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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
181

A geoid model in the state of São Paulo: an attempt for the evaluation of different methodologies. / Um modelo geoidal do Estado de São Paulo: uma tentativa de avaliação de diferentes metodologias.

Guimarães, Gabriel do Nascimento 05 February 2013 (has links)
The purpose of this thesis is to compute and to evaluate the geoid model in the State of São Paulo from two methodologies (Stokes integral through the Fast Fourier Transform - FFT and Least Squares Collocation LSC). Another objective of this study is to verify the potentiality of GOCE-based. Therefore, a brief study about mathematical foundations and fundamentals of Physical Geodesy is carried out. Some features of the Global Geopotential Models (GGMs) are discussed, as well as an overview of the new gravimetric missions. A special attention is given to GOCE mission. The theory related to Stokes integral and Least Squares Collocation is also discussed in this work. The spectral decomposition was employed in the geoid models computation and the long wavelength component was represented by EGM2008 up to degree and order 150 and 360 and GOCE-based models up to 150. The models were compared in terms of geoid height residual and absolute and relative comparisons from GPS/leveling and the results show consistency between them. Also, a comparison in the mountain regions was carried out to verify the methodologies behavior in this area; the results showed that LSC is less consistent than FFT. Regarding GOCE-based models, 13 were tested, besides EGM2008. The evaluation was performed in terms of geoid height comparison obtained by GGMs over GPS/leveling and in terms of gravity disturbance. The evaluation shows that DIR _R3 and TIM_R3 presented more compatible results. The reason for the choice of São Paulo state is that there are a lot of geodetic activities and important engineering works that require the use of a height system. Furthermore, there are a lot of gravity and GPS/leveling data all around the state. / Esta tese tem como propósito o cálculo e a avaliação do modelo geoidal no Estado de São Paulo a partir da aplicação de duas metodologias (integral de Stokes por meio da Transformada Rápida de Fourier FFT e a colocação por mínimos quadrados Least Squares Collocation LSC). Outro objetivo deste trabalho é verificar a potencialidade dos mais recentes Modelos Globais do Geopotential (MGGs) baseados nos dados do satélite GOCE. Para tanto, um breve estudo é realizado sobre os fundamentos matemáticos e os da Geodésia Física. Algumas características dos MGGs são discutidas, bem como uma visão global das novas missões gravimétricas. Uma atenção especial é dada a missão do satélite GOCE. A teoria referente à integral de Stokes e a colocação por mínimos quadrados são outros temas discutidos no trabalho. A decomposição espectral foi empregada no cálculo dos modelos geoidais e a componente de longo comprimento de onda foi representada pelo modelo EGM2008 até grau e ordem 150 e 360 e aqueles baseados na missão GOCE até 150. Os modelos foram comparados entre si em termos do resíduo da altura geoidal e na forma absoluta e relativa por meio das estações GPS/RN. Os resultados apontaram consistência entre os modelos em termos de diferença média quadrática. Também foi realizado um estudo na região montanhosa a fim de verificar o comportamento das metodologias; os resultados mostraram que a LSC é menos consistente do que a FFT. No que diz respeito aos modelos baseados na missão GOCE, 13 foram testados, além do EGM2008. A avaliação foi realizada em termos da comparação da altura geoidal obtidas pelos MGGs com as estações GPS/nivelamento e em termos do distúrbio de gravidade. A avaliação mostra que os modelos DIR_R3 e TIM_R3 apresentaram os resultados mais compatíveis. A escolha do estado de São Paulo está relacionada à grande quantidade de trabalhos geodésicos e atividades na área da engenharia e que necessitam da utilização de um sistema altimétrico. Além disso, a grande quantidade de dados gravimétricos e de estações GPS/RN é mais uma justificativa para a realização do trabalho.
182

A geoid model in the state of São Paulo: an attempt for the evaluation of different methodologies. / Um modelo geoidal do Estado de São Paulo: uma tentativa de avaliação de diferentes metodologias.

