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Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-05T18:29:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-11-09. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-02-05T18:33:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000858257.pdf: 1279863 bytes, checksum: a614df5b657c60540a1980299a921bd0 (MD5) / Os fungicidas até pouco tempo eram utilizados exclusivamente para o controle de doença, no entanto, observações de efeitos fisiológicos trouxeram um novo conceito para o uso desses produtos. Os efeitos fisiológicos evidenciados ultimamente têm mostrado que os fungicidas influenciam positivamente no metabolismo das plantas agindo nas trocas gasosas, processo da respiração, na atividade das enzimas antioxidantes, enzima nitrato redutase, nos hormônios vegetais e isso resultando em maior ou melhor produção dos frutos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de azoxistrobina, boscalida, piraclostrobina e fluxapiroxade em plantas de melão rendilhado (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus), em condições de ambiente protegido, visando seus efeitos fisiológicos no metabolismo e desenvolvimento da planta, bem como na melhoria da produção e qualidade dos frutos. O experimento foi conduzido em área experimental da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Câmpus de Botucatu-SP em ambiente protegido. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com sete tratamentos: uma testemunha e seis aplicações de fungicidas: azoxistrobina 60g ha-1, boscalida 75g ha-1, piraclostrobina 50 g ha-1; boscalida (37,5g ha-1) + piraclostrobina (25 g ha-1); fluxapiroxade 75g ha-1 e fluxapiroxade (50,1g ha-1) + piraclostrobina (99,9g ha-1), aplicados 14 dias após a semeadura e as demais das aplicações em intervalo de 7 dias, via foliar. O efeito dos tratamentos foi avaliado por meio das observações das seguintes características: taxa de assimilação de CO2, taxa de transpiração, eficiência do uso da água, ... / Fungicides until recently were used exclusively for Disease Control, however observations of physiological effects brought a new concept for the use of these products. The physiological effects evidenced lately have shown that the fungicides positively influence the metabolism of plants acting in gas exchange, respiration process, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, nitrate reductase, in hormones and this resulting in higher or better fruit production. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the application of azoxystrobin, boscalida, pyraclostrobin and fluxapyroxad in net melon plants (Cucumis melo var. Reticulatus) in greenhouse conditions, aiming its physiological effects on metabolism and plant development and as improvement in production and fruit quality. The experiment has been conducted in an experimental field of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences at the Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP in a protected environment. The experimental design was a randomized block with seven treatments: one control and six fungicide applications: azoxystrobin 60 g ha-1, boscalida 75g ha-1, pyraclostrobin 50 g ha-1; boscalida (37,5g ha-1) + pyraclostrobin (25 g ha -1); fluxapyroxad 75g ha-1and fluxapyroxad (50,1g ha-1) + pyraclostrobin (99,9g ha-1) applied 14 days after sowing and the remainder of the application interval of 7 days foliar. The effect of the treatments was assessed through observations of the following: CO2 assimilation rate, transpiration rate, water use efficiency, carboxylation efficiency, chlorophyll a fluorescence, SPAD index, quantification of chlorophyll a and b in lipid peroxidation, the activity of nitrate reductase, peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and post harvest the fruits of net melon. Based on obtained results it was concluded that the fungicides have positive ...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-02-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:15:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000757627.pdf: 1514000 bytes, checksum: c1d2e28f93f02c42adb7942e83fe14d9 (MD5) / Até pouco tempo os fungicidas eram usados exclusivamente para o controle de doenças, no entanto, observações de efeitos fisiológicos trouxeram um novo conceito para o uso desses produtos. As estrobilurinas possuem efeitos fisiológicos positivos no rendimento das culturas, devido ao aumento da fotossíntese líquida e melhor balanço hormonal. Já o boscalida complementa a ação desses fungicidas, aplicado alternadamente ou em conjunto. O experimento foi instalado e conduzido na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, Campus de Botucatu. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de diferentes fungicidas na fisiologia e produtividade de plantas de pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.) enxertadas e não enxertadas em ambiente protegido. