In the world today and in Turkey, poverty and its alleviation has become an important issue. As a result, detailed studies for the identification of poverty need to be done. In the recent years, the spatial aspect of the multidimensional character of poverty is gaining significance. For this purpose, in this thesis, spatial aspects of poverty are tried to be analysed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in the case of Ke&ccedil / i&ouml / ren District in Ankara. Firstly, a digital map of the spatial distribution of the urban poor living in Ke&ccedil / i&ouml / ren is made and linked to the database to analyse the spatial distribution. The poverty database used in this study is based on the data collected by the Social Assistance and Solidarity Foundation in the district. It includes state of poverty and some sociodemographic characteristics of the households who applied for social assistance. The analyses with respect to the methodology of this study aims at finding the common characteristics of poor settlements and the areas/households which are the poorest of the poor in Ke&ccedil / i&ouml / ren. The maps obtained as a result of spatial data analysis indicate the dense living areas of the poor, clusters of poor households, neighbourhood level poverty analysis and poor areas within neighbourhoods. There are also additional analyses which compare the characteristics of the geographical distribution of the poor with other aspects, such as land values, roads and building conditions. Such a study can be helpful to re-allocate the poverty alleviation efforts more efficiently by determining priority areas.

&lsquo / Bag&rsquo / settlements have been a part of dynamic spatial systems, which seasonally depend on and reciprocally interact with Anatolian towns throughout centuries. This thesis presents the transforming setting of &lsquo / bag&rsquo / settlements related to changing values and meanings through an ontological assessment. Therefore, the thesis assumes that the main values of spatial organization, farmland pattern, ecological formation, settlement character, socio-cultural structure and lifestyle of the inhabitants constitute the unique entity of &lsquo / bag&rsquo / settlements. In time, the pressures of changing socio-economic conditions have destroyed the interaction between Anatolian towns and &lsquo / bag&rsquo / settlements. The thesis explains the changing role of &lsquo / bag&rsquo / settlements, changing and conflicting land uses and the loss of unique &lsquo / bag&rsquo / character in the case of Mugla-Karabaglar. Karabaglar is a &lsquo / bag&rsquo / settlement in the southwestern Turkey, where Mugla town residents live seasonally. It is a third grade natural site, the unique character, the natural and cultural assets and the lifestyle of which must be preserved. However, with transformation of the main values, meanings and practices, Karabaglar could no longer perpetuated its initial existence of being. Karabaglar is significant for two reasons: it has natural and cultural beings that need to be conserved, and as it still goes through a transformation process. The master&rsquo / s thesis of the author evaluated conservation plan of Karabaglar. Differently, this doctoral thesis evaluates the dynamics of the spatio-temporal transformation process in Karabaglar. It presents the changing role and significance of Karabaglar within the town-country continuum. This situation brings forward the conservation problematic of the character, landscape and uniqueness of Karabaglar. Within this respect, the thesis contributes to the literature of &lsquo / bag&rsquo / settlements in terms of defining their being and changing role throughout the history.

Natural hazards are the reality of today&amp / #8217 / s world, which considerably affect people&amp / #8217 / s living conditions. As they cannot be prevented, the basic precautions should be taken before the occurrence to protect people. At this point, the preparedness for any threat is really important, which does decrease destructive effects of the hazard for communities and shorten recovery interventions. In terms of preparedness, identification of vulnerable people in the community gives an important contribution for better planning in disaster management. In this respect, this thesis aims to develop a methodology in order to define vulnerable groups in terms of their social conditions for any possible hazard, with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology. Moreover, the thesis aims to find out an interrelation between hazards and vulnerability, to build awareness about identification of socially vulnerable groups in the pre- and post-disaster planning. A case study area is selected in earthquake-prone Pendik, Istanbul, in order to find the contribution of the assessment. A study is carried out to describe social vulnerability levels in the study area using GIS. Criterion standardization, weighting and combining are accomplished by multi criteria evaluation methods. These calculations are supported with five explorative spatial data analyses to understand global trends and spatial interactions of the study data. The objectivity of the assessment and the complicated structure of the study data are also discussed. The main outcomes of the methodology and its applications in the case study area show that, the southeast part of Pendik is socially vulnerable to any possible hazard.

