Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1996. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted.

In this work we have studied linear wave propagation in magnetized plasmas using a fully relativistic kinetic equation of spin-1/2 particles in the long scale approximation. The linearized kinetic equation is very long and complicated, hence we worked with restricted geometries in order to simplify the calculations. The dispersion relation of the relativistic model was calculated and compared with a dispersion relation from a previous work at the semi-relativistic limit. Moreover, a new mode was discovered that survives in the zero temperature limit. The origin of the mode in the kinetic equation was discussed and derived from a non-relativistic kinetic equation from a previous work.

Dans le domaine de la surveillance maritime, les systèmes coopératifs d’identification et de positionnements tels que l’AIS (Automatic Identification System) sont souvent couplés à des systèmes d’observation de navires non coopératifs comme les Radars à Synthèse d’Ouverture (RSO). Dans ce contexte, la fusion des données AIS et Radar peut améliorer la détection de certains navires et d’identifier éventuels scénarii de surveillance. Le premier chapitre introduit les systèmes et détaille la structure des données AIS et Radar ainsi que le traitement du signal utilisé. Le deuxième chapitre présente l’apport potentiel de l’utilisation conjointe des données brutes Radar et AIS pour la détection de navires à l’aide d’un test basé sur le rapport des vraisemblances maximales (test GLRT). Bien que les performances soient encourageantes, la mise en pratique du détecteur en temps-réel semble compliquée. Le troisième chapitre présente une alternative sous-optimale qui explore les données brutes Radar et une carte des positions de bateaux provenant de l’AIS. Contrairement au chapitre deux, en plus de la détection simultanée par l’AIS et radar, les cas où seul l’un des systèmes détecte un objet peuvent maintenant être distinguées. Le problème est formalisé par deux tests d’hypothèses binaires successifs. Le test proposé est moins sensible à la proximité et à la densité des navires qu’un détecteur radar classique. Le quatrième chapitre présente le simulateur développé pour tester les algorithmes sur différents scénarii de surveillance, à savoir un scénario de piraterie sur un navire civil, un transbordement illégal et une navigation dans un environnement dense. / In the maritime surveillance domain, cooperative identification and positioning systems such as AIS (Automatic Identification System) are often coupled with non-cooperative systems for ship observation such as Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). In this context, the fusion of AIS and Radar data can improve the detection of certain vessels and possible identify some maritime surveillance scenarios. The first chapter introduces both AIS and Radar systems, details the data structure as well as the related signal processing. The second chapter presents the potential contribution of the joint use of raw Radar and AIS data for the detection of vessels using a generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT). Although the performance is encouraging, in practice the implementation in real-time of the detector seems complicated. As alternative, the third chapter presents a suboptimal detection method that explores Radar raw data and a positioning map of vessels obtained from the AIS system. Differently from chapter two, in addition to the simultaneous detection by both AIS and radar, the cases where only one of the systems detects an object can now be distinguished. The problem is formalized by two successive binary hypotheses test. The results suggests that the proposed detector is less sensitive to the proximity and density of ships than a conventional radar detector. The fourth chapter presents the simulator developed to test the algorithms on different surveillance scenarios, namely a civilian ship piracy scenario, an illegal cargo transhipment and a scenario of navigation in a dense environment.

Le but de cette thèse est d'améliorer les techniques d'analyse de données de la réflectométrie à balayage de fréquence pour la détermination du profil de densité des plasmas de fusion. Au cours des deux dernières décennies, des améliorations significatives ont été apportées sur la partie matérielle et sur d'extraction des signaux, mais l'analyse des données est en retard et nécessite d'autres améliorations pour répondre aux spécifications exigées pour un fonctionnement en continu des futurs réacteurs. Les améliorations obtenues lors de ce travail de thèse sur la reconstruction des profils de densité fournissent une meilleure précision en un temps plus court ceci même en présence de trou de densité conduisant à une mesure des propriétés de la turbulence suffisamment précise pour valider des modèles numériques et permettant la surveillance en temps réel de la forme et de la position du plasma / The goal of this PhD is to improve the data analysis techniques of frequency swept reflectometry for determination of the density profile of fusion plasmas. There has been significant improvements in the last two decades on the hardware design and signal extraction techniques, but the data analysis is lagging behind and require further improvements to meet the required standards for continuous operation in future reactors. The improvements obtained in this thesis on the reconstruction of density profiles provide a better accuracy in a shorter time, even in the presence of a density hole, also enabling sufficiently precise measurements of the properties of turbulence used to validate numerical models, and allowing real-time monitoring of the shape and position of the plasma

