Ett företags webbplats är en av de viktigaste kommunikationskanalerna i dagens digitala värld. Det ärett virtuellt skyltfönster mot konsumenter, partners och anställda där företaget kan visa upp sina produkter och tjänster, men också kommunicera sin vision och sitt varumärke. Vissa företag använder också webbplatsen som marknadsplats och erbjuder sina kunder att handla online. Till sist kan en webbplats liknas med ett forum för dialog som något som sociala medier exempelvis bjuder in till. Likväl som det är viktigt att ta hänsyn till exempelvis användarvänlighet, tillgänglighet, designprinciper och målgrupper är det av största vikt att utgå från ett företags varumärkesstrategi vid formgivning och utveckling av en webbplats. Men hur ser utvecklingsprocessen ut när uppdragsgivaren inte finns någon varumärkesstrategi? Detta problem ställs jag inför i mitt praktiska examensarbete där uppdraget är utveckla en gemensam webbsida till två varumärken som saknar varumärkesstrategi. En annan problemställning som en webbutvecklare behöver ta hänsyn till är hur kod kan göras användarvänlig och användbar så att mottagaren kan ta över utvecklingen av webbplatsen efter överlämning av produkten. Även detta scenario ställdes jag inför under arbetet. Denna rapport beskriver bakgrund och genomförande av Tehå:s och BeHagfullts gemensamma webbplats. Tehå:s och BeHagfullt är två butiker belägna i en stad med 13 300 invånare, med en målgrupp som är över 50 år och en ägare som själv ogillar många nya digitala medier.Rapporten har för avsikt att guida läsaren genom projektets alla faser och skapa en förståelse för utvecklingsprocessen i ett projekt där företaget saknar varumärkesstrategi.Resultatet blev en webbplats med tydliga knappar och många bilder anpassad efter målgruppens och företagets behov. / A business website is one of the most important channels of communication in today's digital world. It is a virtual showcase for consumers, partners and employees where the company can showcase their products and services, but also communicate their vision and their brand. Some companies also use the website as a marketplace and offers its customers to shop online. Finally, a website can be likened to a forum for dialogue as something that social media such as invites to. Therefor it is important to take into account not only usability, accessibility, design principles and target groups but it´s also essential to start from a company's brand strategy in the design and development of a website. But what does the development process looks like when the client has branding strategy? This is a problem I face in my practical thesis in which the mission is to develop a joint website for two brands that lack branding strategy. Another problem that a web developer needs to consider is how the code can be user-friendly and useful for the client to be able to continue develop the site after the handover of the product. Also this scenario I faced during the project. This report describes the background and implementation of Tehå's and BeHagfullts common website. Tehå's and BeHagfullt are two stores located in a city with 13 300 inhabitants, with an targetgroup that is over 50 years and an owner who dislikes a lot of new digital media. The report intends to guide the reader through all phases of the project and create an understanding of the development process of a project where the company has no brand strategy. The result was a website with clear buttons and a lot of images designed to satisfy both the targetgroup and the clients needs.

The mapping of sea ice is an important task for understanding global climate and for safe shipping. Currently, sea ice maps are created by human analysts with the help of remote sensing imagery, including synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. While the maps are generally correct, they can be somewhat subjective and do not have pixel-level resolution due to the time consuming nature of manual segmentation. Therefore, automated sea ice mapping algorithms such as the multivariate iterative region growing with semantics (MIRGS) sea ice image segmentation algorithm are needed. MIRGS was designed to work with one-channel single-polarization SAR imagery from the RADARSAT-1 satellite. The launch of RADARSAT-2 has made available two-channel dual-polarization SAR imagery for the purposes of sea ice mapping. Dual-polarization imagery provides more information for distinguishing ice types, and one of the channels is less sensitive to changes in the backscatter caused by the SAR incidence angle parameter. In the past, this change in backscatter due to the incidence angle was a key limitation that prevented automatic segmentation of full SAR scenes. This thesis investigates techniques to make use of the dual-polarization data in MIRGS. An evaluation of MIRGS with RADARSAT-2 data was performed and showed that some detail was lost and that the incidence angle caused errors in segmentation. Several data fusion schemes were investigated to determine if they can improve performance. Gradient generation methods designed to take advantage of dual-polarization data, feature space fusion using linear and non-linear transforms as well as image fusion methods based on wavelet combination rules were implemented and tested. Tuning of the MIRGS parameters was performed to find the best set of parameters for segmentation of dual-polarization data. Results show that the standard MIRGS algorithm with default parameters provides the highest accuracy, so no changes are necessary for dual-polarization data. A hierarchical segmentation scheme that segments the dual-polarization channels separately was implemented to overcome the incidence angle errors. The technique is effective but requires more user input than the standard MIRGS algorithm.