Gabriel do Nascimento Guimarães 05 February 2013 (has links)
The purpose of this thesis is to compute and to evaluate the geoid model in the State of São Paulo from two methodologies (Stokes integral through the Fast Fourier Transform - FFT and Least Squares Collocation LSC). Another objective of this study is to verify the potentiality of GOCE-based. Therefore, a brief study about mathematical foundations and fundamentals of Physical Geodesy is carried out. Some features of the Global Geopotential Models (GGMs) are discussed, as well as an overview of the new gravimetric missions. A special attention is given to GOCE mission. The theory related to Stokes integral and Least Squares Collocation is also discussed in this work. The spectral decomposition was employed in the geoid models computation and the long wavelength component was represented by EGM2008 up to degree and order 150 and 360 and GOCE-based models up to 150. The models were compared in terms of geoid height residual and absolute and relative comparisons from GPS/leveling and the results show consistency between them. Also, a comparison in the mountain regions was carried out to verify the methodologies behavior in this area; the results showed that LSC is less consistent than FFT. Regarding GOCE-based models, 13 were tested, besides EGM2008. The evaluation was performed in terms of geoid height comparison obtained by GGMs over GPS/leveling and in terms of gravity disturbance. The evaluation shows that DIR _R3 and TIM_R3 presented more compatible results. The reason for the choice of São Paulo state is that there are a lot of geodetic activities and important engineering works that require the use of a height system. Furthermore, there are a lot of gravity and GPS/leveling data all around the state. / Esta tese tem como propósito o cálculo e a avaliação do modelo geoidal no Estado de São Paulo a partir da aplicação de duas metodologias (integral de Stokes por meio da Transformada Rápida de Fourier FFT e a colocação por mínimos quadrados Least Squares Collocation LSC). Outro objetivo deste trabalho é verificar a potencialidade dos mais recentes Modelos Globais do Geopotential (MGGs) baseados nos dados do satélite GOCE. Para tanto, um breve estudo é realizado sobre os fundamentos matemáticos e os da Geodésia Física. Algumas características dos MGGs são discutidas, bem como uma visão global das novas missões gravimétricas. Uma atenção especial é dada a missão do satélite GOCE. A teoria referente à integral de Stokes e a colocação por mínimos quadrados são outros temas discutidos no trabalho. A decomposição espectral foi empregada no cálculo dos modelos geoidais e a componente de longo comprimento de onda foi representada pelo modelo EGM2008 até grau e ordem 150 e 360 e aqueles baseados na missão GOCE até 150. Os modelos foram comparados entre si em termos do resíduo da altura geoidal e na forma absoluta e relativa por meio das estações GPS/RN. Os resultados apontaram consistência entre os modelos em termos de diferença média quadrática. Também foi realizado um estudo na região montanhosa a fim de verificar o comportamento das metodologias; os resultados mostraram que a LSC é menos consistente do que a FFT. No que diz respeito aos modelos baseados na missão GOCE, 13 foram testados, além do EGM2008. A avaliação foi realizada em termos da comparação da altura geoidal obtidas pelos MGGs com as estações GPS/nivelamento e em termos do distúrbio de gravidade. A avaliação mostra que os modelos DIR_R3 e TIM_R3 apresentaram os resultados mais compatíveis. A escolha do estado de São Paulo está relacionada à grande quantidade de trabalhos geodésicos e atividades na área da engenharia e que necessitam da utilização de um sistema altimétrico. Além disso, a grande quantidade de dados gravimétricos e de estações GPS/RN é mais uma justificativa para a realização do trabalho.
183

Implementação de modelos digitais de terreno para aplicações na área de geodésia e geofísica na América do Sul. / Implementation of digital terrain models for applications in geodesy and geophysics in South America.