Today, population census results are not only fundamental for population counting but also for providing various information to many organizations and people who make research and take decisions about human-related issues. However, statistics produced on the basis of administrative divisions in Turkey are inadequate to meet the needs of most In this study, a new census geography is aimed for Turkey using Geographic Information Systems and Multi Criteria Decision Making methodologies. This new census geography is for statistical purposes only, independent from legal boundaries and generated by the concept of small area statistics. New rules and methodologies are created by taking the United States and the United Kingdom systems as models to reach to the main aim, and then they are applied on a case study area, &Ccedil / ankaya District in Ankara. Through this application process, firstly all the collected graphical and nongraphical raw data are geo-referenced and combined in a common geodatabase. Secondly, this geodatabase is used to understand the differentiation of quality of life indicators across the case study area. This pattern is then used to draw the boundaries of small statistical units of the new census geography in terms of the previously defined population sizes. In conclusion, a nationwide standard census geography hierarchy, which ranges between national level at the top and block level at the bottom, is proposed for use in 2010 Population Census and afterwards.

Geographical Information System (GIS) is a very powerful technique which is used in solving different problems in various fields dealing with spatial information. It can also be used for analyzing wars and campaign. Today&amp / #8217 / s modern armies use GIS effectively for different purposes such as determining strategic points and planning attack and defense. GIS can also be used for past wars, and historical GIS includes these kinds of applications. In this study, GIS have been used for analyzing Gallipoli Campaign in the First World War. This campaign started in February on 1915 and Allied troops left the Gallipoli Peninsula on 9th January 1916. Gallipoli Campaign have very important role in Turkish and World history. This study includes two different parts about Gallipoli Campaign. In the first part, selected battles of the campaign are analyzed with different GIS functions. Selected battles are Naval, Ariburnu, Conkbayiri, and 2nd Kirte Battles, and they are selected based on the availability of graphic and attribute data. In the second part, relationship between martyrs and locations are studied. Distributions of the number of soldiers for different criteria, such as province, district, soldier rank, death location and age are shown on maps and pie charts.

Submitted by ANA CAROLINE SONCIN DA SILVA null (col_zinha@hotmail.com) on 2016-05-21T03:08:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Mestrado.pdf: 2242269 bytes, checksum: d87570a91a3ceb91484c2ca2920007e1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-24T13:46:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_acs_me_ilha.pdf: 2242269 bytes, checksum: d87570a91a3ceb91484c2ca2920007e1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-24T13:46:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_acs_me_ilha.pdf: 2242269 bytes, checksum: d87570a91a3ceb91484c2ca2920007e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O mexilhão dourado (Limnoperna fortunei) tem provocado transtornos ambientais e econômicos nas localidades onde foi introduzido. Dessa forma, o uso do seu resíduo moído como reparador da defasagem de nutrientes e de acidez em solos agrícolas pode vir a ser uma boa aplicação para esse molusco bioinvasor. Entretanto, apesar dessa ação reparadora, é necessária uma averiguação prévia da ausência de elementos potencialmente tóxicos no resíduo. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho foi realizado com o intuito de quantificar, em amostras do Limnoperna fortunei, os elementos chumbo, cádmio, alumínio, ferro e manganês, os quais dependo de suas quantidades podem ser tóxicos aos vegetais e aos demais seres vivos ao longo da cadeia alimentar. Para quantificação desses analitos foi utilizada a Espectrometria de absorção atômica com fonte contínua e de alta resolução. Foram desenvolvidos e otimizados programas de aquecimento para a determinação dos elementos traço chumbo e cádmio, empregando amostragem direta de sólidos e atomização com forno de grafite. A determinação direta de chumbo só foi possível com a utilização da calibração com o material de referência certificado para tecido de mexilhão (Mussel Tissue – 2976), empregando 5 µL da mistura 0,1% (m/v) Pd (NO3)2 + 0,05% (m/v) Mg (NO3)2 em presença de 0,05% (m/v) de Triton X-100 como modificador químico. As temperaturas de pirólise e atomização foram 1000°C e 2200°C, respectivamente. O estudo de massa permitiu a utilização de massas de amostras dentro da faixa de 0,150 a 0,850 mg. Para o cádmio só foi realizada calibração com solução padrão 12,5 µg/L, também com o uso de 5 µL do modificador químico Pd+Mg. Assim, foram alcançadas temperaturas de pirólise de 900 °C e de 1600 °C para a atomização. O estudo de massa precisou ser desenvolvido com uma das amostras coletadas e demonstrou que puderam ser usadas, para as quantificações, massas próximas a 0,250 mg. Os limites de detecção e quantificação foram, nessa ordem, 0,009 mg/kg e 0,03 mg/kg para o chumbo, e 0,0004 e 0,001 mg/kg para o cádmio. No caso dos elementos alumínio, ferro e manganês, as quantificações foram realizadas utilizando a atomização com chama. Os limites de detecção