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Thin liquid layers have been proposed for heat extraction and protection of the solid surfaces of divertors in magnetic fusion reactors. A number of conceptual designs for plasma-facing components (PFC) use stationary and flowing liquid layers as a renewable first wall for reactor chambers to remove heat and shield solid surfaces from damaging radiation while maintaining acceptable plasma purity levels. Such liquid-protected PFC have the potential to make fusion more commercially attractive by increasing reactor lifetimes and decreasing failure rates. The results of this research will help identify the parameter ranges for successful operation of such protection schemes. This thesis investigates the thermocapillary behavior of axisymmetric horizontal liquid layers with initial heights from 0.27 to 3.0 mm. A negative radial temperature gradient is imposed at the bottom of the liquid layer. Experimental, numerical and asymptotic analyses were carried out for thin layers where buoyancy forces are negligible. A novel asymptotic solution for this axisymmetric geometry was derived from the previous two-dimensional long-wave analysis by Sen et al. (1982). A numerical simulation using the level contour reconstruction method was used to follow the evolution of the liquid-gas interface above an axisymmetric non-isothermal solid surface. Experimental validation of the theoretical and numerical studies was performed using silicone oils of various viscosities (μ = 0.48 × 10-2 9.6 × 10-2 N s/m2). Two measurement techniques, a needle contact method and laser-confocal displacement method, were employed to obtain height profiles for applied temperature differences up to 65°C. Finally, reflectance shadowgraphy was used to visualize free-surface deformation and classify flow regimes in thick layers, where the assumptions of negligible buoyancy and axisymmetric flow are no longer valid. The results of this investigation will allow designers to determine operating windows for successful implementation of liquid-protected PFC.

<p>The Reversed-Field Pinch (RFP) is one of the major alternatives for realizing energy production from thermonuclear fusion. Compared to alternative configurations (such as the tokamak and the stellarator) it has some advantages that suggest that an RFP reactor may be more economic. However, the conventional RFP is flawed with anomalously large energy and particle transport (which leads to unacceptably low energy confinement) due to a phenomenon called the "RFP dynam".</p><p>The dynamo is driven by the gradient in the plasma current in the plasma core, and it has been shown that flattening of the plasma current profile quenches the dynamo and increases confinement. Various forms of current profile control schemes have been developed and tested in both numerical simulations and experiments.</p><p>In this thesis an automatic current profile control routine has been developed for the three-dimensional, non-linear resistive magnetohydrodynamic computer code DEBSP. The routine utilizes active feedback of the dynamo associated fluctuating electric field, and is optimized for replacing it with an externally supplied field while maintaining field reversal. By introducing a semi-automatic feedback scheme, the number of free parameters is reduced, making a parameter scan feasible. A scaling study was performed and scaling laws for the confinement of the advanced RFP (an RFP with enhanced confinement due to current profile control) have been obtained.</p><p>The conclusions from this research project are that energy confinement is enhanced substantially in the advanced RFP and that poloidal beta values are possible beyond the previous theoretical limit beta β_Θ < ½. Scalings toward the reactor regime indicate strongly enhanced confinement as compared to conventional RFP scenarios, but the question of reactor viability remains open.</p>

<p>A laser radar can be used to generate 3D data about the terrain in a very high resolution. The development of new support technologies to analyze these data is critical to the effective and efficient use of these data in decision support systems, due to the large amounts of data that are generated. Adequate technology in this regard is currently not available and development of new methods and algorithms to this end are important goals of this work.</p><p>A semi-qualitative data structure for terrain surface modelling has been developed. A categorization and triangulation process has also been developed to substitute the high resolution 3D model for this data structure. The qualitative part of the structure can be used for detection and recognition of terrain features. The quantitative part of the structure is, together with the qualitative part, used for visualization of the terrain surface. Substituting the 3D model for the semi-qualitative structures means that a data reduction is performed.</p><p>A number of algorithms for detection and recognition of different terrain objects have been developed. The algorithms use the qualitative part of the previously developed semi-qualitative data structure as input. The taken approach is based on matching of symbols and syntactic pattern recognition. Results regarding the accuracy of the implemented algorithms for detection and recognition of terrain objects are visualized.</p><p>A further important goal has been to develop a methodology for determining driveability using 3D-data and other geographic data. These data must be fused with vehicle data to determine the properties of the terrain context of our operations with respect to driveability. This fusion process is therefore called context fusion. The recognized terrain objects are used together with map data in this method. The uncertainty associated with the imprecision of the data has been taken into account as well.</p> / Report code: LiU-Tek-Lic-2008:29.