Matos, Ana Cristina de Oliveira Cancoro de 13 June 2005 (has links)
O objetivo desse trabalho de tese foi a coleta de novas informações e a avaliação de dados disponíveis, visando a análise das melhores alternativas para a obtenção de um modelo digital de terreno (MDT) para a América do Sul. O modelo compreendeu a parte continental e oceânica, limitada pelas latitudes de 60º S a 25º N e longitudes de 100º W a 25º W. Na área continental foram usadas informações provenientes de cartas topográficas digitalizadas, do recente modelo Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) e do modelo disponível DTM2002. Na área oceânica foram utilizadas informações de profundidade do DTM2002, de cartas náuticas em diferentes escalas, folhas de bordo e o projeto LEPLAC, para o Brasil, e de cartas náuticas na Argentina. O trabalho ensejou um processo intensivo e exaustivo de comparação dos modelos existentes (SRTM, DTM2002, GLOBE, GTOPO30, ETOPO2, JGP95E, TERRAINBASE e ETOPO5) e das novas informações disponíveis. No estudo do SRTM analisou-se 2.013 quadrículas de 1ºX1º da região continental, obtendo-se para cada quadrícula os valores máximo e mínimo da altitude com suas respectivas posições, o valor médio e o número de pontos sem informação, além da representação 3D e do histograma das altitudes. Foi também realizada a comparação das altitudes interpoladas do modelo SRTM com os pontos GPS implantados ao longo dos rios Madeira, Solimões e Amazonas e com RNs na grande São Paulo. Com os oito MDTs citados foram construídos perfis longitudinais e latitudinais de toda a área continental passando sobre a altitude máxima de cada quadrícula do SRTM. Os modelos SRTM, DTM2002, GLOBE, GTOPO30, ETOPO2 e ETOPO5 foram comparados entre si nos pontos da grade em comum. Além disso, foram realizadas comparações utilizando uma importante fonte de informação altimétrica representada pela rede de nivelamento geométrico. As análises realizadas resultaram na geração de três modelos alternativos de MDT para a América do Sul. A opção do espaçamento da malha para a construção do modelo foi proveniente da compatibilização entre a capacidade computacional e o resultado esperado nas diferentes aplicações de um MDT. Além disso, foram implementadas duas aplicações específicas importantes na área de exploração mineral e no cálculo das alturas geoidais: a correção de terreno e o efeito indireto. / The objective of this thesis has been to collect new information and to evaluate available data in order to provide arguments in the analysis for the derivation of the best DTM for South America. The continental and oceanic part of a block limited by latitudes 60º S and 25º N and longitudes 100º W and 25º W is the object of the model. In the continental area data derived from topographic maps, the recent Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and the available DTM2002 model were used. In the oceanic area the depth data from DTM2002, nautical maps of different scales, boarding maps and LEPLAC project were used in Brazil and nautical maps in Argentina. The activities involved an intensive process of comparison between the existing models (SRTM, DTM2002, GLOBE, GTOPO30, ETOPO2, JGP95E, TERRAINBASE e ETOPO5) and the new information. With respect to SRTM 2,013 blocks of 1º X 1º in the continental area were analysed, deriving for each block the maximum and minimum values for the height with the respective position, the mean value and the number of points without information. The 3D representation as well as the histogram of the heights for each block is also presented. The GPS points established along the Amazonas, Solimões and Madeira rivers in Amazonas on the BMs in São Paulo area were also compared with SRTM interpolated values. SRTM, DTM2002, GLOBE, GTOPO30, ETOPO2 and ETOPO5 were also compared between themselves in the common points of the grid. Besides, an important comparison were carried out with the first order levelling network. After the analysis were finished three different DTM were generated for South America. The grid spacing were select envisaged a compatibilization between computer capacity and the applications requirements. Finally, two specific applications for mineral exploration and geoid computation were implemented: the terrain correction and the indirect effect.
184

Uso de informações geodésicas para estudos tectônicos no Pantanal / not available