La thèse porte sur l'interprétation des données de réflectométrie pour extraire les caractéristiques de la turbulence construites à partir de simulations numériques bidimensionnelles. Il a été démontré que la résonance due au piégeage de l'onde peut apparaître dans le plasma fluctuant et produire des sauts de phase. Cette interprétation à faible niveau de turbulence est directe. Cependant, le niveau de turbulence du bord du plasma est généralement élevé menant ainsi le réflectomètre à un comportement non linéaire. En conséquence, il y a une perte de cohérence de l'onde de sondage et un élargissement du faisceau-sonde après la traversée de la couche de turbulence. Cette étude a montré qu'une petite longueur de corrélation de la turbulence conduit à un faible élargissement et à de fortes variations de la phase du faisceau-sonde. Pour étudier comment une forte turbulence de bord affecte le signal de réflectométrie à balayage ultra rapide en fréquence (USFR) obtenu lors d'un sondage. Pour étudier cela des séries de simulations 2D ont été réalisées. Simultanément les spectres de variations de phase et de variations d'amplitude du réflectomètre ont été analysés. Il a été constaté que des pics spectraux correspondant à une diffusion accrue dans la région de turbulence de bord peuvent être observés dans les spectres de variations d'amplitude du signal. Un USFR utilisant une configuration de réflectométrie poloïdale a été proposé pour accéder à plus d'informations sur la turbulence de bord où le déplacement poloïdal des antennes réceptrices entraîne un glissement du pic de diffusion. En perspective, ces mesures peuvent fournir des informations supplémentaires sur, la déformation du faisceau-sonde, les propriétés de la turbulence et faciliter la mesure du signal cohérent porteur de l'information sur la turbulence de cœur du plasma. En plus, le code 2D "full-wave" a été appliqué en tant que diagnostic synthétique aux données de simulation gyro-cinétique du code de turbulence Gysela pour une décharge du tokamak de Tore-Supra. Les signaux de réflectométrie à fréquence fixe ont montré un bon accord entre la longueur de corrélation d'amplitude du signal avec celle de la turbulence utilisée comme donnée d'entrée. Il en a été de même pour analyser la longueur de corrélation et les spectres de nombre d'onde obtenus par un USFR pour le tokamak ASDEX-Upgarde / Plasma turbulence studies are essential for successful operation of magnetic confinement fusion devices. Ultra-Fast Swept Reflectometry (USFR), a diagnostic widely used for the measurement of turbulence radial wave-number spectra. While the interpretation of reflectometry data is quite straightforward for small levels of turbulence, it becomes much trickier for larger levels as the reflectometer answer is no longer linear with the turbulence level. It has been shown for instance that resonances due to probing field trapping can appear in turbulent plasma and produce jumps of the signal phase. In the plasma edge region the turbulence level is usually high and can lead to a non-linear regime of the reflecetometer response. The loss of probing beam coherency and beam widening when the probing beam crosses the edge turbulence layer can affect USFR core measurements. Edge turbulence with a long correlation length leads to small beam widening and strong distortion of the probing wave phase. However backscattering effects from turbulence with short correlation lengths are also able to cause reflectometer signal change. To study turbulence wave-number spectra together with reflectometer signal phase variations, signal amplitude variations can be analyzed. Unlike signal phase variation, amplitude does not suffer from resonant jumps, and can give more clear qualitative evaluation of turbulence structure. In the case when the turbulence amplitude peaked in the edge region, it can be detected as spectral peak near local Bragg resonance wave-number. USFR with a set of receiving antennas arranged poloidally was proposed to obtain more information on the edge turbulence properties. A displacement of the spectral peak appears when the receiving antenna is misaligned with the emitting one. In perspective peak displacement measurements can provide additional information on probing beam shaping and turbulence properties and help in coherent mode observation. A 2D full wave code was applied as a synthetic diagnostic to Gysela gyro-kinetic for study of Tore-Supra tokamak core turbulence. Radial correlation lengths computed from the amplitude of multi-channel fixed frequency reflectometry signals have shown good agreement with the turbulence correlation length. The synthetic diagnostic was then applied to analyze the correlation length and wave-number spectra obtained by USFR in the ASDEX-Upgrade tokamak. A comparison between 1D and 2D results have shown different behavior. However correlation lengths measured with UFSR signals are in the same order with turbulence ones