From previous studies it has been demonstrated that the fusion of tumor cells with antigen-presenting cells generates hybrids that are known to induce anti-tumor immunity. With the advancement of scientific research and medicine, the need to produce cell-cell hybrids for cancer immunotherapy and for various other applications is substantial. Among the many methods used to generate these hybrid cells, electrofusion is a technique that is more widely used and recognized as a method to efficiently produce hybrids. Electrofusion requires two steps. In the first step, cells are brought into close adjacent contact either by a mechanical method like centrifugation or by dieletrophoresis using alternating current (AC). The second step includes the reversible breakdown and fusion of cell membranes induced by high voltage direct current (DC) pulses. The goal of this investigation was to study the use of electrical charge to bring cells into close contact with one another in the cell contact stage prior to delivering high voltage fusion pulses. The possibility of achieving considerable cell-cell contact was tested in two separate electrical systems. In the first system B16 murine melanoma cancer cells were subjected to a range of direct current (DC) voltages between 4 V/cm and 40 V/cm. With the use of DC from a small power source the response of the cells was tested in multiple fusion chambers consisting of two or four electrodes. The configurations of the chambers were varied by changing the distance between the electrodes, the thickness, material and type of coating on the electrodes. In the second system the movement of cells in the presence of corona charge was studied. B16 cells in a culture dish were confined by a circular grounded electrode and subjected to corona discharge for known periods of time. Application of corona charge (positive or negative) facilitated the contact of cells in the annular region between the two circular electrodes. After series of tests, final designs for fusion chambers to be used with DC and with corona were developed. Cell contact achieved with the DC fusion chamber was not substantial enough to produce a significant amount of fusion yield. The fusion chamber designed to be used with corona on the other hand produced exceptional cell contact results consequentially generating fusion yields as high as 40%.

A significant factor in the overall efficiency of the balance of plant for a future magnetic fusion energy (MFE) reactor is the thermal performance of the divertor. A significant fraction of the reactor power is delivered to the divertor as plasma impurities and fusion products are deposited on its surface. For an advanced MFE device, an average divertor heat load of 10 MW/m² is expected at steady-state operating conditions. Helium cooling of the divertors is one of the most effective ways to accommodate such a heat load. Several helium-cooled divertor designs have been proposed and/or studied during the past decade including the T-Tube divertor, the helium-cooled flat plate (HCFP) divertor, the helium-cooled multi-jet (HEMJ) divertor, the helium-cooled modular divertor with integral fin array (HEMP), and the helium-cooled modular divertor with slot array (HEMS). All of these designs rely on some form of heat transfer enhancement via impinging jets or cooling fins to help improve the heat removal capability of the divertor. For all of these designs very large heat transfer coefficients on the order of 50-60 kW/m²-K have been predicted. As the conditions of a fusion reactor and associated helium flow conditions (600 °C and 10 MPa) are difficult to achieve safely in a controlled laboratory environment, the study of these divertors often relies on computer simulations and experimental modeling at non-prototypical, albeit dynamically similar, conditions. Earlier studies were based on the assumption that, for geometrically similar divertor test modules, dynamic similarity can be achieved by matching only the Reynolds number. Experiments conducted in this investigation using different coolants and test module materials have shown this assumption to be false. Modified correlations for the Nusselt number and loss coefficients for the HEMJ and HEMP-like divertor modules have been developed. These have been used to develop generalized performance curves to predict the divertor performance, i.e. the maximum allowable heat flux and corresponding pumping power fraction, at prototypical conditions. Additionally, a numerical study has been performed to optimize the fin array geometry of the HEMP-like divertor module. The generalized correlations and performance curves developed in this investigation can be incorporated into system design codes, thereby allowing system designers to optimize the divertor geometry and operating conditions.

A physical system is said to be in topological phase if at low energies and long wavelengths the observable quantities are invariant under diffeomorphisms. Such physical systems are of great interest in condensed matter physics and computer science where they can be applied to form topological insulators and fault–tolerant quantum computers. Physical systems in topological phase may be rigorously studied through their algebraic manifestations, (pre)modular categories. A complete classification of these categories would lead to a taxonomy of the topological phases of matter. Beyond their ties to physical systems, premodular categories are of general mathematical interest as they govern the representation theories of quasi–Hopf algebras, lead to manifold and link invariants, and provide insights into the braid group. In the course of this work, we study the classification problem for (pre)modular categories with particular attention paid to their arithmetic properties. Central to our analysis is the question of rank finiteness for modular categories, also known as Wang’s Conjecture. In this work, we lay this problem to rest by exploiting certain arithmetic properties of modular categories. While the rank finiteness problem for premodular categories is still open, we provide new methods for approaching this problem. The arithmetic techniques suggested by the rank finiteness analysis are particularly pronounced in the (weakly) integral setting. There, we use Diophantine techniques to classify all weakly integral modular categories through rank 6 up to Grothendieck equivalence. In the case that the category is not only weakly integral, but actually integral, the analysis is further extended to produce a classification of integral modular categories up to Grothendieck equivalence through rank 7. It is observed that such classification can be extended provided some mild assumptions are made. For instance, if we further assume that the category is also odd–dimensional, then the classification up to Grothendieck equivalence is completed through rank 11. Moving beyond modular categories has historically been difficult. We suggest new methods for doing this inspired by our work on (weakly) integral modular categories and related problems in algebraic number theory. The allows us to produce a Grothendieck classification of rank 4 premodular categories thereby extending the previously known rank 3 classification.

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