Natural products and small molecules play a major role in drug development. However, using natural products as a source of medicine comes with many challenges, such as lack of natural abundance and difficulty in isolation. Consequently, synthetic organic chemistry is a solution in order to access these compounds in usable quantities. However, synthetic chemisty comes with its own challenges such as efficiency, chemoselectivity, stereoselectivity and enantioselectivity. Therefore, synthetic tools that addresses these challenges are required solve these limitations. This thesis discusses new methodologies using strained carbocycles (cyclopropanes and cyclopropenes) as the reactive subunit for the construction of different carbocyclic and heterocyclic compounds. The homo-Nazarov cyclization of alkenyl and heteroaryl cyclopropyl ketones was used in order to construct cyclohexenones, cyclohexenols, heteroaryl ring-fused cyclohexenones, dihydrofurans, furans and furanones in a mild and efficient manner. Benzofused heteroaromatic compounds were achieved via the Lewis acid-catalyzed cycloisomerization of cyclopropene-3,3-dicarbonyls and furan-3-carboxylates. These heteroaromatic compounds can be applied to medicinal chemistry and material science.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Organic Chemistry))--Mahidol University, 1984.

Introdução: Dioxinas, furanos e bifenilas policloradas são poluentes tóxicos para a saúde humana incluindo riscos de incidência de cânceres, efeitos de neurodesenvolvimento, lesões dérmicas, cloroacne. Estes compostos são poluentes orgânicos persistentes (POPs) que podem ser transportados de longas distâncias da fonte de emissão e se bioacumular em ecossistemas. A atmosfera poluída foi recentemente classificada como carcinogênica para os seres humanos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, mostrando a importância de sua caracterização, principalmente para compostos tóxicos. Entretanto, técnica de coleta ativa tem custo elevado para POPs, e existem poucos estudos de calibração que validem a substituição. Objetivos: Avaliar a toxicidade equivalente da atmosfera por dioxinas, furanos e bifenilas cloradas, utilizando técnicas de coleta ativa e passiva, e verificar gradiente de concentração nos ambientes urbano, urbano/industrial e de background. Método: Amostras de ar foram coletadas, utilizando coletores ativos e passivos, durante dois períodos consecutivos de quatro meses: de setembro a dezembro de 2014 (período 1) e de maio a agosto de 2015 (período 2) em três cidades de São Paulo, SP, em ambientes urbano, urbano/industrial e de background. Todas as amostras foram extraídas com solução de tolueno:acetona (9:1) em Soxhlet por 24 h e padrões marcados (13C12-PCDD/Fs e 13C12-PCBs) foram adicionados em cada amostra antes do processo de extração. Os extratos foram purificados em coluna de sílica mista (40 por cento H2SO4 e 10 por cento AgNO3) seguida por coluna de alumina. O procedimento analítico foi realizado utilizando HRGC/HRMS (High Resolution Gas Chromatograph/High Resolution Mass Spectrometer) operando em ionização de impacto de elétrons com energia de 35 eV no modo SIM (Select Ion Monitoring) e resolução de 10.000. Resultados mostraram que: (1) existe variação sazonal para concentrações de PCDD/Fs no ar entre os períodos 1 e 2 (p=0,03), enquanto as concentrações de dl-PCBs não foram estatisticamente diferentes nestes períodos (p=0,52); (2) existe gradiente de concentração de PCDD/Fs e dl- PCBs que aumenta na seguinte ordem: background<urbano<urbano/industrial, porém não foi encontrada diferença significante entre as concentrações dos locais urbano e urbano/industrial para as amostras da coleta ativa; (3) as concentrações de PCDD/Fs e dl-PCBs das amostras do coletor ativo variaram de 9,34 a 221 fg TEQ/m³ no período 1, e entre 7,76 a 453 fg TEQ/m³ no período 2; nas amostras dos coletores passivos estas concentrações variaram de 6,11 a 32,2 fg TEQ/m³ no período 1, e entre 48,6 e 298 fg TEQ/m³ no período 2; (4) a estimativa da taxa de coleta utilizando duas abordagens diferentes mostrou discrepâncias. Conclusões: Os resultados dos coletores ativos e passivos estão em boa concordância em termos de tendências espacial e temporal, assim como os perfis de congêneres e grupos homólogos, a coleta passiva com disco de PUF mostrou-se como uma técnica adequada para determinação de PCDD/Fs e dl-PCBs / Introduction: Dioxins, furans and polychlorinated biphenyls are toxic pollutants for human health including risks of cancer incidence, neurodevelopmental effects, dermal lesions, chloracne. These compounds are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that can be transported to long distances from the emission source and they are bioaccumulated in ecosystems. Recently, the outdoor air pollution were classified as carcinogenic to humans by the World Health Organization, showing the importance of its characterization for toxic compounds. However, active