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foram dez tratamentos resultantes do fatorial: cinco fungicidas x plantas não enxertadas e enxertadas. Os tratamentos com fungicidas foram T1- Testemunha, T2- boscalida + cresoxim-metílico: 10 g + 20 g ingrediente ativo (i.a.) 100 L-1 água, T3- boscalida: 10 g i.a. 100 L-1 água, T4- piraclostrobina: 7,5 g i.a. 100 L-1 água e T5- boscalida + piraclostrobina: 10 g + 5 g i.a. 100 L-1 água. Foram realizadas quatro aplicações, sendo a primeira 30 dias após o transplante das mudas e as demais com intervalo de 14 dias. O efeito dos tratamentos foi avaliado através das observações das seguintes características: produtividade de frutos, massa média de fruto, trocas gasosas, índice de clorofila nas folhas e atividade de enzimas peroxidase (POD), superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) e nitrato redutase. Não houve diferença na produtividade entre plantas não enxertadas e enxertadas. Todos os fungicidas testados apresentaram efeitos fisiológicos positivos nas plantas de pimentão enxertadas e não... / Until recently, fungicides were used exclusively for the control of diseases, however observations of physiological effects brought a new concept for the use of these products. Strobilurins have positive physiological effects on crop yields due to increased net photosynthesis and better hormonal balance. Already Boscalid complements the action of these fungicides applied alternately or together. The experiment was conducted at an experimental area, which belongs to the Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Botucatu, in greenhouse conditions. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of different application times of Boscalid and Pyraclostrobin in sweet pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.), non-grafted and grafted, in protected cultivation, aiming its physiological effects on plant development and yield. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications. Were ten treatments resulting from the factorial: Five fungicides x non-grafted and grafted plants. The fungicide treatments were T1 - Witness , T2 - Boscalid + Kresoxim - methyl (10 g + 20 g) active ingredient (ai) 100 L-1 water - T3 Boscalid: 10 g ai 100 L-1 water; T4-Pyraclostrobin: 100 g 7.5 g ai-1 and T5-Boscalid + Pyraclostrobin 10 g + 5 g ai 100 L-1 water. Four applications were performed, and the first 30 days after transplanting and the other with an interval of 14 days. The effect of the treatments was assessed through observations of the following: fruit yield, average weight of fruit, gas exchange, chlorophyll content in leaves and activity of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and nitrate reductase. Observed increase in the rate of CO2 assimilation, chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzyme activity in all chemical treatments compared to the control, 4 which demonstrates that the fungicides studied have positive physiological effects in this ...

Orientador: João Domingos Rodrigues / Coorientador: Elizabeth Orika Ono / Banca: José Usan Torres Brandão Filho / Banca: Rumy Goto / Resumo: Até pouco tempo os fungicidas eram usados exclusivamente para o controle de doenças, no entanto, observações de efeitos fisiológicos trouxeram um novo conceito para o uso desses produtos. As estrobilurinas possuem efeitos fisiológicos positivos no rendimento das culturas, devido ao aumento da fotossíntese líquida e melhor balanço hormonal. Já o boscalida complementa a ação desses fungicidas, aplicado alternadamente ou em conjunto. O experimento foi instalado e conduzido na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, Campus de Botucatu. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de diferentes fungicidas na fisiologia e produtividade de plantas de pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.) enxertadas e não enxertadas em ambiente protegido. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foram dez tratamentos resultantes do fatorial: cinco fungicidas x plantas não enxertadas e enxertadas. Os tratamentos com fungicidas foram T1- Testemunha, T2- boscalida + cresoxim-metílico: 10 g + 20 g ingrediente ativo (i.a.) 100 L-1 água, T3- boscalida: 10 g i.a. 100 L-1 água, T4- piraclostrobina: 7,5 g i.a. 100 L-1 água e T5- boscalida + piraclostrobina: 10 g + 5 g i.a. 100 L-1 água. Foram realizadas quatro aplicações, sendo a primeira 30 dias após o transplante das mudas e as demais com intervalo de 14 dias. O efeito dos tratamentos foi avaliado através das observações das seguintes características: produtividade de frutos, massa média de fruto, trocas gasosas, índice de clorofila nas folhas e atividade de enzimas peroxidase (POD), superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) e nitrato redutase. Não houve diferença na produtividade entre plantas não enxertadas e enxertadas. Todos os fungicidas testados apresentaram efeitos fisiológicos positivos nas plantas de pimentão enxertadas e não ... / Abstract:Until recently, fungicides were used exclusively for the control of diseases, however observations of physiological effects brought a new concept for the use of these products. Strobilurins have positive physiological effects on crop yields due to increased net photosynthesis and better hormonal balance. Already Boscalid complements the action of these fungicides applied alternately or together. The experiment was conducted at an experimental area, which belongs to the Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (FCA), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Botucatu, in greenhouse conditions. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of different application times of Boscalid and Pyraclostrobin in sweet pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.), non-grafted and grafted, in protected cultivation, aiming its physiological effects on plant development and yield. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications. Were ten treatments resulting from the factorial: Five fungicides x non-grafted and grafted plants. The fungicide treatments were T1 - Witness , T2 - Boscalid + Kresoxim - methyl (10 g + 20 g) active ingredient (ai) 100 L-1 water - T3 Boscalid: 10 g ai 100 L-1 water; T4-Pyraclostrobin: 100 g 7.5 g ai-1 and T5-Boscalid + Pyraclostrobin 10 g + 5 g ai 100 L-1 water. Four applications were performed, and the first 30 days after transplanting and the other with an interval of 14 days. The effect of the treatments was assessed through observations of the following: fruit yield, average weight of fruit, gas exchange, chlorophyll content in leaves and activity of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and nitrate reductase. Observed increase in the rate of CO2 assimilation, chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzyme activity in all chemical treatments compared to the control, 4 which demonstrates that the fungicides studied have positive physiological effects in this ... / Mestre

Orientador: João Domingos Rodrigues / Banca: Elizabeth Orika Ono / Banca: Reinaldo Antonio Garcia Bonnecarrere / Banca: Cacilda Marcia Duarte Rios Faria / Banca: Durval Dourado Neto / Resumo: Os fungicidas até pouco tempo eram utilizados exclusivamente para o controle de doença, no entanto, observações de efeitos fisiológicos trouxeram um novo conceito para o uso desses produtos. Os efeitos fisiológicos evidenciados ultimamente têm mostrado que os fungicidas influenciam positivamente no metabolismo das plantas agindo nas trocas gasosas, processo da respiração, na atividade das enzimas antioxidantes, enzima nitrato redutase, nos hormônios vegetais e isso resultando em maior ou melhor produção dos frutos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de azoxistrobina, boscalida, piraclostrobina e fluxapiroxade em plantas de melão rendilhado (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus), em condições de ambiente protegido, visando seus efeitos fisiológicos no metabolismo e desenvolvimento da planta, bem como na melhoria da produção e qualidade dos frutos. O experimento foi conduzido em área experimental da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Câmpus de Botucatu-SP em ambiente protegido. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com sete tratamentos: uma testemunha e seis aplicações de fungicidas: azoxistrobina 60g ha-1, boscalida 75g ha-1, piraclostrobina 50 g ha-1; boscalida (37,5g ha-1) + piraclostrobina (25 g ha-1); fluxapiroxade 75g ha-1 e fluxapiroxade (50,1g ha-1) + piraclostrobina (99,9g ha-1), aplicados 14 dias após a semeadura e as demais das aplicações em intervalo de 7 dias, via foliar. O efeito dos tratamentos foi avaliado por meio das observações das seguintes características: taxa de assimilação de CO2, taxa de transpiração, eficiência do uso da água, ... / Abstract: Fungicides until recently were used exclusively for Disease Control, however observations of physiological effects brought a new concept for the use of these products. The physiological effects evidenced lately have shown that the fungicides positively influence the metabolism of plants acting in gas exchange, respiration process, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, nitrate reductase, in hormones and this resulting in higher or better fruit production. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the application of azoxystrobin, boscalida, pyraclostrobin and fluxapyroxad in net melon plants (Cucumis melo var. Reticulatus) in greenhouse conditions, aiming its physiological effects on metabolism and plant development and as improvement in production and fruit quality. The experiment has been conducted in an experimental field of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences at the Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP in a protected environment. The experimental design was a randomized block with seven treatments: one control and six fungicide applications: azoxystrobin 60 g ha-1, boscalida 75g ha-1, pyraclostrobin 50 g ha-1; boscalida (37,5g ha-1) + pyraclostrobin (25 g ha -1); fluxapyroxad 75g ha-1and fluxapyroxad (50,1g ha-1) + pyraclostrobin (99,9g ha-1) applied 14 days after sowing and the remainder of the application interval of 7 days foliar. The effect of the treatments was assessed through observations of the following: CO2 assimilation rate, transpiration rate, water use efficiency, carboxylation efficiency, chlorophyll a fluorescence, SPAD index, quantification of chlorophyll a and b in lipid peroxidation, the activity of nitrate reductase, peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and post harvest the fruits of net melon. Based on obtained results it was concluded that the fungicides have positive ... / Doutor

