Fuzzy set is a generalization of the classical set. A classical set is distinguished from another by a sharp boundary at some threshold value and therefore, they are also known as crisp set. In fuzzy theory, sharp boundary and crisp set are replaced by partial truth and fuzzy sets. The idea of partial truth facilitates information description especially those communicated through natural language whose transition between descriptive terms are not abrupt discontinuities. Instead, the transition is a smooth change over a range corresponding to the degree of fulfillment each intermediate elements has according to the operating definition of the concept. The shape of a fuzzy set is defined by its membership function. This, by far, has been the common extent of concern regarding the membership function. Different applications may use the membership function to describe different variables such as speed, position, temperature, dirtiness, traffic conditions etc. But the underlying application of fuzzy sets remains the same: to describe information whose membership function, created in an initial setting, preserve the same size and shape throughout its entire application. In other word, fuzzy sets are utilized as if they are static entities. Nothing has been said about how an initially defined membership function can develop over time with respect to a system. The current research proposes a new framework that concerns the evolution of membership functions. We introduce the concept of membership function propagation as a dynamic description of uncertainty. Given a dynamical system with a set of uncertain initial states which can be represented by membership functions, the membership function propagation describes how these membership functions evolve over time with respect to the system. The evolution produces a set of propagated membership functions that have different size and shape from their predecessors. They represent the uncertainty associated with the states of the system at a given time. This new description also confers new definitions for two important concepts in control theory, namely controllability and observability. These two concepts are re-introduced in a fuzzy sense, based on the concept of membership function propagation. By assuming convexity of the fuzzy set, criterions for controllability and observability can be derived. These criterions are illustrated by MATLAB and SIMULINK simulations of an inverted pendulum and a 2 degree of freedom mechanical manipulator.

This master's thesis deals with extensions of TOPSIS method, which is one of methods for multi-criteria evaluation of alternatives. These extensions use theory of fuzzy sets (FS) and their futher extensions to interval-valued (IVFS), intuitionistic (IFS) and hesitant (HFS) fuzzy sets and their combinations (IVIFS, IVIHFS). Significant part of this thesis explains the principle of fuzzy sets and their generalizations. Descriptions of operators for aggregations of grades of membership has very important role here. Next, very short description of multi-criteria evaluation problems and detailed description of TOPSIS method are contained. The second half of this thesis is dedicated to four existing extensions of TOPSIS metod that uses theories of FS, IVFS, IVIFS and IVIHFS. Every method is illustrated with an example that shows principle of calculations. It illustrates new possibilities of the methods that use new sets theories and potential complications and deviations from the original TOPSIS method. At the end of this thesis, evaluation of usefulness of used approaches is mentioned.

No description available.

This paper aims to demystify, empirically, a statement widely shared in the political imaginary of the citizens of Santiago de Cali: candidates, who predominate in the popular sectors of the population, are the ones who win the elections for mayor («Aguablanca elects the mayor»). From an analysis with Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) in their mode of fuzzy sets, it is shown that there are more complex scenarios of the electoral behavior in the elections for the municipal mayor in 2003, 2007 and 2011. Starting from this premise, from a«sociological perspective» it is proposed a classification of the strata of the city according to the pooled weighted average and candidate as elite/non elite, to analyze the electoral trends in terms of political preferences of each stratum. It also seeks to identify causal combinations that consents the election of a mayor, taking into account variables such as the profil elite/non elite of the candidates, levels of fragmentation in both segments of candidatures and finally, the dominance that each achieved in the different communes of the city. / El presente trabajo se propone desmitificar, empíricamente, un enunciado ampliamente compartido en el imaginario político de los ciudadanos de Santiago de Cali: los candidatos predominantes en los sectores populares son quienes ganarán las elecciones a la alcaldía («Aguablanca elige al alcalde»). A partir de un análisis realizado con Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), en su modalidad de conjuntos difusos, se muestra que existen escenarios sensiblemente más complejos del comportamiento electoral en los comicios para la alcaldía municipal en 2003, 2007 y 2011. Partiendo de esta premisa, desde una «perspectiva sociológica» del análisis electoral, se propone una clasificación de los estratos de la ciudad acorde a la media ponderada agrupada y de los candidatos como élite/no élite, para analizar las tendencias electorales en términos de expresión de preferencias políticas por parte de cada estrato. Asimismo, se busca identificar cuáles son las combinaciones causales que consienten la elección de un alcalde, teniendo en cuenta variables como: el perfil élite/no élite de los candidatos, los niveles de fragmentación existentes en ambos segmentos de candidaturas y, finalmente, el predominio que cada uno de ellos logran en las diferentes comunas de la ciudad.