air monitoring has a high cost for POPs, and there is a few calibration studies which support that substitution. Objective: To assess the equivalent toxicity of the atmosphere regarding the measurement of dioxins, furans and polychlorinated biphenyls, using active and passive air samplers, and to evatuate the contrasting concentrations at urban, urban/industrial and background sites. Method: Air samples were collected, using active and passive samplers, over two consecutive periods of four months: from September to December 2014 (period 1) and from May to August 2015 (period 2) at three cities in São Paulo, SP, covering urban, urban/industrial and background sites. All samples were extracted with toluene:acetone (9:1) in a Soxhlet apparatus for 24 hours and surrogate standards (13C12-PCDD/F and 13C12-PCBs) were spiked on each sample media prior to extraction procedure. The extracts were purified on an silica column (40 per cent H2SO4 and 10 per cent AgNO3) followed by an alumina column. The analytical procedure was carried out using HRGC/HRMS (High Resolution Gas Chromatograph/High Resolution Mass Spectrometer) operating in electron impact ionization with an energy of 35 eV in SIM (selected ion monitoring) mode and 10.000 resolution power. Results show that (1) there are seasonal variations for PCDD/F concentrations in air between period 1 and 2 (p=0.03), whereas dl-PCB levels were not statistically different (p=0.52) in those periods. (2) PCDD/F and dl-PCB air levels are in the following order: background <urban <urban/industrial for both active and passive samplers; (3) PCDD/F and dl-PCB concentrations in active air samples ranged from 9.34 to 221 fg TEQ/m³ in period 1, and between 7.76 and 453 fg TEQ/m³ in period 2; in the passive air samples, these concentrations ranged from 6.11 to 32.2 fg TEQ/m³ in period 1, and between 48.6 and 298 fg TEQ/m³ in period 2; (4) the estimation of sampling rate using two approachs for PCDD/Fs showed differences. Conclusions: Passive and active air sampling results are in good agreement in spatial terms and temporal trends, as are the congener and homologue profiles, showing that passive air sampling of PUF disk is a powerful sampler for PCDD/F and dl-PCB measurements

Introdução: Dioxinas, furanos e bifenilas policloradas são poluentes tóxicos para a saúde humana incluindo riscos de incidência de cânceres, efeitos de neurodesenvolvimento, lesões dérmicas, cloroacne. Estes compostos são poluentes orgânicos persistentes (POPs) que podem ser transportados de longas distâncias da fonte de emissão e se bioacumular em ecossistemas. A atmosfera poluída foi recentemente classificada como carcinogênica para os seres humanos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, mostrando a importância de sua caracterização, principalmente para compostos tóxicos. Entretanto, técnica de coleta ativa tem custo elevado para POPs, e existem poucos estudos de calibração que validem a substituição. Objetivos: Avaliar a toxicidade equivalente da atmosfera por dioxinas, furanos e bifenilas cloradas, utilizando técnicas de coleta ativa e passiva, e verificar gradiente de concentração nos ambientes urbano, urbano/industrial e de background. Método: Amostras de ar foram coletadas, utilizando coletores ativos e passivos, durante dois períodos consecutivos de quatro meses: de setembro a dezembro de 2014 (período 1) e de maio a agosto de 2015 (período 2) em três cidades de São Paulo, SP, em ambientes urbano, urbano/industrial e de background. Todas as amostras foram extraídas com solução de tolueno:acetona (9:1) em Soxhlet por 24 h e padrões marcados (13C12-PCDD/Fs e 13C12-PCBs) foram adicionados em cada amostra antes do processo de extração. Os extratos foram purificados em coluna de sílica mista (40 por cento H2SO4 e 10 por cento AgNO3) seguida por coluna de alumina. O procedimento analítico foi realizado utilizando HRGC/HRMS (High Resolution Gas Chromatograph/High Resolution Mass Spectrometer) operando em ionização de impacto de elétrons com energia de 35 eV no modo SIM (Select Ion Monitoring) e resolução de 10.000. Resultados mostraram que: (1) existe variação sazonal para concentrações de PCDD/Fs no ar entre os períodos 1 e 2 (p=0,03), enquanto as concentrações de dl-PCBs não foram estatisticamente diferentes nestes períodos (p=0,52); (2) existe gradiente de concentração de PCDD/Fs e dl- PCBs que aumenta na seguinte ordem: background<urbano<urbano/industrial, porém não foi encontrada diferença significante entre as concentrações dos locais urbano e urbano/industrial para as amostras da coleta ativa; (3) as concentrações de PCDD/Fs e dl-PCBs das amostras do coletor ativo variaram de 9,34 a 221 fg TEQ/m³ no período 1, e entre 7,76 a 453 fg TEQ/m³ no período 2; nas amostras dos coletores passivos estas concentrações variaram de 6,11 a 32,2 fg TEQ/m³ no período 1, e entre 48,6 e 298 fg TEQ/m³ no período 2; (4) a estimativa da taxa de coleta utilizando duas abordagens diferentes