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Soybeans, Glycine max, are an economically and strategically important crop in South Africa (SA). In order to meet local demands, large imports of soybeans are required, e.g., in the 2005/2006 soybean production period, 842 107 tonnes of oilcake were imported. Due to an increase in soybean production throughout the world, diseases that affect this crop have also increased in incidence and severity. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal organism of sclerotinia stem rot (SSR), is an important yield limiting disease of soybeans, as well as numerous other crops. The pathogen was first reported in SA in 1979. However, it was only in 2002 that this fungus was considered a major pathogen of soybeans in SA. The research reported in this thesis was conducted to investigate the epidemiology of S. sclerotiorum and examine numerous potential control methods for this pathogen, i.e., resistant cultivars, biocontrol, chemical control and seed treatments. A S. sclerotiorum isolate was obtained from sunflowers in Delmas, Mpumulanga, SA, in the form of sclerotia. This isolate was cultured and sent for identification and deposition in the Plant Protection Research Institute collection. This isolate, in the form of mycelia, was used for the duration of the study. For epidemiology studies, the effect of temperature, leaf wetness duration (LWD) and relative humidity (RH) were examined for their effect on rate of pathogen development. Twenty four combinations of temperature (19°C, 22°C, 25°C and 28°C), LWD (24, 48 and 72 hr) and RH (85 and 95%) were investigated. No interaction between temperature, LWD and RH was found. Temperature alone was the only factor that affected disease development. At 22°C, the rate of pathogen development (0.45 per unit per day) was significantly higher than all other temperatures, indicating that this temperature is optimum for disease development. Thirteen different soybean cultivars, i.e., LS6626RR, LS6710RR, LS666RR, LS555RR, LS6514RR, LS678RR, Prima 2000, Pan 626, AG5601RR, AG5409RR, 95B33, 95B53 and 96B01B, commercially grown in SA were investigated for their reaction to S. sclerotiorum. Prima 2000, 96B01B, 95B33 and AG5409RR were considered to be the least susceptible as they showed a significantly low rate of pathogen development (0.28, 0.28, 0.24, 0.23 per unit per day, respectively) and produced a significantly low number of sclerotia (3.03, 3.42, 3.21, 2.38, respectively). LS6626R and LS666RR may be considered most susceptible because of their significantly high rate of pathogen development (0.45 and 0.42 per unit per day, respectively) and high sclerotia production (8.16 and 7.50, respectively). Regression analysis showed a positive correlation coefficient (R2=0.71) between rate of growth of the pathogen and number of sclerotia produced, indicating that a higher rate is associated with a higher number of sclerotia. In vitro dual culture bioassays were performed to identify the biocontrol mechanisms of the biocontrol agents, EcoT® (a seed treatment) and Eco77® (a foliar treatment), against hyphae and sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum. Ultrastructural studies revealed that mycoparasitism is the probable mode of action as initial signs of hyphae of EcoT® and Eco77® coiling around hyphae of S. sclerotiorum were observed. Surface colonization of sclerotia by hyphae of EcoT® and Eco77® was also observed. In vitro antagonism of EcoT® against S. sclerotiorum on soybean seed was performed to determine pre-emergence and post-emergence disease. There was no significant difference in percentage germination between seeds treated with EcoT® and plated with the pathogen, untreated seeds and no S. sclerotiorum, and the control (i.e. no EcoT® and no pathogen). However, percentage non infected seedlings from seeds not treated with EcoT® was significantly lower, suggesting that EcoT® may be successfully used as a seed treatment for the control of SSR. In vivo trials were performed to investigate the effect of silicon (Si) alone, and in combination with Eco77®, on the effect of the rate of disease development. Plants treated with Eco77® had a significantly lower rate of disease development (0.19 per unit per day for plants treated with Eco77® and S. sclerotiorum and 0.20 per unit per day for plants treated with Eco77®, S. sclerotiorum and Si), compared to plants not treated