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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal desenvolver e implantar um sistema de informações utilizando Banco de Dados que permita uma interface com os Sistemas de Informações Geográficas, promovendo e facilitando o acesso dos dados sobre o Processo de Arenização no Sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Para tal utilizou-se como base as informações contidas no Atlas da Arenização do Sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul, resultado do trabalho do grupo de pesquisa do Departamento de Geografia do Instituto de Geociências da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. A área de ocorrência dos areais está localizada no sudoeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, a partir do meridiano de 54º, em direção Oeste, até a fronteira com a República da Argentina e a República Oriental do Uruguai. A degradação do solo nesta área apresenta-se sob forma de areais, ocupando uma longa faixa onde se localizam os municípios de Alegrete, Cacequi, Itaquí, Maçambara, Manuel Viana, Quaraí, Rosário do Sul, São Borja, São Francisco de Assis e Unistalda. No desenvolvimento desse trabalho buscou-se realizar um levantamento acerca dos conhecimentos específicos tais como Modelagem de Dados, Banco de Dados, Geoprocessamento, Sistemas de Informações Geográficas e os Processos de Arenização no sentido de criar uma base conceitual e tecnológica, que possibilite a estruturação do sistema de maneira mais adequada. Desta forma, o desenvolvimento de sistemas de Banco de Dados deve estar baseado em uma metodologia eficaz, a partir da qual são empregados instrumentos específicos de apoio às diferentes etapas do projeto. Sendo assim, a abordagem utilizada foi a representação de dados no modelo relacional, utilizando-se, para tal, o Modelo de Entidade Relacionamento - MER. Este é baseado na percepção do mundo real, constituído por um conjunto de objetos básicos chamados de entidades, relacionamentos e atributos. Tal modelo foi desenvolvido para facilitar a tarefa de projetar banco de dados relacionais, possibilitando à especificação da estrutura lógica geral do mesmo. Seguindo esta metodologia, foi possível modelar e desenvolver um banco de dados contendo as informações importantes do objeto em estudo, a fim de que esses dados pudessem ser acessados futuramente para análise e obtenção de resultados sobre o Processo de Arenização no Sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul. / The main purpose of the present work is to develop and implement a database information system to interface geographical information systems in order to foster and ease the access to data regarding the process of sand-spreading (in Portuguese, "Arenização") in southwest Rio Grande do Sul state. The southwest Rio Grande do Sul Sandiness Atlas, a work by the research group from the Geography Department of the Geosciences Institute of the Rio Grande do Sul University, was used as the source of information. The occurrence of fields the sand dunes ("Areais") is restricted to the southwest part of the Rio Grande do Sul state, from the 54W meridian, up to the borderline with the Republic of Argentina and the East Republic of Uruguay. The soil wears down throughout the whole area, forming a long strip of sand over the counties of Alegrete, Cacequi, Itaquí, Maçambara, Manuel Viana, Quaraí, Rosário do Sul, São Borja, São Francisco do Assis e Unistalda. During the development of this work, we sought to gather particular understanding about Data Modelling, Database Systems, Geoprocessing, Geographical Information Systems and Process of Sand-Spreading, in order to build a conceptual and technological base to allow the proper arrangement of the system. In this way, the development of a database system must be grounded by an effective methodology, from which particular support tools to the distinct parts of the project are employed. Therefore, the adopted approach was to represent data in the relational model, using the Entity-Relationship Model (MER), which is based on the perception of the real world, made up by a set of basic objects called in entities, relationships and attributes. The model was developed to ease the task of projecting relational database systems, allowing for its own general logical structure specification. Following this methodology, the modelling and development of a database with all the relevant information about the object of study has become possible in such a way that these data may be accessed later on for analyses and evaluation of the process of sand-spreading taking place over southwest Rio Grande do Sul state.