Komposite Web-Mashups stellen durch die intelligente Verknüpfung von User-Interface-Services und anderen Web-Ressourcen einen Mehrwert für Anwendungsszenarien in verschiedenen Situationen des privaten und geschäftlichen Lebens bereit. Obwohl die Verwendung solcher Mashups bereits viele Nutzerzielgruppen erreicht und Anwendungsdomänen erschlossen hat, ist die bedarfsgerechte Auswahl von Anwendungsbausteinen und deren intelligente Komposition immer noch eine große Herausforderung. In dieser Arbeit werden deshalb Konzepte für die verbesserte Durchführung des Erstellungsprozesses und die Nutzung kompositer Web-Mashups entwickelt und vorgestellt. Kernidee ist dabei die Modellierung und Auswertung anpassbarer Qualitätsanforderungen. Erstmals wird es mit Hilfe eines speziell auf die Belange kompositer Web-Mashups zugeschnittenen Modells für Qualitätseigenschaften ermöglicht, solche Anforderungen passgenau für die Auswahl von Anwendungsbausteinen und die automatisierte Auswertung zu nutzen. Neben der Spezifikation von Bedingungen und Vergleichswerten für bestimmte Eigenschaften erlaubt es das ebenfalls hier vorgestellte Metamodell für Qualitätsanforderungen, die Rahmenbedingungen der Auswertung sowie zuzuordnende Aktionen festzulegen. Schwerpunkte der Arbeit sind außerdem der Prozess der qualitätsbewussten Komposition, die Nutzung der resultierenden Web-Mashups sowie die dazu gehörende Referenzarchitektur. Die betrachteten Anwendungsszenarien decken insbesondere die Teilprozesse der Auswahl von Kompositionsfragmenten, die Erweiterung in Betrieb befindlicher Anwendungen sowie die intelligente Adaption innerhalb der Laufzeitplattform ab. Neben Werkzeugen zur Modellierung und der automatisierten Auswertung von Qualitätsanforderungen setzt die Referenzarchitektur das kontextsensitive Monitoring von Qualitätseigenschaften um. Ein weiterer Fokus liegt auf der unscharfen Spezifikation anpassbarer Qualitätsanforderungen, da zur Zielgruppe insbesondere auch Menschen ohne Programmiererfahrung, jedoch mit guter Kenntnis in aktuellen Web-Technologien und in der jeweiligen fachlichen Domäne, zählen. Diese Ausrichtung wird sowohl bei der Modellierung mit Fuzzy-Mengen als auch in Form von Interaktionskonzepten berücksichtigt. Anhand typischer Anwendungsfälle und unter Zuhilfenahme einer implementierten Infrastruktur und Anwendungslandschaft werden die vorgestellten Konzepte validiert und optimiert. Dabei fließen sowohl die Meinungen von Nutzern und Experten als auch die Betrachtungen zur Komplexität ressourcenintensiver Vorgänge sowie die Ergebnisse von Performance-Analysen ein. Durch das Verwenden der Modelle, Konzepte, Prozesse und Architekturen dieser Arbeit wird somit eine verbesserte Erstellung, Verfeinerung und Nutzung bedarfsgerechter, situativer Mashup-Anwendungen mit Hilfe anpassbarer Qualitätsanforderungen ermöglicht.:Kapitel 1 Motivation und Zielstellung Abschnitt 1.1 Problemdefinition Abschnitt 1.2 Forschungsthesen Abschnitt 1.3 Forschungsziele Abschnitt 1.4 Abgrenzung