mostrou discrepâncias. Conclusões: Os resultados dos coletores ativos e passivos estão em boa concordância em termos de tendências espacial e temporal, assim como os perfis de congêneres e grupos homólogos, a coleta passiva com disco de PUF mostrou-se como uma técnica adequada para determinação de PCDD/Fs e dl-PCBs / Introduction: Dioxins, furans and polychlorinated biphenyls are toxic pollutants for human health including risks of cancer incidence, neurodevelopmental effects, dermal lesions, chloracne. These compounds are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that can be transported to long distances from the emission source and they are bioaccumulated in ecosystems. Recently, the outdoor air pollution were classified as carcinogenic to humans by the World Health Organization, showing the importance of its characterization for toxic compounds. However, active air monitoring has a high cost for POPs, and there is a few calibration studies which support that substitution. Objective: To assess the equivalent toxicity of the atmosphere regarding the measurement of dioxins, furans and polychlorinated biphenyls, using active and passive air samplers, and to evatuate the contrasting concentrations at urban, urban/industrial and background sites. Method: Air samples were collected, using active and passive samplers, over two consecutive periods of four months: from September to December 2014 (period 1) and from May to August 2015 (period 2) at three cities in São Paulo, SP, covering urban, urban/industrial and background sites. All samples were extracted with toluene:acetone (9:1) in a Soxhlet apparatus for 24 hours and surrogate standards (13C12-PCDD/F and 13C12-PCBs) were spiked on each sample media prior to extraction procedure. The extracts were purified on an silica column (40 per cent H2SO4 and 10 per cent AgNO3) followed by an alumina column. The analytical procedure was carried out using HRGC/HRMS (High Resolution Gas Chromatograph/High Resolution Mass Spectrometer) operating in electron impact ionization with an energy of 35 eV in SIM (selected ion monitoring) mode and 10.000 resolution power. Results show that (1) there are seasonal variations for PCDD/F concentrations in air between period 1 and 2 (p=0.03), whereas dl-PCB levels were not statistically different (p=0.52) in those periods. (2) PCDD/F and dl-PCB air levels are in the following order: background <urban <urban/industrial for both active and passive samplers; (3) PCDD/F and dl-PCB concentrations in active air samples ranged from 9.34 to 221 fg TEQ/m³ in period 1, and between 7.76 and 453 fg TEQ/m³ in period 2; in the passive air samples, these concentrations ranged from 6.11 to 32.2 fg TEQ/m³ in period 1, and between 48.6 and 298 fg TEQ/m³ in period 2; (4) the estimation of sampling rate using two approachs for PCDD/Fs showed differences. Conclusions: Passive and active air sampling results are in good agreement in spatial terms and temporal trends, as are the congener and homologue profiles, showing that passive air sampling of PUF disk is a powerful sampler for PCDD/F and dl-PCB measurements

<p>The highly toxic man-made substance referred to as dioxin (polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs)) causes severe health damages both to humans and other organisms, with lethality as its worst. Because of the toxicity several risk assessments has been performed on dioxins trying to determine at what concentration there are no risk of exposure. Resent years of research has discovered that these substances are not only anthropogenically but also producedin natural processes, like volcanoes and forest fires. To investigate if there is a need to take these naturally formed dioxins into account in the risk assessment processes, interviews with persons at relevant institutions in Sweden has been made. Analyses of existing risk assessment methods and political documents were also made to complete the picture. The general attitude seams to be awareness of the natural contribution, but clueless when it comes to adapting it to the risk assessments. When scenarios of different possibilities of natural background levels were compared to available risk assessments there could be concluded that the natural contribution is of importance and should be pronounced as a special part of the risk assessment process.</p>

Our aim was to develop the synthetic potential and reaction chemistry of Ir3+ and Ru2+ electrophiles by preparing well-characterized complexes whose properties are controllable by modification of the ancillary ligand environment Specifically, we prepared a series of ruthenium complexes to serve as selective hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis catalysts of furan derivatives. We also expanded the synthesis of electrophilic Ir3+ di-thiolate complexes. These types of compounds could eventually serve as catalysts precursors for the addition of weak nucleophiles to alkynes and nitriles.