Oliveira, José Renato Silva de 25 May 2018 (has links)
O presente estudo tem como objetivo principal analisar o contexto tectônico e geodinâmico do Pantanal, a partir de dados provenientes dos Sistemas Globais de Navegação Por Satélite (GNSS). Essa dissertação é estruturada no formato de dois artigos. Para tanto, foram usados dados geodésicos de monitoramento contínuo e periódicos. No primeiro capítulo discute-se a compartimentação tectônica atual da Bacia do Pantanal com base em dados geodésicos e integração com dados sismológicos, lineamentos estruturais e modelos de velocidade para placa Sul-americana. Os resultados mostram que grande parte da bacia está sendo alçada, ao passo que o seu entorno e a parte sul estão sendo rebaixados, conforme sugerem os valores da componente Up (vertical). Este comportamento pode ser explicado pela presença de falhas normais E-W ou de falhas oblíquas ENE com componente extensional para sul, as quais em ambos os casos são coincidentes com a orientação de lineamentos cartografados a partir de imagens de satélites na Bacia do Pantanal. No segundo capitulo é apresentada uma análise das variações das altitudes geodésicas, causadas por imposição de carga em superfície. Os resultados indicam que os deslocamentos possuem amplitude que varia de 40 a 140 milímetros por ano, corroborando a hipótese de que os pulsos de cheia e seca no Pantanal que apresentaram amplitudes de 3,6 a 7,6 metros têm relação direta com os deslocamentos nas altitudes GNSS. Além disso, é proposto que a imposição de carga em superfície, imposta pelos rios que compõem o Pantanal e registradas nos dados GNSS, pode estar agindo como um gatilho para desencadear a sismicidade registrada na bacia. / The main objective of this study was to analyze the Pantanal\'s tectonic and geodynamic context, based on data from the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). This dissertation is structured in the format of two articles. For this purpose, continuous and periodic geodetic data were used. The first chapter discusses the current tectonic compartmentalization of the Pantanal Basin, based on geodetic data and integration with other data sources like seismic, structural lineaments and velocity models for South American plate. The results show that a large part of the basin is being raised, while its surroundings and the southern part are being lowered, as suggested by the values of the Up component. This behavior can be explained by the presence of normal EW faults or oblique faults ENE with extensional component to the south, which in both cases are coincident with the orientation of lineaments mapped from satellites images in the Pantanal Basin. In the second chapter, an analysis of the variations of the geodesic altitudes caused by surface loading is presented. The results indicate that the displacements have an amplitude ranging from 40 to 140 millimeters per year, corroborating the idea that the flood and dry pulses in the Pantanal that presented amplitudes of 3.6 to 7.6 meters have direct relation with the displacements in the GNSS altitudes. In addition, it was proposed that the surface loading, imposed by the Pantanal rivers, and recorded in the GNSS data, may be acting as a trigger for the seismicity observed in the basin.
185

Obtenção e análise de azimutes por astronomia clássica e pelo sistema de posicionamento global / Obtainment and analysis of azimuths by classical astronomy and global positioning system

Rocha, César Peixoto da 05 April 2000 (has links)
O principal objetivo desse trabalho é caracterizar os métodos e processos que podem ser utilizados para obter melhores resultados dos azimutes sob a ótica da Astronomia Clássica e pelo Sistema de Posicionamento Global, levando em conta as diferentes natureza do tratamento aplicado às observações. Procurou-se também estabelecer a fronteira no comprimento das linhas Base, em que os resultados obtidos através de processos ela Astronomia Clássica tenham melhor precisão que os obtidos através dos recursos do Sistema de Posicionamento Global, além da caracterização e definição dos sistemas de referência e posicionamento, tratamentos necessários para minimizar os erros das observações e definição dos azimutes tratados pelas Engenharias. / The essential objective of this work is to characterize wich methods and processes should be used for obtain better results of the azimuths under the optics of the classic Astronomy and for the Global Positioning System, taking into account the different natures of the treatment aplied the observations. lt was also tried to establish the border in the length of base Iines, in that the results by process of the astronomy classic results of better quality that obtained by Global Positioning System, characterization and definition of the reference systems and positioning, necessary treatments to minimize the mistakes of the observations, and definition of the azimuths treated by Engineerings.
186

Prise en compte de la dépendance spatiotemporale des séries temporelles de coordonnées GNSS pour une meilleure détermination des plaques tectoniques majeures par rapport au centre de la Terre / Taking into account spatio-temporal correlations of GNSS coordinate time series to improve the determination of majotr tectonic plates compared to Earth center