Abschnitt 1.5 Aufbau der Arbeit Kapitel 2 Grundlagen der Entwicklung und Nutzung kompositer Web-Mashups Abschnitt 2.1 Charakteristika und Einordnung des Anwendungstyps Abschnitt 2.2 Entwicklungsmethoden und Anwendungsszenarien Abschnitt 2.3 Rollen im Entwicklungsprozess von Web-Mashups Abschnitt 2.4 Qualitätseigenschaften und -anforderungen im Kontext von Web-Mashups Kapitel 3 Stand der Forschung und Technik Abschnitt 3.1 Normen und Standards für Qualitätsmodelle bei Softwareprodukten Abschnitt 3.2 Strukturierung und Erstellung von Qualitätsmodellen Abschnitt 3.3 Anforderungsmodellierung mit Aufgaben und Fuzzy-Mengen Abschnitt 3.4 Bewertungskriterien und Übersicht der Cluster für existierende Arbeiten Abschnitt 3.5 Qualität in Web-Mashups Abschnitt 3.6 Qualitätsanforderungen im Web-Engineering Abschnitt 3.7 Qualitätseigenschaften und -anforderungen bei der Auswahl und Komposition von Web-Services Abschnitt 3.8 Qualitätsanforderungen in kompositen Softwaresystemen Abschnitt 3.9 Fazit zum Stand der Forschung und Technik Kapitel 4 Modellierung von Qualitätseigenschaften für Mashups Abschnitt 4.1 Modellüberblick und Abhängigkeiten Abschnitt 4.2 Anforderungen an das Eigenschaftsmodell Abschnitt 4.3 Metamodell zur Strukturierung von Qualitätseigenschaften Abschnitt 4.4 Unscharfe Eigenschaftswerte mit Fuzzy-Mengen Abschnitt 4.5 Nutzung von Qualitätseigenschaften in der Mashup-Plattform Abschnitt 4.6 Referenzmodell der für Mashups typischen Qualitätseigenschaften Abschnitt 4.7 Zusammenfassung und Bewertung des Modells für Qualitätseigenschaften Kapitel 5 Festlegen und Auswerten von Qualitätsanforderungen Abschnitt 5.1 Herausforderungen im Umgang mit Anforderungen Abschnitt 5.2 Qualitätsanforderungen in der Mashup-Architektur Abschnitt 5.3 Aufbau von Qualitätsanforderungen Abschnitt 5.4 Erzeugen und Bearbeiten von Qualitätsanforderungen Abschnitt 5.5 Auswertung von Qualitätsanforderungen Abschnitt 5.6 Zusammenfassung Kapitel 6 Qualitätsbewusster Entwicklungs- und Nutzungsprozess Abschnitt 6.1 Entwicklung und Nutzung von Web-Mashups mit Qualitätsanforderungen Abschnitt 6.2 Aktionen im Kontext von Qualitätsanforderungen Kapitel 7 Validierung und Implementierung Abschnitt 7.1 Validierungsmethodik Abschnitt 7.2 Überblick der implementierten Infrastruktur Abschnitt 7.3 Implementierung von Kompositionsfragmenten Abschnitt 7.4 Implementierung der Referenzarchitektur Abschnitt 7.5 Implementierung der Werkzeuge Abschnitt 7.6 Nutzerstudie zum Anforderungsassistenten Abschnitt 7.7 Validierungsergebnisse zu Performance und Awareness-Indikatoren Abschnitt 7.8 Diskussion zur Validierung und Implementierung Kapitel 8 Zusammenfassung, Diskussion, Bewertung und Ausblick Abschnitt 8.1 Zusammenfassung der Kapitel Abschnitt 8.2 Diskussion und Bewertung der Forschungsergebnisse Abschnitt 8.3 Ausblick auf aktuelle und künftige Arbeiten Anhang A Metamodelle und Schemata Anhang B Referenzmodelle Anhang C Komponentenimplementierungen Anhang D Werkzeuge Anhang E Dienste, Verwaltung und Tests

