíferas, de cosméticos, têxteis, de papéis, tintas, produtos agrícolas entre outras. Como biorremediadores, podem ser utilizados na remoção de metais pesados em ambientes aquáticos poluídos, atuando como agentes de biossorção por meio da acumulação de nutrientes a partir do meio ambiente. O objetivo do trabalho foi a produção de exobiopolímeros a partir de três Ascomicetos endofíticos (Colletotrichum sp., Guignardia sp. e Phomopsis sp.). Foi selecionado o fungo que apresentou a maior produção desse material biológico. Tanto esse exo-biopolímero quanto a biomassa foram avaliados quanto aos seus potenciais de biossorção dos íons metálicos chumbo (Pb+2) e cádmio (Cd+2). Para a obtenção do meio de cultivo utilizado para a produção de exo-biopolímeros, foram testados o meio mínimo de sais de Vogel modificado com diferentes fontes de nitrogênio definidas e glicose como única fonte de carbono. Em seguida, foi realizado um planejamento fatorial 3(3-0) com 27 experimentos em duplicata, onde as variáveis independentes foram o tempo, temperatura de cultivo e a concentração inicial de glicose. O fungo Colletotrichum sp. apresentou a maior produção de exo-biopolímero (5,71 gL-1) utilizando a uréia como fonte de nitrogênio, em cultivo a 28 ºC, 150 rpm e glicose 6 % (p/v) em 192 horas de cultivo. A execução do planejamento fatorial demonstrou que a produção de biomassa seca foi favorecida por faixas de temperatura e concentração inicial de glicose entre 24 e 32 ºC e 35 e 75 gL-1, respectivamente. A produção de exo-biopolímero foi favorecida por faixas de temperatura e concentração... / The microbial extracellular polymer (exo-biopolymers) are molecules that have a great potential for application in the industries of food, pharmaceutical, oil, cosmetics, textiles, paper, paints, agricultural products and others. As bioremediation, can be used in the removal of heavy metals in polluted aquatic environments, acting as agents of bioremediation through the accumulation of nutrients from the environment. Objective of this study was to produce exo-biopolymer from three endophytic Ascomycota (Colletotrichum sp., Guignardia sp. and Phomopsis sp.). Then, was selected the fungus that showed the highest production of exobiopolymer. Both the exo-biopolymer and biomass were assessed for their potential of biosorption of metallic ions lead (Pb+2) and cadmium (Cd+2). To obtain the culture medium used for the production of exo-biopolymers, was tested a minimal medium salts of Vogel modified with different nitrogen sources and glucose defined as the only carbon source. Next, was performed a factorial design 3(3-0) with 27 experiments in duplicate, where the independent variables were the time and temperature of cultivation and the initial concentration of glucose. Colletotrichum sp. had the highest production of exo-biopolymer (5.71 gL-1) using urea as the nitrogen source in cultivation at 28 ºC, 150 rpm, and glucose 6% (w/v) in 192 hours of culture. The implementation of the factorial design showed that the dry biomass production was enhanced by a range of temperatures and initial concentration of glucose between 24 and 32 ºC and 35 and 75 gL-1, respectively. The production of exobiopolymer was favored by a range of temperatures and initial concentration of glucose between 24 and 36 ºC and 35 and 70 gL-1, respectively. In the experiment, the fungus Colletotrichum sp. produced 6.11 gL-1 of... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)