Benoist, Clément 28 September 2018 (has links)
Tout positionnement global précis nécessite un repère de référence tel le repère international de référence terrestre (ITRF). La détermination de l’ITRF s’appuie sur des séries temporelles de positions d’instruments géodésiques, en particulier des stations GNSS permanentes. Les séries temporelles de positions de stations GNSS sont corrélées temporellement et spatialement. De nombreuses études ont caractérisé la dépendance temporelle de ces séries et son impact sur la détermination de repères de référence. En revanche, les corrélations spatiales (entre stations proches) des séries GNSS n’ont jusqu’à présent jamais été prises en compte dans le calcul de repères de référence. L’objectif de cette thèse est donc de proposer une méthodologie pour la prise en compte de ces corrélations spatiales et d’évaluer son apport.Les dépendances spatiales entre les séries de 195 stations GNSS sont tout d’abord évaluées à l’aide de variogrammes empiriques confirmant l’existence de corrélations jusqu’à des distances d’environ 5000 km. Des modèles de covariance exponentielle ne dépendant que de la distance inter-stations sont ajustés sur ces variogrammes empiriques.Une méthodologie basée sur un filtre de Kalman est ensuite développée pour prendre en compte les dépendances spatiales des séries GNSS dans le calcul d’un repère de référence. Trois modèles de dépendance spatiale sont proposés : un modèle ne tenant pas compte de la dépendance spatiale (cas actuel du calcul de l’ITRF), un modèle basé sur les covariances empiriques entre séries de différentes stations, et un modèle basé sur les fonctions de covariance exponentielle mentionnées ci-dessus. Ces différents modèles sont appliqués à trois jeux tests d’une dizaine de stations chacun situés en Europe, aux Caraïbes et sur la côte est des États-Unis. Les trois modèles sont évalués à l’aune d’un critère de validation croisée, c’est-à-dire sur leur capacité à prédire les positions des stations en l’absence de données. Les résultats sur les jeux tests d’Europe et des États-Unis montrent une amélioration considérable de cette capacité prédictive lorsque la dépendance spatiale des séries est prise en compte. Cette amélioration est maximale lorsque le modèle de covariance exponentielle est utilisé. L’amélioration est nettement moindre, mais toujours présente sur le jeu test des Caraïbes.Les trois modèles sont également évalués sur leur capacité à déterminer des vitesses de déplacement exactes à partir de séries temporelles de positions courtes. L’impact de la prise en compte de la dépendance spatiale des séries sur l’exactitude des vitesses estimées est significatif. Comme précédemment, l’amélioration est maximale lorsque le modèle de covariance exponentielle est utilisé.Cette thèse démontre ainsi l’intérêt de la prise en compte des dépendances spatiales entre séries GNSS pour la détermination de repères de référence. La méthodologie développée pourra être utilisée pour le calcul de futures versions de l’ITRF. / Any global and precise positioning requires a reference frame such as the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF). The determination of the ITRF relies on the position time series of various geodetic instruments, including in particular permanent GNSS stations. GNSS station position time series are known to be temporally and spatially correlated. Many authors have studied the temporal dependency of GNSS time series and its impact on the determination of terrestrial reference frames. On the other hand, the spatial correlations (i.e., between nearby stations) of GNSS time series have so far never been taken into account in the computation of terrestrial reference frames. The objective of this thesis is therefore to develop a methodology to account for the spatial correlations of GNSS time series, and evaluate its benefits.The spatial dependencies between the position time series of 195 GNSS stations are first evaluated by means of empirical variograms, which confirm the existence of correlations up to distances of about 5000 km. Exponential covariance models, depending only on the distance between stations, are adjusted to these empirical variograms.A methodology based on a Kalman filter is then developed to take into account the spatial dependencies of GNSS time series in the computation of a terrestrial reference frame. Three models of spatial dependency are proposed: a model which does not account for the spatial dependency between GNSS time series (current case of the ITRF computation), a model based on the empirical covariances between the time series of different stations, and a model based on the exponential covariance functions mentioned above.These different models are applied to three test cases of ten stations each, located in Europe, in the Caribbean, and along the east coast of the US. The three models are evaluated with regard to a cross-validation criterion, i.e., on their capacity to predict station positions in the absence of observations. The results obtained with the Europe and US test cases demonstrate a significant improvement of this predictive capacity when the spatial dependency of the series is taken into account. This improvement is highest when the exponential covariance model is used. The improvement is much lower, but still present with the Caribbean test case.The three models are also evaluated with regard to their capacity to determine accurate station velocities from short position time series. The impact of accounting for the spatial dependency between series on the accuracy of the estimated velocities is again significant. Like previously, the improvement is highest when the exponential covariance model is used.This thesis thus demonstrates the interest of accounting for the spatial dependency of GNSS station position time series in the determination of terrestrial reference frames. The developed methodology could be used in the computation of future ITRF versions.
187

Obtenção e análise de azimutes por astronomia clássica e pelo sistema de posicionamento global / Obtainment and analysis of azimuths by classical astronomy and global positioning system