published_or_final_version / Business Administration / Master / Master of Business Administration

published_or_final_version / abstract / Civil Engineering / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

<p>Cilj - Cilj istraživanja je razvoj modela, implementacija prototipa i verifikacija računarskog simulacionog sistema koji omogućuje rad sa nepreciznim geoprostornim podacima u realnim uslovima, i pro&scaron;irivanje postojećiim sistemima, razvoja novih algoritama za obradu, novih modela za reprezentaciju procesa i njihovu integraciju.<br />Metodologija - Za modeliranje neodređenosti i nepreciznosti u podacima i procesima kori&scaron;ćen je fazi pristup. Za razvoj softverskog sistema kori&scaron;ćen je objektni pristup (UML 2.0.), model vi&scaron;eslojne distribuirane softverske arhitekture, kombinacija vi&scaron;e objektno orijentisanih programskih jezika, i standardi iz oblasti prostornih podataka i procesa. Verifikacija je izvr&scaron;ena na primeru ekstrakcije prostornih osobina na<br />osnovu rasterskih mapa, i implementirana su dva prostorna procesa u skladu sa definisanim modelima.<br />Rezultati - Predloženi su modeli tačkastih (fazi tačka), pravolinijskih (fazi duž) i jednostavnih povr&scaron;inskih (fazi trougao, fazi krug) nepreciznih objekata pomoću fazi skupova. Date su definicije i osobine osnovnih prostornih operacija (prostorna merenja, prostorne funkcije i prostorne relacije). Dat je predlog za modeliranje geoprostornih procesa i algoritam za odreĎivanje fazi konveksnog omotača koji se odlikuje smanjenom računskom složeno&scaron;ću u odnosu na postojeće algoritme.<br />Ograničenja istraživanja/implikacije &ndash; Sistem ne obuhvata standardizovan format za razmenu nepreciznih prostornih podataka. To znači da se format razmene mora implementirati u softveru.<br />Praktične implikacije - Predloženi modeli mogu se, pre svega, koristiti u geografskim informacionim sistemima, ali i u analizi slike, te drugim zadacima koji zahtevaju modelovanje realnog prostora (robotika i slično).<br />Originalnost/vrednost &ndash; Originalni doprinosi su sledeći: novi modeli tačkastih (fazi tačka), pravolinijskih (fazi duž) i jednostavnih povr&scaron;inskih (fazi trougao, fazi krug) objekata, novi modeli osnovnih prostornih operacija (prostorna merenja, prostorne funkcije i prostorne relacije) i novi algoritam za odreĎivanje fazi konveksnog omotača koji se odlikuje smanjenom računskom složeno&scaron;ću u odnosu na postojeće algoritme.</p> / <p> Purpose- The purpose is model development, software prototype implementation and verification of the computer simulation system which provides support for imprecise data processing under real conditions, as well as extensions to existing systems, development of novel algorithms for data processing, new models for processes&rsquo; representation and their integration.<br /> Design/methodology/approach - Fuzzy approach is used for modelling uncertainties and imprecision. For the software system&rsquo;s development object approach (UML 2.0), multi-tiered distributed software architecture,<br /> combination of several object programming languages, and standards for geospatial data and processes are deployed. Verification is carried out by the example of spatial features extraction from raster maps which is applied to two spatial processes compliant to the proposed model.<br /> Findings- Models for point (fuzzy point), line (fuzzy line) and simple planar (fuzzy triangle, fuzzy circle) imprecise objects are proposed. The definitions and basic features of spatial operations (spatial measurements, spatial functions and spatial relations) are given. A proposal for modelling geospatial processes is given and the algorithm for fuzzy convex hull characterized by reduced computational complexity.<br /> Research limitations/implications - The system does not comprise standardized format for imprecise data interchange. This means that interchange format should be implemented within the software.<br /> Practical implications - The proposed models can be used, primarily for geographic information systems, but they can be also deployed in image analysis as well as tasks requiring modelling of the real space (robotics, etc.).<br /> Originality/Value - The main original contributions are: novel models for point (fuzzy point), line (fuzzy line) and simple planar (fuzzy triangle, fuzzy circle) imprecise objects, novel models for imprecise spatial operations (spatial measurements, spatial functions and spatial relations), and the algorithm for fuzzy convex hull characterized by reduced computational complexity.</p>

