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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

An Upregulation of DNA-Methyltransferase 1 and 3a Expressed in Telencephalic Gabaergic Neurons of Schizophrenia Patients Is Also Detected in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes

Zhubi, A., Veldic, M., Puri, N. V., Kadriu, B., Caruncho, H., Loza, I., Sershen, H., Lajtha, A., Smith, R. C., Guidotti, A., Davis, J. M., Costa, E. 01 June 2009 (has links)
Several lines of schizophrenia (SZ) research suggest that a functional downregulation of the prefrontal cortex GABAergic neuronal system is mediated by a promoter hypermethylation, presumably catalyzed by an increase in DNA-methyltransferase-1 (DNMT-1) expression. This promoter hypermethylation may be mediated not only by DNMT-1 but also by an entire family of de novo DNA-methyltransferases, such as DNA-methyltransferase-3a (DNMT-3a) and -3b (DNMT-3b). To verify the existence of an overexpression of DNMT-3a and DNMT-3b in the brain of schizophrenia patients (SZP), we compared their mRNA expression in Brodmann's area 10 (BA10) and in the caudate nucleus and putamen obtained from the Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center (Belmont, MA) from both nonpsychiatric subjects (NPS) and SZP. Our results demonstrate that DNMT-3a and DNMT-1 are expressed and co-localize in distinct GABAergic neuron populations whereas DNMT-3b mRNA is virtually undetectable. We also found that unlike DNMT-1, which is frequently overexpressed in telencephalic GABAergic neurons of SZP, DNMT-3a mRNA is overexpressed only in layer I and II GABAergic interneurons of BA10. To ascertain whether these DNMT expression differences observed in brain tissue could also be detected in peripheral tissues, we studied whether DNMT-1 and DNMT-3a mRNAs were overexpressed in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of SZP. Both DNMT-1 and DNMT-3a mRNAs are expressed in the PBL and although DNMT-3a mRNA levels in the PBL are approximately 1/10 of those of DNMT-1, the comparison of the PBL content in NPS and SZP showed a highly significant 2-fold increase of both DNMT-1 and DNMT-3a mRNA in SZP. These changes were unaffected by the dose, the duration, or the type of antipsychotic treatment. The upregulation of DNMT-1 and to a lesser extent that of DNMT-3a mRNA in PBL of SZP supports the concept that this readily available peripheral cell type can express an epigenetic variation of specific biomarkers relevant to SZ morbidity. Hence, PBL studies may become useful to investigate a diagnostic epigenetic marker of SZ morbidity.
2

Phenotypic and immunohistochemical characterization of conditional knockout mice with a deletion in glutamic Acid decarboxylase (GAD) in Gpr88 containing neurons and the role of striatal GAD in L-Dopa induced dyskinesia