A produção de base cartográfica para os SIG apresenta peculiaridades distintas daquelas produzidas somente para atender os usuários da cartografia. Portanto cartas digitais em formato vetor produzidos em ambiente de CAD devem passar por rigoroso processo de validação geométrica antes de serem usadas por tais sistemas. Este trabalho tem por finalidade apresentar uma metodologia de validação geométrica de dados geográficos para uso em SIG baseada em ambiente orientado a objeto. Pra tanto são apresentados no decorrer do trabalho os principais conceitos relacionados ao assunto, bem como, a descrição da aquisição de dados via digitalização vetorial, as principais fontes de erro oriundas deste processo e o processo de validação em ambiente de CAD. Também é apresentado de forma pormenorizada os conceitos relacionados à tecnologia de banco de dados Orientado a Objeto e o Sistema Gothic, dentro do qual foram realizadas as implementações. Por fim são apresentadas a descrição das rotinas elaboradas e a metodologia desenvolvida, além de resultados obtidos em testes preliminares. Os testes realizados mostram que ocorreram ganhos de produção consideráveis sem que houvesse perda de qualidade. / The production of cartographic base for the SIG presents distinct peculiarities of those only produced to attend the cartographic users. Therefore digital charts produced in vector format in CAD environment must pass for rigorous process of geometric validation before being used for such systems. This work has for purpose to present a methodology of geomettric validation of geographic data for use in SIG based on oriented object environment. For this the main concepts related to the subject are presented during the work, as well as, the description of acquisition of the data by means of vector digitizer, the main deriving sources of error of this process and the process of validation in CAD environment. Also it is presented of detailed form the concepts related to the technology of Oriented Object data base and the Gothic system, which was used for the implementations. Finally the description of the elaborated routines and the developed methodology are presented, beyond some results gotten in preliminary tests. The tests show that considerable profits of prodution had occurred without that had loss of quality.

A produção de base cartográfica para os SIG apresenta peculiaridades distintas daquelas produzidas somente para atender os usuários da cartografia. Portanto cartas digitais em formato vetor produzidos em ambiente de CAD devem passar por rigoroso processo de validação geométrica antes de serem usadas por tais sistemas. Este trabalho tem por finalidade apresentar uma metodologia de validação geométrica de dados geográficos para uso em SIG baseada em ambiente orientado a objeto. Pra tanto são apresentados no decorrer do trabalho os principais conceitos relacionados ao assunto, bem como, a descrição da aquisição de dados via digitalização vetorial, as principais fontes de erro oriundas deste processo e o processo de validação em ambiente de CAD. Também é apresentado de forma pormenorizada os conceitos relacionados à tecnologia de banco de dados Orientado a Objeto e o Sistema Gothic, dentro do qual foram realizadas as implementações. Por fim são apresentadas a descrição das rotinas elaboradas e a metodologia desenvolvida, além de resultados obtidos em testes preliminares. Os testes realizados mostram que ocorreram ganhos de produção consideráveis sem que houvesse perda de qualidade. / The production of cartographic base for the SIG presents distinct peculiarities of those only produced to attend the cartographic users. Therefore digital charts produced in vector format in CAD environment must pass for rigorous process of geometric validation before being used for such systems. This work has for purpose to present a methodology of geomettric validation of geographic data for use in SIG based on oriented object environment. For this the main concepts related to the subject are presented during the work, as well as, the description of acquisition of the data by means of vector digitizer, the main deriving sources of error of this process and the process of validation in CAD environment. Also it is presented of detailed form the concepts related to the technology of Oriented Object data base and the Gothic system, which was used for the implementations. Finally the description of the elaborated routines and the developed methodology are presented, beyond some results gotten in preliminary tests. The tests show that considerable profits of prodution had occurred without that had loss of quality.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal desenvolver e implantar um sistema de informações utilizando Banco de Dados que permita uma interface com os Sistemas de Informações Geográficas, promovendo e facilitando o acesso dos dados sobre o Processo de Arenização no Sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Para tal utilizou-se como base as informações contidas no Atlas da Arenização do Sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul, resultado do trabalho do grupo de pesquisa do Departamento de Geografia do Instituto de Geociências da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. A área de ocorrência dos areais está localizada no sudoeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, a partir do meridiano de 54º, em direção Oeste, até a fronteira com a República da Argentina e a República Oriental do Uruguai. A degradação do solo nesta área apresenta-se sob forma de areais, ocupando uma longa faixa onde se localizam os municípios de Alegrete, Cacequi, Itaquí, Maçambara, Manuel Viana, Quaraí, Rosário do Sul, São Borja, São Francisco