Orientador: Henrique Lazari / Banca: Adilson José Vieira Brandão / Banca: Wlademir Seixas / Resumo: Desde cedo entramos em contato com as implicações lógicas. O binômio verdadeiro-falso está sempre presente em nossas vidas e nós nos acostumamos a aceitar que as coisas ou são verdadeiras ou são falsas. Divertimo-nos quando alguém nos conta histórias interessantes envolvendo lógica e que terminam em contradições, tais como, por exemplo, a do barbeiro que pode e não pode barbear a si mesmo, ou como a do advogado que consegue ganhar ou perder a mesma causa. Apreciamos mais "paradoxos" sem nos apercebermos que por trás deles existe toda uma teoria matemática, a chamada lógica fuzzy. Essa dissertação tem por objetivo apresentar um resumo deste teoria, mostrando como ela trata a existência de tais paradoxos e dar detalhes sobre uma visão compacta dos conjuntos fuzzy, a saber, utilizando uma representação geométrica. A análise de alguns resultados sobre tais conjuntos usando esta representação leva a uma justificativa para o estudo da lógica fuzzy, a saber, a diferença entre "fuzziness" e probabilidade, incluindo uma demonstração de que "fuzziness", de fato, existe / Abstract: Early on we got in touch with the logical implications. The binomial true-false is always present in our lives and we have come to accept that things are either true or false. Have fun when somebody tells interesting stories involving logic and ending with contradictions, such as, for example, the barber who can and can not shave himself, or as the lawyer who can win or lose the same cause. Appreciate more "paradoxes" without realizing that behind them there is a whole mathematical theory, called fuzzy logic. This thesis aims to present a summary of this theory, showing how it treats the existence of such paradoxes and give details about a compact view of fuzzy sets, namely, using a geometrical representation. The analysis of some results on such sets using this representation leads to a justification for the study of fuzzy logic, namely the difference between "fuzziness" and probability, including a demonstration that "fuzziness" in fact, exists / Mestre

Segmentação de uma imagem é um processo de extrema importância em processamento de imagens e consiste em subdividir a imagem em partes constituintes correspondentes a objetos de interesse no domínio de aplicação. Objetos de interesse podem apresentar cores que se caracterizam numa imagem por um conjunto de pixels, que por sua vez possuem um número muito grande de valores cromáticos. Estes conjuntos podem ser denominados por relativamente poucos rótulos lingüísticos atribuídos por seres humanos, caracterizando as cores, representadas por classes. Entretanto, a fronteira entre estas classes é vaga, pois os valores cromáticos que definem a transição de uma cor para outra dependem de diversos fatores do domínio. Esta tese visa contribuir no processo de segmentação de imagens através da proposta de um classificador de pixels exclusivamente por meio do atributo cor. Para lidar com o problema da vagueza entre as classes de cores, emprega-se a teoria dos conjuntos nebulosos. Assim, propõe-se um aprendizado híbrido e incremental de modelos nebulosos de classes de cores constituintes do classificador. O aprendizado híbrido combina os paradigmas de aprendizado supervisionado e não-supervisionado, transferindo a rotulação individual das instâncias (muito custosa) para a rotulação dos grupos de instâncias similares, pelo agente supervisor. Estes grupos são combinados por meio da aplicação de operadores de agregação adequados, que possibilitam uma forma de aprendizado incremental, onde os modelos das classes existentes podem ser revisados ou novas classes, obtidas com a continuidade do treinamento, podem ser incorporadas aos modelos. Propõe-se, ainda, um processo de generalização do modelo, visando sua completude. O classificador proposto foi testado na modelagem da cor da pele humana em imagens adquiridas em condições ambientais controladas e em condições variadas. Os resultados obtidos mostram a eficácia do classificador proposto, obtendo uma detecção robusta e acurada da cor da pele em imagens digitais coloridas. / Image segmentation is a very important process, which aims at subdividing an image in parts that correspond to objects of interest in the application domain. Objects may depict few colors that are represented in an image by a set of pixels presenting a very large range of chromatic values. A relatively small number of human-defined linguistic labels can be assigned to these sets, and these labels characterize colors represented by classes. However, the borders among these classes are fuzzy, since the chromatic values that define the transition from a class to another depend on different domain factors. This thesis contributes in the image segmentation process by proposing a pixel classifier based exclusively on the color attribute. Fuzzy sets theory is used to deal with the problem of fuzziness among color classes. This thesis proposes a hybrid and incremental scheme for learning fuzzy models of color classes included in the classifier. The hybrid-learning scheme combines unsupervised and supervised learning paradigms, transferring the labeling by a supervisor from individual instances (a very computationally costly task) to groups of similar instances. These groups are combined by application of adequate aggregation operators, providing an incremental learning scheme to the classifier, so that models can be revised and new classes can be incorporated into the models. In order to provide completeness to the models, a generalization process is also proposed. The classifier was tested in the human skin color-modeling problem, by using digital color-images captured under controlled and uncontrolled conditions. Experimental results assess its effectiveness, providing a robust and accurate detection of skin color in digital color-images.