The highly toxic man-made substance referred to as dioxin (polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs)) causes severe health damages both to humans and other organisms, with lethality as its worst. Because of the toxicity several risk assessments has been performed on dioxins trying to determine at what concentration there are no risk of exposure. Resent years of research has discovered that these substances are not only anthropogenically but also producedin natural processes, like volcanoes and forest fires. To investigate if there is a need to take these naturally formed dioxins into account in the risk assessment processes, interviews with persons at relevant institutions in Sweden has been made. Analyses of existing risk assessment methods and political documents were also made to complete the picture. The general attitude seams to be awareness of the natural contribution, but clueless when it comes to adapting it to the risk assessments. When scenarios of different possibilities of natural background levels were compared to available risk assessments there could be concluded that the natural contribution is of importance and should be pronounced as a special part of the risk assessment process.

No description available.

L’objectif principal de ce projet est d’évaluer le potentiel d’un système de marais filtrants combinés pour le traitement d’un lixiviat contaminé aux agents de préservations du bois - l’arséniate de cuivre chromaté (ACC) et le pentachlorophénol (PCP) - en portant une attention particulière au rôle des plantes. Pour ce faire, une expérience en pot faisant varier la concentration d’exposition de quatre espèces de macrophyte (Typha angustifolia, Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis americanus et Phragmites australis australis) a été effectuée. Le suivi de quatre marais filtrants à écoulement horizontal sous-surfacique, plantés d’une des quatre espèces de macrophyte et d’un bassin planté de saules (Salix Miyabeana SX67) a également été réalisé. La résistance des plantes au milieu contaminé, la capacité de bioaccumulation des macrophytes et les efficacités de traitement des différents systèmes ont été analysés. Nos résultats montrent que la concentration d’exposition n’influence pas la capacité des plantes à croître en milieu contaminé. Par contre, il existe une relation dose-réponse entre la concentration d’exposition et la capacité de bioaccumulation des macrophytes. Les quatre marais pilotes ont tous des efficacités de traitements supérieures à 55% en 2013 et 82% en 2014 pour les contaminants à l’étude. Le bassin de saule a la capacité théorique d’évapotranspirer jusqu’à 1200 L par jour. De plus, ses efficacités de traitements sont supérieures à 59% pour tous les composés à l’étude. L’utilisation de marais filtrants pour le traitement d’un lixiviat contaminé aux agents de préservations du bois est donc une alternative intéressante aux méthodes de traitement conventionnel. / The main objective of this project is to evaluate the capacity of a combined constructed wetland system to treat a leachate polluted with two wood preservatives-chromium copper arsenate (CCA) and pentachlorophenol (PCP)- according a particular importance to the role of plants. The effect of the exposure concentration on four macrophytes species (Typha angustifolia, Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis americanus and Phragmites australis australis) was evaluated using a pot experiment. Four HSSF pilot constructed wetlands, planted with one of these plants species, were monitored. The role of an HSSF constructed wetland, planted with willow (Salix Miyabeana SX67), placed at the end of the treatment chain was also assessed. The plants growth and survival and their bioaccumulation capacity were measured, and the system treatment efficiencies were monitored. There was no effect of the concentration on plants growth but the higher exposure concentration resulted in a higher bioaccumulation in the roots of the four macrophytes. All four pilots CW showed treatment efficiencies superior to 55% in 2013 and to 82% in 2014 for the pollutants tested. The willows CW have the theorical capacity to evapotranspirate up to 1200 L of water. Its treatments efficiencies were over 59% for all the pollutants tested. A combined constructed wetland system is a good alternative to conventional methods to treat a leachate polluted with wood preservatives.