de Assis e Unistalda. No desenvolvimento desse trabalho buscou-se realizar um levantamento acerca dos conhecimentos específicos tais como Modelagem de Dados, Banco de Dados, Geoprocessamento, Sistemas de Informações Geográficas e os Processos de Arenização no sentido de criar uma base conceitual e tecnológica, que possibilite a estruturação do sistema de maneira mais adequada. Desta forma, o desenvolvimento de sistemas de Banco de Dados deve estar baseado em uma metodologia eficaz, a partir da qual são empregados instrumentos específicos de apoio às diferentes etapas do projeto. Sendo assim, a abordagem utilizada foi a representação de dados no modelo relacional, utilizando-se, para tal, o Modelo de Entidade Relacionamento - MER. Este é baseado na percepção do mundo real, constituído por um conjunto de objetos básicos chamados de entidades, relacionamentos e atributos. Tal modelo foi desenvolvido para facilitar a tarefa de projetar banco de dados relacionais, possibilitando à especificação da estrutura lógica geral do mesmo. Seguindo esta metodologia, foi possível modelar e desenvolver um banco de dados contendo as informações importantes do objeto em estudo, a fim de que esses dados pudessem ser acessados futuramente para análise e obtenção de resultados sobre o Processo de Arenização no Sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul. / The main purpose of the present work is to develop and implement a database information system to interface geographical information systems in order to foster and ease the access to data regarding the process of sand-spreading (in Portuguese, "Arenização") in southwest Rio Grande do Sul state. The southwest Rio Grande do Sul Sandiness Atlas, a work by the research group from the Geography Department of the Geosciences Institute of the Rio Grande do Sul University, was used as the source of information. The occurrence of fields the sand dunes ("Areais") is restricted to the southwest part of the Rio Grande do Sul state, from the 54W meridian, up to the borderline with the Republic of Argentina and the East Republic of Uruguay. The soil wears down throughout the whole area, forming a long strip of sand over the counties of Alegrete, Cacequi, Itaquí, Maçambara, Manuel Viana, Quaraí, Rosário do Sul, São Borja, São Francisco do Assis e Unistalda. During the development of this work, we sought to gather particular understanding about Data Modelling, Database Systems, Geoprocessing, Geographical Information Systems and Process of Sand-Spreading, in order to build a conceptual and technological base to allow the proper arrangement of the system. In this way, the development of a database system must be grounded by an effective methodology, from which particular support tools to the distinct parts of the project are employed. Therefore, the adopted approach was to represent data in the relational model, using the Entity-Relationship Model (MER), which is based on the perception of the real world, made up by a set of basic objects called in entities, relationships and attributes. The model was developed to ease the task of projecting relational database systems, allowing for its own general logical structure specification. Following this methodology, the modelling and development of a database with all the relevant information about the object of study has become possible in such a way that these data may be accessed later on for analyses and evaluation of the process of sand-spreading taking place over southwest Rio Grande do Sul state.

Abstract Spatial structure of habitats has been found to affect the species abundance and distribution patterns in heterogeneous environments. In this thesis, I studied landscape responses of the Siberian flying squirrel in a boreal forest context in northern Finland. Studies were conducted at several spatial scales in order to identify landscape characteristics that are associated with the species occurrence at a local scale and its distribution patterns at a regional scale. Data on species presence and absence in forest areas were collected in the field. Habitat patterns in landscapes were analysed from satellite images and landscape metrics concerning landscape structure were quantified in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Results of this study are in agreement with the general landscape ecological theory and findings in the field. In northern Finland, the distribution of the Siberian flying squirrel primarily follows the spatial extent of spruce-dominated forests but that its actual occurrence is dependent on the scale of observation and the habitat structure. At a home range scale the abundance of deciduous trees in old spruce forest increases the probability that a forest site is occupied by the species, whereas at a local scale the amount of such spruce forests and linkages between habitat patches play an important role. At a regional scale, an increase in open areas and the dominance of pine makes the habitat unsuitable and restricts the presence of the species. Findings of the present research forward practical forest management planning at a large scale and may help set general conservation goals for the Siberian flying squirrel. When managing the species in a complex network of habitat patches in heterogeneous landscapes, spatial dispersion of potential habitat patches as well as connecting habitat and their temporal development should be considered carefully. For this purpose, remote sensed images and GIS are valuable and useful tools. Satellite-image based landscape analysis is presently developing rapidly and hopefully this methodology will soon become a common practice in landscape ecological research and everyday forest management planning.