Labak, Samantha 22 January 2016 (has links)
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD) is a rate-limiting enzyme responsible for synthesis of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Dopaminergic denervation in rodents by unilateral injections of 6-OHDA or MPTP causes an increase in Gad67 mRNA in the striatum, which is further exacerbated by administration of L-Dopa (Horvath et al., 2011; Katz et al., 2005 Bacci et al., 2002). Denervation of nigrostriatal neurons is the key pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease, which results in hypokinetic movement and rigidity. Medium spiny projection neurons of the striatum comprise 95% of the neuronal population and utilize Gad67 (encoded by the Gad1 gene) for the synthesis of basal levels of GABA. The contribution of Gad67 to GABA signaling in medium spiny projection neurons in the striatum has not been thoroughly understood in normal or Parkinsonian states. Mice with a deletion in Gad67 in Gpr88 expressing neurons were generated by crossing mice with a floxed exon 2 of Gad1 with mice expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the Gpr88 promoter. The aim of this study was first, to characterize mice with a deletion in striatal Gad67 by immunohistochmical, electriophysiological and behavioral examination to determine whether Gad67 expression contributes to sensorimotor and learning tasks. And next, to investigate whether a downregulation in striatal Gad67 would decrease dyskinesia and affect the impaired motor symptoms following dopaminergic denervation with a unilateral 6-OHDA lesion and subsequent treatment with L-Dopa. In this study, neuronal Gpr88 expression was indicated by GFP reporter expression, which resulted from Cre-mediated excision of exon 2 of the Gad1 gene. Gpr88 expression was confirmed in the striatum, olfactory tubercle, cortex and brain stem. Furthermore, Gpr88 was confined to striatonigral and striatopallidal MSNs in the striatum. Additionally, Cre-mediated GFP reporter expression indicated that Gpr88 expression occurs throughout various brain regions, including the motor and visual areas of the cortex, amygdala, hippocampus and cerebellum during development. The developmental expression of Gpr88 seems to be a highly regulated process that occurs throughout the brain. In the conditional knockout mouse, deleting striatal Gad67 resulted in an upregualtion of Gad67 in the globus pallidus and downregulation in the substantia nigra. The changes in Gad67 expression indicate the effects of inactivating GABAergic signaling in striatonigral and striatopallidal MSNs in the direct and indirect pathways. Mice with a deletion in striatal Gad67 demonstrated compromised performance in spatial learning in the Morris water maze, suggesting that GABAergic striatal signaling in the direct and indirect pathways accounts for cue-based learning and spatial memory. However, inactivation of GABAergic signaling in striatonigral and striatopallidal MSNs does not account for motor deficits such as bradykinesia, akinesia or hypokinesia in intact mice; instead it perpetuates hyperkinetic motor activity. In the second experiment of this study, dopaminergic denervation by a unilateral 6-OHDA lesion induced bradykinesia and hypokinetic motor behavior, as demonstrated by impaired performance in the rota-rod and pole test. Additionally, L-Dopa administration to 6-OHDA lesioned mice evoked abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) to the same degree in all dyskinetic mice. A deletion in striatal Gad67 did not decrease symptoms of dyskinesia, nor cause a lessening of motor impairment caused by dopaminergic denervation. Complete inactivation of the indirect pathway is believed to limit the inhibition of unwanted actions and may perpetuate dyskinesia, even when striatonigral MSNs of the direct pathway are inactive.
3

Gene expression in neurological disease: autism and Parkinson's disease

Alsamkari, Afraa Awad 03 November 2016 (has links)
Parkinson’s disease (PD) and autism are prevalent diseases in two disparate age groups. The neuropathology underlying these diseases involves the major neurotransmitters, dopamine and GABA, and/ or their receptors. The current study investigated mRNA gene expressions of the GAD67 in autistic striatum and the DRD1 in the Parkinsonian dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In situ hybridization histochemistry for GAD67 mRNA levels in postmortem striatal specimens from autistic individuals was compared to those of normal controls. Similarly, a nonradioactive in situ hybridization newly emerging method, RNAscope, was used to assess the D1 receptor mRNA gene expression in postmortem specimens of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of PD and control brains. The GAD67 mRNA labeling intensity that was measured on X-ray films and on emulsion radioautograph sections did not vary significantly between the autistic samples and the normal control samples. On the other hand, DRD1 mRNA levels showed a significant increase in the Parkinsonian dorsolateral prefrontal cortex specimens as compared to their normal counterparts. The GAD65 mRNA labeling results corresponded with the GAD67 mRNA levels. The similar GAD67 and GAD65 mRNA patterns in the autism group and the control group may suggest that the hyper-excitability hypothesis can be accounted for by an increase in the glutamatergic activity rather than a decrease in the GABAergic system. The increase in the DRD1 mRNA in the Parkinson’s disease dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may be interpreted in light of the expected upregulation of the D1 receptor in cases of dopamine depletion as the treatment-status was unknown. In conclusion, research investigating the neurotransmitters’ gene expression in Parkinson’s disease and in autism spectrum disorder needs more neurobiological studies in order to establish some knowledge regarding the temporality, and the genetic profile mapping of the diseases. Likewise, more research is encouraged to relate the symptoms and behaviors associated with disease to their anatomical origins.
4