César Peixoto da Rocha 05 April 2000 (has links)
O principal objetivo desse trabalho é caracterizar os métodos e processos que podem ser utilizados para obter melhores resultados dos azimutes sob a ótica da Astronomia Clássica e pelo Sistema de Posicionamento Global, levando em conta as diferentes natureza do tratamento aplicado às observações. Procurou-se também estabelecer a fronteira no comprimento das linhas Base, em que os resultados obtidos através de processos ela Astronomia Clássica tenham melhor precisão que os obtidos através dos recursos do Sistema de Posicionamento Global, além da caracterização e definição dos sistemas de referência e posicionamento, tratamentos necessários para minimizar os erros das observações e definição dos azimutes tratados pelas Engenharias. / The essential objective of this work is to characterize wich methods and processes should be used for obtain better results of the azimuths under the optics of the classic Astronomy and for the Global Positioning System, taking into account the different natures of the treatment aplied the observations. lt was also tried to establish the border in the length of base Iines, in that the results by process of the astronomy classic results of better quality that obtained by Global Positioning System, characterization and definition of the reference systems and positioning, necessary treatments to minimize the mistakes of the observations, and definition of the azimuths treated by Engineerings.
188

Characterization of stress changes in subduction zones from space- and ground-based geodetic observations

Stressler, Bryan James 01 May 2017 (has links)
Temporally and spatially clustered earthquake sequences along plate boundary zones indicate that patterns of seismicity may be influenced by earthquake-induced stress changes. Many studies invoke Coulomb stress change (CSC) as one possible geo-mechanical mechanism to explain stress interactions between earthquakes, their aftershocks, or large subsequent earthquakes; however, few address the statistical robustness of CSC triggering beyond spatial correlations. To address this, I evaluate the accuracy of CSC predictions in subduction zones where Earth’s largest earthquakes occur and generate voluminous and diverse aftershock sequences. A series of synthetic tests are implemented to investigate the accuracy of inferred stress changes predicted by slip distributions inverted from suites of geodetic observations (InSAR, GPS, seafloor geodetic observations) that are increasingly available for subduction zone earthquakes. Through these tests, I determine that inferred stress changes are accurately predicted at distances greater than a critical distance from modeled slip that is most dependent on earthquake magnitude and the proximity of observations to the earthquake itself. This methodology is then applied to the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule, Chile earthquake sequence to identify aftershocks that may be used to perform statistically robust tests of CSC triggering; however, only 13 aftershocks from a population of 475 events occurred where confidence in CSC predictions is deemed to be high. The inferred CSC for these events exhibit large uncertainties owing to nodal plane uncertainties assigned to the aftershock mechanisms. Additionally, tests of multiple published slip distributions result in inconsistent stress change predictions resolved for the 13 candidate aftershocks. While these results suggest that CSC imparted by subduction megathrust earthquakes largely cannot be resolved with slip distributions inverted from terrestrial geodetic observations alone, the synthetic tests suggest that dramatic improvements can be made through the inclusion of near-source geodetic observations from seafloor geodetic networks. Furthermore, CSC uncertainties will likely improve with detailed earthquake moment tensor catalogs generated from dense regional seismic networks.
189

A viscous accretionary prism: InSAR observations following the 2013 Baluchistan, Pakistan earthquake

Peterson, Katherine Elizabeth 01 July 2018 (has links)
Geodetic observations are commonly used to make inferences about the rheology of the lower crust and mantle, frictional properties of faults, and the structure of the Earth following an earthquake. On 24 September 2013, an Mw 7.7 earthquake ruptured a 200 km segment of the Hoshab fault in southern Pakistan. The Hoshab fault is located in the Makran accretionary prism, one of the widest emergent accretionary prisms on Earth. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) time series observations beginning 15 months after the 2013 earthquake capture a large displacement transient in the hanging wall of the Hoshab fault. Using simulations of viscoelastic relaxation and inversions for afterslip along five candidate fault geometries, I find that afterslip alone cannot account for the displacement observed in time series. Instead, I find that the observations can be explained by viscoelastic relaxation of a mechanically weak (viscosity on the order of 1017-1018 Pa s), shallow (>6 km) weak layer within the accretionary prism. First order results indicate this weak layer is between 8-12 km thick with a power law (n=3.5) rheology, and that viscoelastic relaxation is accommodated by dislocation creep at low temperatures. The weak nature of the Makran accretionary wedge may be driven by high pore fluid pressure from hydrocarbon development and underplated sediments.
190

Near real-time precise orbit determination of low earth orbit satellites using an optimal GPS triple-differencing technique

Bae, Tae-Suk, January 2006 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 174-186).

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