We have used Cassini measurements of electron density from Saturn's magnetosphere to search for a plasma tail behind the moon Titan. Such a plasma tail would consist of plasma that manage to escape Titan's gravitational pull and leave Titan's ionosphere to contribute to the plasma distribution in the Saturn system. The Cassini spacecraft was in orbit around Saturn for 13 years and performed 127 close flybys of Titan as well as many passes through Titan's orbit within the planets plasma-filled magnetosphere. We have used measurements of electron density from the Langmuir probe instrument, built by the Swedish Institute of Space Physics in Uppsala to search for such a tail. The data was analyzed in terms of looking at the spatial distribution of plasma around Titan and Saturn by examining the plasma density in Titan’s orbit in comparison to the rest of system, as well as comparisons of plasma density in front of Titan and behind Titan. The analysis provided no evidence of an extended plasma tail or torus.

This study identifies two syntactically distinguishable types of Serial Verb Constructions (SVCs) in Mandarin Chinese (MC) and Jinjiang Southern Min (JSM), corresponding to the nuclear and core distinction made in Role and Reference Grammar (Foley and Van Valin 1984, Foley and Olson 1985, Van Valin and LaPolla 1997). This distinction is also made on the basis of a general consensus of the cross-linguistic classifications of the processes of monoclausal multi-verb construction formation (e.g., Butt 1993, 1997, Baker and Harvey 2010): namely, predicate fusion and argument fusion. In this study, I propose two sets of diagnostics to establish the distinction; these go beyond the range covered in previous studies (e.g., Olson 1981, Foley and Olson 1985, Crowley 2002, Chang 2007). In the first set of diagnostics in this study, seven inter-clausal diagnostics are considered as the threshold where the behaviours of bi-clausal structures and SVCs split. These diagnostics include independent negation, passivisation of the object of V2, independent modification by temporal adverbial, independent marking of viewpoint aspect, independent modification by manner adverbial, prosodic structure and the Coordinate Structure Constraint (Ross 1967) that is employed in a more restricted manner. In the second set of diagnostics, four intra-clausal diagnostics are adopted to make the distinction between nuclear and core SVCs, which include passivisation of O1, insertion of intervening material, coordination within the SVC, and obligatory topicalisation of undergoer argument. Of particular interest is the possibility that the same string of verbs may occur in superficially similar, but structurally different, SVCs: for example, the Cause-Effect SVC and the Excessive SVC. The diagnostics employed in this study are proposed as a novel method to establish the distinction between the SVCs and the bi-clausal structures, and more importantly, between core and nuclear types of SVC. Contributing to the originality of the new method of diagnosing the status of the SVCs proposed in this study, I add five novel diagnostics, such as passivisation of the object of V2, independent marking of viewpoint aspect, tone sandhi between adjacent verbs, coordination within the SVC and obligatory topicalisation of the undergoer argument, in addition to those that have been employed in the literature. I restrict myself to data of MC and JSM in discussing the rationale of the diagnostics. However, this novel method of identifying SVCs is expected to be cross-linguistically applicable with consistent results, while at the same time allowing for the possibility of cross-linguistic differences in the semantic sub-types of SVCs identified in each language.