e quantificação foram, respectivamente, 0,15 mg/kg e 0,50 mg/kg para o alumínio, 0,050 mg/kg e 0,15 mg/kg para o ferro, e 0,00067 mg/kg e 0,0023 mg/kg para o manganês. Os resultados para todos os elementos quantificados nesse estudo apresentaram concordância de 95% com o test-t (Student) não pareado, o que valida e viabiliza os métodos desenvolvidos para as quantificações de chumbo e cádmio, bem como comprova a exatidão dos demais resultados obtidos. Portanto, as técnicas analíticas selecionadas foram eficientes para as quantificações dos elementos desejados no resíduo moído desse mexilhão dourado. / The golden mussel (Limnoperna fortunei) has caused environmental and economic disruption in the locations where it was introduced. Thus, the use of their ground waste as repairer of the gap of nutrients and acidity in soils may prove to be a good application for this mollusk bio invader. However, despite of this remedial action, a prior test of the absence of potentially toxic elements in the residue is required. In this context, the present study was performed in order to quantify, in samples of the Limnoperna fortunei, the elements lead, cadmium, aluminum, iron and manganese, which depending on their quantities they can be toxic to plants and other living beings throughout the food chain. To quantify these analytes was used high-resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry. Heating programs were developed and optimized for the determination of lead and cadmium trace elements, using direct solid and graphite furnace atomization. The direct determination of lead was only possible with the use of calibration with certified reference material for mussel tissue (Mussel Tissue - 2976), using 5 uL of the mixture 0.1% (m/v) Pd (NO3)2 + 0.05% (w/v) Mg (NO3)2 in the presence of 0.05% (w/v) Triton X-100 as a chemical modifier. The temperatures of pyrolysis and atomization were 1000 ° C and 2200 ° C respectively. The mass study allowed the use of samples of mass within the range of 0.150 to 0.850 mg. For cadmium it was only performed calibration with standard 12.5 g/L solution, also using 5 uL chemical modifier Pd + Mg. Thus, pyrolysis temperatures were reached 900 ° C and 1600 ° C for atomization. The mass study needed to be developed with one of the samples collected and it showed that they could be used for the measurements, masses close to 0,250 mg. The limits of detection and quantification were, in this order, 0.009 mg/kg and 0.03 mg/kg to lead, and 0.0004 and 0.001 mg/kg to cadmium. In case of the elements aluminum, iron and manganese, the measurements were carried out using atomization with a flame. The limits of detection and quantification were, respectively, 0.15 mg/kg and 0.50 mg/kg to aluminum, 0.050 mg/kg and 0.15 mg/kg for iron, and 0.00067 mg/kg and 0.0023 mg/kg to manganese. The results for all quantified elements of this study showed agreement of 95% with the t-test (Student) unpaired, which validates and enables the methods developed for lead and cadmium quantifications and proves the accuracy of the other results. Therefore, the selected analytical techniques were efficient to the quantifications of the desired elements in the ground waste this golden mussel.

Neste trabalho dois métodos de preparo de amostras para decomposição de bio-diesel foram avaliados para a posterior determinação de Cu e Ni por espectrometria de absorção atômica com forno de grafite (GF AAS). O primeiro método consistiu na de-composição ácida assistida por radiação micro-ondas em sistema fechado (MW-AD), que foi realizada com adição de HNO3 7 mol L-1 e 2 mL de H2O2 30% (m/m). O segun-do método de pré-tratamento avaliado foi a decomposição por via seca em forno mufla com programa de aquecimento até a temperatura máxima de 450 °C. O sólido resultante foi dissolvido em HNO3 1% (v/v). As temperaturas de pirólise e atomização para a téc-nica de GF AAS foram, respectivamente, 1000 ºC e 2000 ºC para Cu, e 1100 °C e 2300 °C para Ni. Os limites de detecção (LD) para Cu e Ni foram de 12,4 e 3,8 ng g-1 empre-gando o método de decomposição MW-AD. Enquanto que, para o método de decompo-sição por via seca os LD foram de 2,8 e 8,3 ng g-1 para Cu e Ni, respectivamente. A avaliação da exatidão foi efetuada a partir do ensaio de recuperação após adição de ana-lito ao biodiesel. As recuperações foram de 91 e 86% para o método MW-AD para Cu e Ni, respectivamente. Foram observadas perdas por volatilização com o emprego do mé-todo de via seca para Cu, com isso, a recuperação foi no máximo de 73%. / In this work, two methods for biodiesel digestion for determination of Cu and Ni by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF AAS) were evaluated. The microwave-assisted acid digestion (MW-AD) with the addition of 7 mol L-1 of HNO3 and 2 mL of H2O2 30% (m/m) was applied to biodiesel digestion. In addition, a dry ash method was applied to biodiesel digestion using a maximum temperature of 450 ºC. The inorganic residues were dissolved by addition of 1% (v/v) nitric acid. The optimiza-tion of temperature program was performed in the GF AAS for Cu and Ni using a sam-ple with standard addition. The pyrolysis and atomization temperatures were, respec-tively, 1000 ° C and 2000 ° C for Cu and 1100 ° C and 2300 °C for Ni. The limits of detection for Cu and Ni were 12,4 and 3,8 ng g-1, respectively, using a MW-AD meth-od. Using a dry ash method the limits of detection were 2,8 and 8,3 for Cu and Ni, re-spectively. The recoveries for Cu and Ni after MW-AD method were 91 and 86%, re-spectively. Using the dry ash method the recovery was 73% for Cu due to sample vo-latilization losses.