Study of inhibitory neurons in Broca's area in autism

House, Elva Lucille 20 June 2020 (has links)
Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) experience a variety of symptoms that vary dramatically across individuals and can range from severe impairments to minor issues with social interactions and communication. The underlying cause of ASD is still unknown, and the level of influence that genetic and environmental factors have on the severity and occurrence of ASD is still a topic of great debate. Since the theories concerning cause or causes of ASD are multifactorial, the treatment options available are extremely limited and are based on behavioral testing. Alternatively, genetic testing might be considered in a diagnosis protocol. This study is designed to investigate ASD by assessing the variability of three genes associated with neuronal inhibition. Based on previous studies this experiment hypothesized that GAD1, GAD2, and PAVLB expression is decreased in Broca’s area in individuals with ASD when compared to controls, with the premise that this alteration could contribute to the symptoms involving language and communication. In situ hybridization was used to quantify the expression of the GAD1, GAD2, and PVALB genes in Broca’s area in postmortem human tissue. The variability of these three genes was quantified by measuring the amount of radioactively tagged mRNA in fifty cell bodies in each brain sample. This study used twenty-two brains of individuals with ASD and twenty-one control brains, including age matched males and females. The variables of age and sex are analyzed and discussed as well as the emulsion and film analyses. A decrease in parvalbumin expression was found between the ASD and control groups in Broca’s area. These finding were discussed in the context of symptoms and neuropathological features of ASD.
5

L-methionine Decreases Dendritic Spine Density in Mouse Frontal Cortex

Tueting, Patricia, Davis, John M., Veldic, Marin, Pibiri, Fabio, Kadriu, Bashkim, Guidotti, Alessandro, Costa, Erminio 01 June 2010 (has links)
Schizophrenia postmortem brain is characterized by γ aminobutyric acid downregulation and by decreased dendritic spine density in frontal cortex. Protracted L-methionine treatment exacerbates schizophrenia symptoms, and our earlier work (Tremolizzo et al. and Dong et al.) has shown that L-methionine decreases reelin and GAD67 transcription in mice which is prevented by co-administration of valproate. In this study, we observed a decrease in spine density following L-methionine treatment, which was prevented by co-administration of valproate. Together with our earlier findings conducted under the same experimental conditions, we suggest that downregulation of spine density in L-methionine-treated mice may be because of the decreased expression of reelin and that valproate may prevent spine downregulation by inhibiting the methylation induced decrease in reelin.
6

Molekularbiologische Untersuchungen zu zentralnervösen Alterungsprozessen der Reproduktionsfunktion in der weiblichen Ratte / Molecular Biological Analysis of Central Nervous Age-Related Processes of the Reproduction Functions in the Female Rat