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo contribuir para o desenvolvimento de um processo de destoxificação biológica do hidrolisado hemicelulósico de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar utilizando as leveduras Issatchenkia occidentalis CCTCC M 206097 e Issatchenkia orientalis CCTCC M 206098. Com este propósito, foi realizado testes com diferentes concentrações de hidrolisado hemicelulósico de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e diferentes condições experimentais para avaliar a influência do fator de concentração e pH inicial do hidrolisado, temperatura e agitação do sistema, na eficiência da redução na concentração de compostos inibidores presentes no hidrolisado de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, sem a redução na concentração de açúcares. As leveduras avaliadas apresentaram os maiores valores de redução na concentração dos inibidores e uma menor perda de açúcares quando utilizado o hidrolisado com fator de concentração 5. Nestes experimentos foram constatados que o aumento na concentração de D-glicose e D-xilose favoreceram o menor consumo destes açúcares por estas leveduras. Foi observado também que após 24 h de ensaio empregando a levedura I. occidentalis a redução na concentração de siringaldeído (66,67%) e ácido ferúlico (73,33%) foi maior quando destoxificado o hidrolisado concentrado. Entretanto, nestas mesmas condições ao empregar a levedura I. orientalis foi verificado uma redução maior na concentração de 5-hidroximetilfurfural (80%) e furfural (56,25%). Com base no potencial de redução destes compostos inibidores em hidrolisado de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar concentrado, foram realizados estudos para avaliar a influência do pH inicial do hidrolisado (4,0 a 7,0), temperatura (23 a 37°C) e agitação do sistema (100 a 300 rpm) na porcentagem de redução da concentração do total de inibidores, utilizando um planejamento fatorial 23 com 3 repetições no ponto central. De acordo com os resultados, verificou-se que independente do microrganismo utilizado como agente destoxificante do hidrolisado de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar a maior porcentagem de redução na concentração dos inibidores totais foi obtida ao empregar todos os fatores avaliados em seus níveis inferiores. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho demonstraram o potencial das leveduras Issatchenkia occidentalis CCTCC M 206097 e Issatchenkia orientalis CCTCC M 206098 como agentes destoxificantes de hidrolisado hemicelulósico de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. / This work had as the main objective contribute for the development of a biological detoxification of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate using the Issatchenkia occidentalis CCTCC M 206097 and Issatchenkia orientalis CCTCC M 206098 yeasts. With this aim, it was done tests with hemicellulosic hydrolysate of sugarcane bagasse in different concentrations and different experimental conditions to evaluate the influence of the hydrolysate concentration, icicial pH of the hydrolysate, temperature and system agitation, on the efficiency of concentration reduction of inhibitory compound present in the sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate, without sugar concentration reduction. The evaluated yeasts showed more redutction values on the the inhibitors concentration and less sugar losses when it was used the hydrolysate five fold concentrated. At these experimets it was found that the concentration rise of D-glucose and D-Xylose favored a lower sugar consumption by the yeasts. It was also observed that after 24 h of experiment using I. occidentalis yeast the reduction of syringaldehyde concentraction (66,67%) and ferulic acid concentration (73,33%) was higher when the concentrated hydrolysate was detoxified. However, under the same conditions using I. orientalis it was observed a higher reduction on the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (80%) and furfural (56,25%). Based on the potential reducion of these inhibitors in concentrated sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate, it was performed studies to evaluate the influence of initial pH (4,0 or 7,0), temperature (23 to 37°C) and system agitation (100 to 300 rpm) on the reduction percentage of total inhibitors concentration, using a factorial experimental design 23 with three repetitions in the central point. According to the results, it was observed that independent of the microrganism used as detoxificant agent of the sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate, the largest reduction percentage of the total inhibitors concentration was obtained using all the factors evaluated in their low levels. The results obtained in this work showed the potential of the yeasts Issatchenkia occidentalis CCTCC M 206097 and Issatchenkia orientalis CCTCC M 206098 asdetoxificant agent of hemicellulosic hydrolysate of sugarcane bagasse.