with Eco77® (0.29 per unit per day for plants treated with S. sclerotiorum and 0.30 per unit per day for plants treated with S. sclerotiorum and Si), regardless of the application of Si. Similarly, plants treated with Eco77® had a significantly lower number of sclerotia (0.46 for plants treated with Eco77® and S. sclerotiorum and 0.91 for plants treated with Eco77®, S. sclerotiorum and Si), compared to plants not treated with Eco77® (3.31 for plants treated with S. sclerotiorum and 3.64 for plants treated with S. sclerotiorum and Si). The significantly lower rate of disease development coupled with a significant reduction in sclerotia showed that Eco77®, and not Si, was responsible for reducing the severity of SSR. A strong positive correlation between rate of disease development and the number of sclerotia produced (R2=0.79) was observed. For the investigation of various fungicides for the control of S. sclerotiorum, in vitro trials to determine the potential of three different fungicides at different rates, i.e., BAS 516 04F (133 g a.i. ha-1), BAS 516 04F (266 g a.i. ha-1), BAS 512 06F (380 g a.i. ha-1) and Sumisclex (760 g a.i. ha-1) were initially conducted. The control (non-amended PDA) had a significantly higher area under mycelial growth curve (243.0) than all fungicides tested. BAS 516 04F (at both concentrations) and BAS 512 06F completely inhibited the mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum. Sumisclex inhibited the fungus by 89.07%. For in vivo trials, preventative treatments, i.e., BAS 516 04F (133 g a.i. ha-1), BAS 516 04F (266 g a.i. ha-1), BAS 512 06F (380 g a.i. ha-1), curative treatment, i.e. Sumisclex (760 g a.i. ha-1) and a combination preventative/curative treatment, i.e., BAS 512 06F (380 g a.i. ha-1)/Sumisclex (570 g a.i. ha-1) were investigated. No significant difference in disease severity index (DSI) was found between fungicide treatments and the inoculated control. BAS 512 06F and BAS 512 06F/Sumisclex had significantly lower grain yields (6.09 g and 5.96 g, respectively) compared to all other treatments. There was a positive correlation coefficient (R2=0.76), between DSI and grain yield, indicating that a high DSI is correlated with low grain yield. Trials to evaluate the effect of commercially available and currently unregistered seed treatments for the control of S. sclerotiorum on soybean seeds in vivo and in vitro were performed. Seed germination tests were performed to determine if seed treatments had any negative effects on seed germination in vitro. All seed treatments tested, i.e., BAS 516 03F (8, 16 and 32 ml a.i. 100 kg-1 seed), BAS 512 00F (7.5, 15 and 32 ml a.i. 100 kg-1 seed), Celest XL (100, 125, 200 and 250 ml a.i. 100 kg-1 seed), Sumisclex (5 and 10 ml a.i. 100 kg-1 seed), Benomyl (150 g a.i. 100 kg-1 seed), Captan (240 ml a.i. 100 kg-1 seed), Thiulin (180 g a.i. 100 kg-1 seed) and Anchor Red (300 ml a.i. 100 kg-1 seed), showed no negative effect on seed germination. For in vivo trials, BAS 516 03F (16 and 32 ml a.i. 100 kg-1 seed), BAS 512 00F (7.5, 15 and 32 ml a.i. 100 kg-1 seed), Celest XL (100, 125, 200 and 250 ml a.i. 100 kg-1 seed), Sumisclex (5 and 10 ml a.i. 100 kg-1 seed), Benomyl and Anchor Red had significantly similar percent germination and percent seedling survival as the untreated/uninoculated control. These seed treatments should be recommended for the control of S. sclerotiorum, as they protected seed during germination and subsequent seedling development. BAS 516 03F (8 ml a.i. 100 kg-1 seed) should not be recommended for the control of SSR, as it gave the lowest percent germination and percent seedling survival. The results presented in this thesis have helped to identify optimal environmental conditions for the development of S. sclerotiorum, which is important for the development of forecasting models for disease control. The least and most susceptible cultivars of those tested have been identified. Biocontrol using Eco77® as a foliar application showed great potential. The effect of Si needs to be further investigated, including the testing of more frequent applications and higher concentrations. The fungicides tested in this research did not show any potential for the control of SSR. However, the spray programme tested is for the control of soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi), and was investigated for its potential for the control of SSR. The spray programme, fungicide application and rating scale needs to be modified, to determine the true potential of these fungicides for the control of SSR. Numerous seed treatments have shown potential for the control of seed infection by SSR. Due to difficulties in producing ascospores, which are the primary source of inoculum for this pathogen in the field, all studies in this research were conducted with mycelia and not ascospores. The production, collection and storage of ascospores needs to be thoroughly investigated, and research conducted with ascospores. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.