O consumo de fórmulas infantis no Brasil, utilizadas como substituto do leite materno, tem aumentado nos últimos anos de forma significativa. Tal fato é uma preocupação para os órgãos de saúde pois, o aleitamento materno exclusivo até no mínimo 6 meses, deixou de fazer parte de nutrição da maioria dos lactentes. Os produtos utilizados como substituto do leite materno contêm quantidades suficientes de vitaminas e nutrientes que ajudam no desenvolvimento normal do organismo dos lactentes. Entretanto, além de elementos essenciais, podem conter elementos potencialmente tóxicos presentes na matéria prima ou oriundos das etapas de processamento e armazenamento das mesmas. No presente trabalho foram desenvolvidos métodos analítico para determinar a presença de elementos potencialmente tóxicos (As, Cd, Pb e Tl) e essenciais (Cu e Mn) em fórmulas infantis, utilizando espectrometria de absorção atômica de alta resolução com fonte contínua e forno de grafite e análise direta de sólidos. As amostras utilizadas neste trabalho foram obtidas nos mercados da cidade de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, todas na forma sólida (pó) com diferentes composições e matéria prima (arroz, aveia, soja e leite). As curvas de calibração foram realizadas com soluções padrão aquosas e os métodos otimizados foram aplicados nas amostras em estudo. Em todas as amostras os elementos As, Cd, Pb e Tl apresentaram valores de concentração abaixo do limite de detecção. Das seis amostras analisadas, três apresentaram valores de concentração de Cu abaixo dos parâmetros mínimos estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira, enquanto que para o Mn todas amostras apresentaram valores de concentração dentro dos parâmetros mínimos da legislação brasileira. Os métodos desenvolvidos foram simples, exatos e precisos, podendo ser utilizados para análise de rotina. / The consumption of infant formula in Brazil, as a replacement of breast milk, has lately increased significantly. It is a major concern for health agencies because the exclusive breastfeeding up to at least 6 months is no longer part of most infants. The products used as a substitute of the breast milk contain sufficient amounts of vitamins and nutrients, which helps in the normal development of the infants. However, besides the essential elements, it may contain potentially toxic elements present in raw material or from of the processing and storage stages of the same. In the present work the presence of the essential (Cu e Mn) and potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Pb e Tl) in infant formulas were evaluated. For this, analytical methods were developed for the determination of As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Tl using high-resolution continnum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and direct solid sampling analysis in infant formulas. The samples were acquired in Porto Alegre’s market, RS, Brazil, all in powder form with different compositions and raw materials (rice, oats, soy and bovine milk). The calibration curves were performed with aqueous standard solutions and the optimized methods were applied in the study samples. In all samples, the concentration values of As, Pb, Cd and Tl were below of the limit of detection. For the analyzed samples, three of them present the concentration values of Cu lower than the minimum parameters established by Brazilian legislation, while for Mn, all samples present the concentration values within the minimum parameters of Brazilian legislation. The developed methods for the determination of these elements in infant formulas were simple, exacts and precise, and can be applicated for the routine analysis.