La thérapie de resynchronisation cardiaque (CRT) est une thérapie électrique reconnue pour le traitement de l'insuffisance cardiaque liée à un asynchronisme cardiaque. Toutefois, environ un tiers des patients traités s'avèrent non-répondeurs à la CRT. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse portent sur l'optimisation de la CRT par un meilleur positionnement de la sonde de stimulation du ventricule gauche (VG). L'approche proposée se décompose en deux temps. Une analyse pré-opératoire permet d'abord de définir les sites du VG optimaux et de caractériser leurs accès grâce à plusieurs étapes de recalage et fusion d'informations multimodales. Ensuite, un système d'assistance per-opératoire, basé sur la fusion des données pré- et per-opératoire, est proposé aux cliniciens afin de guider le geste vers les sites de stimulation pré-définis. L'analyse pré-opératoire utilisée pour la planification de la CRT s'inscrit dans la continuité des travaux menés au LTSI depuis plusieurs années. Dans ces travaux, de nouvelles méthodes pour la segmentation semi-interactive des veines coronaires en imagerie TDM ainsi que pour la caractérisation de la fibrose diffuse en IRM ont été proposées puis l'ensemble des méthodes développées au laboratoire ont été intégrés dans un même outil logiciel. Dans un second temps, une assistance per-opératoire est fourni à l'aide d'un recalage 3D/2D entre un modèle 3D de planification, issu de l'analyse pré-opératoire, et les images angiographiques 2D utilisées en routine clinique. Afin de permettre ce recalage, des méthodes d'extraction des images télé-systoliques et de segmentation automatique des veines coronaires dans ces dernières ont d'abord été définies. Ensuite, le recalage 3D/2D, effectué entre les veines coronaires 3D extraites en imagerie TDM et leur équivalent 2D dans les images angiographiques, permet la fusion des données pré- et per-opératoire. / Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT) is a recognized electrical therapy to correct cardiac asynchronism. However, about one third of implanted patients do not respond properly to the therapy. This thesis is focused on the improvement of the CRT through the optimization of the left ventricular lead placement. The proposed approach here is defined in two parts. Firstly, a pre-operative analysis defines the best left ventricle sites to stimulate thanks to several steps of registration and fusion of multimodales informations. Secondly, a per-operative assistance system is proposed in order to guide clinicians to use these pre-defined implantation sites. The CRT planification is a research theme in the LTSI for many years. In this thesis, novel semi-automatic segmentation methods have been developed for both the coronary veins in CT and diffuse fibrosis characterization in MRI. The previous developments and these novel methods have been gathered and integrated in one software. Then, a 2D/3D registration between angiographic frames, used in clinical routine, and a 3D model produced by the pre-operative analysis is used to assist the implantation. To perform the registration, dedicated methods to extract end-systolic images and segment coronary veins in these images have been developed. Next, the registration is performed between the 3D coronary veins (extracted from the CT volumes) and their 2D equivalent which allows the pre- and per-operative data to be fused.

Denna rapport tar upp ett verkligt scenario där ett företag köpt upp ett annat och behöver slå samman sina IT miljöer. I rapporten går man först igenom teorin som behövs för att kunna planera flytten av en rad olika komponenter. Där efter tar metoden oss igenom hur flytten gjort i detta fall med de olika delkomponenterna. Resultatet av denna fusion får ses som lyckat då de uppsatta målen kunnat nås. / This paper takes up a real scenario where a company has bought another company, and needs to combine its IT environments. We start by going through the theory that is needed in order to plan the transfer of a number of different components. After that the method takes us through how the transfer was made for each sub component. The result from this fusion have been a success from the goals established in the project.

Flexibility is the keyword when preparing for the uncertainfuture tasks for the civilian and military defence. Supporttools relying on general principles will greatlyfacilitateflexible co-ordination and co-operation between differentcivilian and military organizations, and also between differentcommand levels. Further motivations for general solutionsinclude reduced costs for technical development and training,as well as faster and more informed decisionmaking. Mosttechnical systems that support military activities are howeverdesigned with specific work tasks in mind, and are consequentlyrather inflexible. There are large differences between forinstance fire fighting, disaster relief, calculating missiletrajectories, and navigating large battle-ships. Still, thereought to be much in common in the work of managing thesevarious tasks. We use the termCommand and Control(C2) to capture these commonfeatures in management of civilian and military, rescue anddefence operations. Consequently, this thesis describes a top-down approach tosupport systems for decision-making in the context of C2, as acomplement to the prevailing bottom-up approaches. DISCCO(Decision Support for Command and Control) is a set ofnetwork-based services includingCommand Supporthelping commanders in the human,cooperative and continuous process of evolving, evaluating, andexecuting solutions to their tasks. The command tools providethe means to formulate and visualize tasks, plans, andassessments, but also the means to visualize decisions on thedynamic design of organization. Also included in DISCCO isDecision Support, which, based on AI and simulationtechniques, improve the human process by integrating automaticand semiautomatic generation and evaluation of plans. The toolsprovided by DISCCO interact with aCommon Situation Modelcapturing the recursive structureof the situation, including the status, the dynamicorganization, and the intentions, of own, allied, neutral, andhostile resources. Hence, DISCCOprovides a more comprehensivesituation description than has previously been possible toachieve. DISCCO shows generic features since it is designed tosupport a decisionmaking process abstracted from the actualkinds and details of the tasks that are solved. Thus it will beuseful through all phases of the operation, through all commandlevels, and through all the different organizations andactivities that are involved. Keywords:Command and Control, Management, DecisionSupport, Data Fusion, Information Fusion, Situation Awareness,Network-Based Defence, Ontology. / <p>QCR 20161026</p>