Makhouly, Bassel 03 October 2002 (has links)
Die GABA-ergen Neurone als Teil des GnRH-Netzwerkes spielen eine Rolle bei den Veränderungen der altersabhängigen Prozesse der Reproduktionsfunktion. Um die Regulation der gonadalen Steroide auf die Expression von GAD in reproduktionsabhängigen Regionen zu untersuchen, wurde im ersten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit das männliche Rattenmodell gewählt. Nach der Untersuchung des endokrinen Zustands der Tiere anhand der Radioimmunoassay-Methode (RIA) wurden die zellulären Gentranskripte der beiden Isoformen von GAD, GAD65 und GAD67, mittels der Methode der in situ Hybridisierung in der POA, im Nukleus suprachiasmaticus (SCN), im mediobasalen Hypothalamus (MBH) und im Gyrus dentatus bestimmt. In allen untersuchten Regionen konnte nach der Kastration und einer anschließenden dreiwöchigen Erholungszeit kein Effekt beobachtet werden. Die Administration von Estradiol bewirkt in der POA eine signifikante Erhöhung der Expression von GAD65 und GAD67 um nahezu 40%. In den restlichen Regionen konnte dagegen kein Effekt gemessen werden. Die Testosteronbehandlung zeigte eine negative Wirkung auf die Regulation nur von GAD67: Eine 30%-ige Abnahme in der POA und eine 15%-ige im SCN. Im Gegensatz dazu trat im MBH und im Gyrus dentatus eine Verminderung der Expression nur bei GAD65 auf. Aus den hier vorgestellten Ergebnissen kann folgendes abgeleitet werden: Testosteron und Estradiol regulieren in unterschiedlicher Weise die Expression von GAD und so wiederum die inhibitorische Funktion von GABA. Da in der SCN, im MBH und im Gyrus dentatus im Gegensatz zu Estradiol eine Testosteron-Wirkung gemessen wurde, existiert eine eigene androgene Regulation von GAD. Weil die Estradiol-Zugabe eine Zunahme der Expression von GAD bewirkte und dieser Effekt von einer Abnahme der LH-Konzentration im Serum der betroffenen Tiergruppe begleitet wurde, ist die These bestätigt, dass GABA mit ihren inhibitorischen Funktionen zur Übermittlung der positiven Rückkopplung von Estradiol auf die LH-Freisetzung auf der Ebene der POA und nicht auf der Ebene der Axone agiert. Im Gegensatz zu Estradiol kann eine Progesteronbehandlung bei persistent östrischen Ratten einen LH-Peak auslösen und somit den Östrus-Zyklus wieder in Gang bringen. Aufgrund dieser Tatsache wurde im zweiten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit ein Tiermodell zur Untersuchung der molekularbiologischen altersabhängigen Veränderungen entwickelt. Dabei wurden drei Monate alte proöstrische Ratten (Y) und 12 Monate alte persistent östrische Ratten (MA) benutzt. Die MA-Ratten wurden mit Progesteron behandelt. Sowohl die MA-Ratten als auch die Y-Ratten wurden um 13 Uhr und um 17 Uhr getötet. Eine unbehandelte MA-Gruppe, deren Tiere um 10 Uhr getötet wurden, diente hier als Kontrollgruppe. Anhand der LH-Messung der untersuchten Gruppen wurde ein Kontrollwert (5 ng/ml LH) für die positive Reaktion der Tiere auf Progesteron (responding animals) festgestellt. Es konnte bei 44% der persistent östrischen Ratten ein erhöhter LH-Spiegel erfolgreich wieder erreicht werden. In den Gruppen dieses Modells entstand eine Analogie zwischen den Gruppen der behandelten MA-13-Uhr und Y-13-Uhr Tiere sowie zwischen den responding animals und den Y-17 Uhr-Tieren. Um aussagekräftige statistische Veränderungen entlang der hypothalamo-hypophysio-ovariellen Achse in individuellen Tieren zu erhalten, wurde die Taqman®-PCR und die quantitative, kompetitive RT-PCR eingesetzt. Dabei wurden die folgenden Gene untersucht: ER α und ER β, GnRH, GnRH-R, GAD65 und GAD67, sowie FSH-β. In der POA, Hypophyse und im Ovar wurde altersabhängigen Genexpression beobachtet: Eine signifikante Abnahme der Expression von ER β sowohl in der Gruppe responding animals als auch in deren analoger Gruppe wurde in der POA (34 %), Hypophyse (44 %) und im Ovar (um die 30 %) gemessen. In der Hypophyse verzeichneten die mRNA-Transkripte von ER α bei der Gruppe der behandelten mittelalten Ratten der 13 Uhr-Gruppe eine Zunahme von 55% und bei der 13-Uhr-Gruppe der jungen Ratten einen Anstieg von 153 %. Ebenso nehmen die mRNA-Konzentrationen von FSH-β sowohl bei den responding animals als auch bei deren analoger Gruppe in gleichem Masse (ungefähr 300 %) zu. Da die Veränderungen der Expression von ER β, ER α und FSH-β bei den zwei analogen Gruppen auftritt, ist zu vermuten, dass diese Gene altersabhängig expremiert und an der Zyklusregulation ursächlich beteiligt sind. Die restlichen Gene zeigten entlang der Achse keine altersrelevanten Veränderungen. Da ER β-Expressionsveränderungen in der POA, in der Hypophyse und im Ovar gemessen wurden, konnte der wichtigste Schluss der hier vorgestellten Untersuchungen gezogen werden, dass nämlich ER β für den Erhalt des Zyklus essentiell sein kann. In diesem Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein Tiermodell zur molekular biologischen Untersuchung der altersabhängigen Veränderungen mit sehr zufriedenstellender Ausbeute zur Wiederherstellung des Östrus-Zyklus (44%) erfolgreich entwickelt. Dieses Modell ermöglichte darüber hinaus die Untersuchung einer relativ hohen Anzahl an Genen entlang der hypothalamo-hypophysio-ovariellen Achse.

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