Orientador: Mirian Cristina dos Santos / Resumo: O mexilhão dourado (Limnoperna fortunei) tem provocado transtornos ambientais e econômicos nas localidades onde foi introduzido. Dessa forma, o uso do seu resíduo moído como reparador da defasagem de nutrientes e de acidez em solos agrícolas pode vir a ser uma boa aplicação para esse molusco bioinvasor. Entretanto, apesar dessa ação reparadora, é necessária uma averiguação prévia da ausência de elementos potencialmente tóxicos no resíduo. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho foi realizado com o intuito de quantificar, em amostras do Limnoperna fortunei, os elementos chumbo, cádmio, alumínio, ferro e manganês, os quais dependo de suas quantidades podem ser tóxicos aos vegetais e aos demais seres vivos ao longo da cadeia alimentar. Para quantificação desses analitos foi utilizada a Espectrometria de absorção atômica com fonte contínua e de alta resolução. Foram desenvolvidos e otimizados programas de aquecimento para a determinação dos elementos traço chumbo e cádmio, empregando amostragem direta de sólidos e atomização com forno de grafite. A determinação direta de chumbo só foi possível com a utilização da calibração com o material de referência certificado para tecido de mexilhão (Mussel Tissue – 2976), empregando 5 µL da mistura 0,1% (m/v) Pd (NO3)2 + 0,05% (m/v) Mg (NO3)2 em presença de 0,05% (m/v) de Triton X-100 como modificador químico. As temperaturas de pirólise e atomização foram 1000°C e 2200°C, respectivamente. O estudo de massa permitiu a utilização de massas de am... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The golden mussel (Limnoperna fortunei) has caused environmental and economic disruption in the locations where it was introduced. Thus, the use of their ground waste as repairer of the gap of nutrients and acidity in soils may prove to be a good application for this mollusk bio invader. However, despite of this remedial action, a prior test of the absence of potentially toxic elements in the residue is required. In this context, the present study was performed in order to quantify, in samples of the Limnoperna fortunei, the elements lead, cadmium, aluminum, iron and manganese, which depending on their quantities they can be toxic to plants and other living beings throughout the food chain. To quantify these analytes was used high-resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry. Heating programs were developed and optimized for the determination of lead and cadmium trace elements, using direct solid and graphite furnace atomization. The direct determination of lead was only possible with the use of calibration with certified reference material for mussel tissue (Mussel Tissue - 2976), using 5 uL of the mixture 0.1% (m/v) Pd (NO3)2 + 0.05% (w/v) Mg (NO3)2 in the presence of 0.05% (w/v) Triton X-100 as a chemical modifier. The temperatures of pyrolysis and atomization were 1000 ° C and 2200 ° C respectively. The mass study allowed the use of samples of mass within the range of 0.150 to 0.850 mg. For cadmium it was only performed calibration with standard 12.5 g/L sol... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Neste trabalho dois métodos de preparo de amostras para decomposição de bio-diesel foram avaliados para a posterior determinação de Cu e Ni por espectrometria de absorção atômica com forno de grafite (GF AAS). O primeiro método consistiu na de-composição ácida assistida por radiação micro-ondas em sistema fechado (MW-AD), que foi realizada com adição de HNO3 7 mol L-1 e 2 mL de H2O2 30% (m/m). O segun-do método de pré-tratamento avaliado foi a decomposição por via seca em forno mufla com programa de aquecimento até a temperatura máxima de 450 °C. O sólido resultante foi dissolvido em HNO3 1% (v/v). As temperaturas de pirólise e atomização para a téc-nica de GF AAS foram, respectivamente, 1000 ºC e 2000 ºC para Cu, e 1100 °C e 2300 °C para Ni. Os limites de detecção (LD) para Cu e Ni foram de 12,4 e 3,8 ng g-1 empre-gando o método de decomposição MW-AD. Enquanto que, para o método de decompo-sição por via seca os LD foram de 2,8 e 8,3 ng g-1 para Cu e Ni, respectivamente. A avaliação da exatidão foi efetuada a partir do ensaio de recuperação após adição de ana-lito ao biodiesel. As recuperações foram de 91 e 86% para o método MW-AD para Cu e Ni, respectivamente. Foram observadas perdas por volatilização com o emprego do mé-todo de via seca para Cu, com isso, a recuperação foi no máximo de 73%. / In this work, two methods for biodiesel digestion for determination of Cu and Ni by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF AAS) were evaluated. The microwave-assisted acid digestion (MW-AD) with the addition of 7 mol L-1 of HNO3 and 2 mL of H2O2 30% (m/m) was applied to biodiesel digestion. In addition, a dry ash method was applied to biodiesel digestion using a maximum temperature of 450 ºC. The inorganic residues were dissolved by addition of 1% (v/v) nitric acid. The optimiza-tion of temperature program was performed in the GF AAS for Cu and Ni using a sam-ple with standard addition. The pyrolysis and atomization temperatures were, respec-tively, 1000 ° C and 2000 ° C for Cu and 1100 ° C and 2300 °C for Ni. The limits of detection for Cu and Ni were 12,4 and 3,8 ng g-1, respectively, using a MW-AD meth-od. Using a dry ash method the limits of detection were 2,8 and 8,3 for Cu and Ni, re-spectively. The recoveries for Cu and Ni after MW-AD method were 91 and 86%, re-spectively. Using the dry ash method the recovery was 73% for Cu due to sample vo-latilization losses.