Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à un concept innovant d'empoisonnement homogène des neutrons par insertion de terres rare (erbium et gadolinium) dans les gaines en alliage de zirconium pour les réacteurs à eau pressurisée. L'étude des équilibres entre phases des alliages erbium-zirconium et gadolinium-zirconium est indispensable comme préalable à la mise en oeuvre industrielle de ce procédé prometteur d'empoisonnement. Ce travail a consisté à déterminer expérimentalement le diagramme de phases du système erbium-zirconium. Nous avons, par le biais de différentes caractérisations, obtenu des données diagrammatiques. Avec celles-ci, nous proposons un nouveau tracé du diagramme de phases. Celui-ci est radicalement différent de celui disponible dans la littérature. Nous avons modélisé le système par l'approche CALPHAD. Nous avons également déterminé les limites de solubilité des solutions solides terminales du système gadolinium-zirconium. Les données obtenues expérimentalement sont en accord avec le tracé expérimental de la littérature et avec le modèle thermodynamique disponible. Afin de prendre en compte l'oxydation des gaines en service, nous nous sommes également intéressés aux systèmes erbium-oxygène-zirconium et gadolinium-oxygène-zirconium. Le premier système a fait l'objet d'une étude expérimentale. Nous avons mis en place un procédé de synthèse par métallurgie des poudres, incluant la synthèse de celles-ci à partir de métaux massifs. La caractérisation des échantillons ternaires nous a permis de proposer deux coupes isothermes (800°C et 1100°C). Pour le système gadolinium-oxygène-zirconium, nous avons prédit les équilibres entre phases à différentes températures à l'aide de calculs effectués à partir d'une base de données que nous avons construite avec les modèles thermodynamiques de la littérature des systèmes oxygène-zirconium, gadolinium-zirconium et sesquioxyde de gadolinium-zircone. Enfin, nous avons travaillé avec des alliages erbium-zirconium fabriqués en milieu industriel. Nous nous sommes intéressés à leurs propriétés mécaniques en traction, en lien avec leur microstructure. Nous avons mis en évidence l'effet durcissant de l'erbium, notamment à 325?°C

Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) is the standard ceramic top coat material used for TBC application. Above 1200°C, issues such as CMAS (Calcium Magnesium Alumino Silicates) infiltration susceptibility, phase instability and high sintering rates limits its long durability. Therefore, new materials which can overcome these challenges without compromising the other requirements for TBCs are highly desirable. Gadolinium zirconate is one such material which has shown promising results for CMAS infiltration resistance. In this work, a relatively new TBC processing route, suspension plasma spray (SPS) has been employed to deposit gadolinium zirconate based TBCs. The primary aim of this study was to deposit two different coating systems (layered and composite) of gadolinium zirconate and YSZ composition using SPS technique and evaluate their thermal cyclic fatigue life performance. The layered system was a triple layered TBC with YSZ as the base layer, relatively porous GZ as the intermediate layer and dense GZ as the top layer. The blended TBC system comprised of a thin YSZ layer, an intermediate GZ+YSZ thick layer and dense GZ top layer. In the thermal cyclic fatigue test at 1100°C and 1200°C, it was observed that blended TBC had a lower thermal cyclic life than the layered TBC. It was shown that SPS is a promising technique to deposit columnar microstructure TBCs.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Gadolinium (Gd) is the basis of contrast media most used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Because it is a very toxic metal ion, all Gd-based contrast media present chelating agents in their composition. Gd-based formulations are commercially available in concentrations of 1 and 0.5 mol L-1, which are almost exclusively excreted by the kidneys without producing toxic effects. In 2006, however, two European groups independently suggested a link between the administration of gadolinium chelates and the occurrence of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) in patients with renal insufficiency. NSF is a serious disease, which origin is attributed to transmetalation reactions between Gd and endogenous metals. In this work, we used the techniques atomic absorption spectrometry, mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma and liquid chromatography with mass detector to investigate metals present as impurities and / or contaminants in five Gd-based contrast formulations and their possible transmetalation reactions. The results showed that several metals are present in the formulations, the rare earth elements (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er and Tm) and others such as Al, As and Pb, notoriously toxic to humans. To evaluate transmetallation reactions the Gd-DTPA complex (gadopentetate dimeglumine) was used as template model. It was found that practically all elements present as contaminants in the formulation are able to replace Gd in the complex. Even endogenous metals such as Cu and Fe, which do not present any toxicological potential, may cause , due to transmetallation reations, free Gd3 + to be formed. / O gadolínio (Gd) é a base do meio de contraste mais utilizado em ressonância magnética (RM). Por se tratar de um íon metálico muito tóxico, todos os meios de contraste com Gd possuem agentes quelantes em sua composição. As formulações de Gd estão comercialmente disponíveis em concentrações de 0,5 e 1 mol L-1, sendo estas, quase exclusivamente, excretadas por via renal, sem produzir efeitos tóxicos. Porém, em 2006, dois grupos europeus independentes sugeriram uma relação entre a administração de complexos gadolínicos e a ocorrência de fibrose sistêmica nefrogênica (FSN) em pacientes com insuficiência renal. A FSN é uma doença grave, atribuída a reações de transmetalação do Gd de seus complexos por metais endógenos. Neste trabalho, utilizaram-se técnicas de espectrometria de absorção atômica, espectrometria de massa com plasma indutivamente acoplado e cromatografia líquida com detector de massa para investigar metais presentes como impurezas e/ou contaminantes em cinco formulações de contrastes a base de Gd e suas reações de transmetalação. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que outros metais, além do Gd, estão presentes nas formulações, os elementos terras-raras (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er e Tm) e elementos como Al, As e Pb, sabidamente tóxicos para o ser humano. Para verificar a transmetalação, o complexo Gd-DTPA (Gadopentetato dimeglumina) foi utilizado como modelo e verificou-se que, praticamente, todos os elementos presentes como contaminantes nas formulações substituíram o Gd no complexo, ou seja, mesmo a presença de metais endógenos como Cu e Fe, que não apresentariam potencial toxicológico podem, através da transmetalação, levar à presença de Gd3+ livre.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-05-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:49:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 paula_as_me_sjrp.pdf: 3130641 bytes, checksum: 88335016faa035282519ac1dcb6b41b9 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Como em qualquer método de imagem utilizado em medicina, foi desenvolvido para a ressonância magnética por imagem (MRI) um agente de contraste que pudesse realçar apenas as lesões e não os tecidos normais, possibilitando desta maneira não apenas a localização do tecido afetado, mas propiciando também um diagnóstico mais preciso e diferenciado. Os agentes de contraste geralmente utilizados em MRI afetam seletivamente os tempos de relaxamento T1 dos diferentes tecidos, embora os tempos de T2 podem também ser alterados pela introdução desses agentes. Este trabalho caracteriza-se pela busca de novos compostos micro ou mesoporosos que possam ser utilizados como agentes de contraste para MRI. A principal diferença entre os compostos estudados e os quelatos de gadolínio empregados atualmente em MRI está na usa composição química e estado físico. Estes novos compostos são zeólitos, cuja principal característica é sua estrutura altamente cristalina formada por canais e cavidades bem definidas, canais e cavidades onde ocorre a imobilização de íons metálicos. As sínteses destes novos materiais microporosos foram realizadas utilizando-se templates orgânicos derivados da decahidroquinolina, 2,6 dimetil piperidina, 3,5 dimetil piperidina e espartênio. Antes de serem utilizados em diferentes condições de química sol-gel os novos templates sintetizados foram caracterizados por ressonância magnética nuclear ( 13 C e 1 H), espectrometria de massa e por difração de raios-X de monocristais. Os novos materiais microporosos foram sintetizados em diferentes condições de química sol- gel e os principais produtos obtidos foram novos vanadiosilicatos. Os novos materiais microporosos foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de difração de raios-X, ressonância magnética do estado sólido dos núcleos 29 Si, 51 V e 13 C, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, espalhamento Raman... / As in any other imaging method used in modern medicine, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) requires a contrast media. The contrast media can enhance the contrast of the damage tissue in comparison to the normal ones, facilitating the location of the damage area and providing information for a precise diagnosis. Most of the contrast media commonly used in MRI, affect the relaxation time T1 of the different tissues, and in some case also the relaxation time T2. The main goal of this work was the searching for new microporous or mesoporous materials that could replace the traditional contrast media based on chelates of gadolinium. These microporous materials, different form the chelates of gadolinium, are made up by well defined system of nanoporous and nanochanels where the metal are located. In order to synthesized these new microporous materials, a new family of structure directing agents (SDAs) derivatives of decahydroquinolinium; 2,6 dimethyl piperidine; 3,5 dimethyl piperidine and (S)-Sparteinium were synthesized. The as made new templates were fully characterized by 13 C, 1 H-NMR, ES- Mass Spectrometry, and single crystal X-Ray diffraction. Different sol gel chemistry conditions were studied and explored throughout this study using the new SDAs, however the most out sanding results were obtained for vanadosilicates. The new vanadosilicates were fully characterized by 13 C, 29 Si and 51 V NMR-MAS (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Magic Angle Spinning), Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), Raman scattering and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Some of the vanadosilicates synthesized with SDAs (1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11) were found to be isomorphous to the Titanosilicate ETS-10 and to the Vanadosilicate AM-6, which open up the possibility of their use as catalyst for shape selectivity oxidative calalysis. Althoug, Vanadosilicates prepared with N-Etil-Sparteinium are stil under... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:46:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:05:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP / FAPESP:99/12494-9

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