Cycling is an underutilized mode of transportation in cities across North America. Numerous factors contribute to low ridership levels, but a key deterrent to cycling is concern for personal safety. In an effort to increase cycling mode share, many cities are investing in cycling infrastructure, with several cities constructing connected bicycle networks. Monitoring the impact of new infrastructure is important for accountability to citizens and to encourage political will for future investments in cycling facilities. A lack of spatially continuous ridership data and methodological challenges have limited monitoring and evaluation of the impacts of infrastructure changes. The goal of our research was to demonstrate spatially explicit approaches for monitoring city-wide changes in patterns of safety and ridership following improvements to cycling infrastructure. To meet our goal, our first analysis demonstrated a method for monitoring changes in the spatial-temporal distribution of cycling incidents across a city. We compared planar versus network constrained kernel density estimation for visualizing cycling incident intensity across the street network of Vancouver, Canada using cycling incidents reported to the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia. Next, we applied a change detection algorithm to detect statistically significant change between maps of kernel density estimates. The utility of the network kernel density change detection method is demonstrated through a case study in the city of Vancouver, Canada where we compare cycling incident densities following construction of two cycle tracks in the downtown core. The methods developed and demonstrated for this study provide city planners, transportation engineers and researchers a means of monitoring city-wide changes in the patterns of cycling incidents following enhancements to cycling infrastructure. Our second analysis demonstrated how network constrained spatial analysis methods can be applied to emerging sources of crowdsourced cycling data to monitor city-wide changes in patterns of ridership. We used network constrained global and local measures of spatial autocorrelation, applied to crowdsourced ridership data from Strava, to examine changes in ridership patterns across Ottawa-Gatineau, Canada, following installation and closures of cycling infrastructure. City planners, transportation engineers and researchers can use the methods outlined here to monitor city-wide changes in ridership patterns following investment in cycling infrastructure or other changes to the transportation network. Through this thesis we help overcome the challenges associated with monitoring the impact of infrastructure changes on ridership and cycling safety. We demonstrated how network constrained spatial analysis methods can be applied to officially reported cycling incident data to identify changes in the spatial-temporal distribution of cycling safety across a transportation network. We also demonstrated how network appropriate spatial analysis techniques can be applied to large, emerging crowdsourced cycling datasets to monitor changes in patterns of ridership. These methods enhance our understanding of the city-wide impact of infrastructure changes on cycling safety and ridership patterns. / Graduate

In the past few years, the study of critical infrastructures and the interdependencies amongst them in the context of an emergency situation has become a priority for many countries, including Canada. Governments, universities, and private companies all over the world are spending vast amounts of money and effort trying to better understand how infrastructures and humans react in the time stages before, during, and after a disruptive event. Analyzing complex systems such as those formed by infrastructure networks and decision makers is not a simple task and requires a multidisciplinary holistic approach. The field of research in infrastructure interdependencies is fairly new, and lies in the intersection of areas of knowledge such as emergency management, geography, simulation modeling, planning, and safety engineering. Analyzing interdependencies between infrastructure networks is not only a complex problem in terms of its formalization, but also in terms of the intricacy required to test and validate that formalization. Furthermore, identifying and having access to the data necessary to validate the formal system is probably an even more complicated issue to resolve. It is, however, only through the study of these interdependencies that certain failures or weaknesses in the systems can be discovered; weaknesses that could not be studied through the analysis of a single isolated system. Not only is it a challenging task to analyze the interconnections between infrastructure systems, but studying these at moments of stress, when the interdependencies become dynamic, is even more difficult. In this thesis I explore the intersection between three main themes: Critical infrastructure interdependencies, Emergency Management, and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Furthermore, I analyze the different types of interdependencies between infrastructure systems, I describe some of the challenges that have to be dealt with when modeling interdependencies, and I explore the possibility of modeling and visualizing some of these interdependencies by constructing an Infrastructure Geographical Information System of the UBC campus. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Throughout history, military officers have relied on maps to provide spatial information and make informed battlefield and other problem-solving decisions. Today’s officers can put even more spatial information at a soldier’s fingertips if they are made aware of the power of geographic information systems and software. This paper makes the argument that an informal education and introduction to the uses of geographic information systems (GIS) during their participation in reserve officer training corps (ROTC) can help provide future officers with a basic understanding on how GIS can impact their ability to solve military relevant problems with these technologies and can aid in their decision making. This project created a web application using python and based on military mapping manuals and defense tools that allow a user to create a model of how quickly the user could be able to move over a given terrain. This web application was given to military officers in ROTC training at the University of Arizona prior to participation in a land navigation exercise to help them plan and prepare their path through the event. Students using the app prior to the exercise were able to see how the information provided by GIS can help them make decisions and times were compared between those that used the tool and those that did not. This tool, and the subsequent exercise provided increased awareness in military applications of GIS for those future military officers and helps inspire them to pursue more information on the technology.