The glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) is the major insulin-responsive glucose transporter in adipose and muscle tissues. Although the early steps in the insulin signaling pathway governing translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane are well understood, the final steps in this pathway are not. TUG is a protein which has been shown to affect trafficking of GLUT4 both in the basal state and in response to insulin. One protein-protein interaction between TUG and the large cytosolic loop of GLUT4 has previously been identified. Based on reports of the requirement of the GLUT4 N-terminal domain for its proper targeting to the plasma membrane, we postulated that an interaction might also exist between TUG and the N-terminal domain of GLUT4, and we tested this hypothesis using two sets of pull-down experiments. In the first set, using the N-terminal domain of GLUT4 fused with glutathione S-transferase (GST), we were able to pull TUG down from the lysates of TUG-transfected HEK 293 cells. TUG was also pulled down by the GLUT4 cytosolic loop and, to a much lesser extent, its C-terminal domain. However, there was no specific interaction between these fusion proteins and the lysates of cells transfected with a truncated form of TUG lacking its own N-terminal domain. In the second set of experiments, using a biotinylated synthetic GLUT4 N-terminal peptide, we pulled down a protein detected by an anti-TUG antibody and running at ~64 kDa, a slightly higher molecular weight than wild-type TUG. We believe that this band represents modified full-length TUG. This interaction was not seen using synthetic GLUT4 N-terminal peptide mutated at 4 amino acids previously identified as necessary for proper GLUT4 retention and insulin-responsive trafficking. We conclude that TUG interacts not only with the large cytosolic loop of GLUT4, but also with the N-terminal domain of GLUT4, and that this latter interaction can be disrupted by mutations in GLUT4 that cause defective trafficking, suggesting that this interaction is critical for GLUT4 intracellular retention and insulin-responsive GLUT4 trafficking.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2005. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst. / Titel på diss.-titelbl.: Islet glucose metabolism and insulin secretion in two animal models of glucose intolerance. Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 1995. / "May 1995." Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 35-37). Also available on the Internet.

Obesity and Diabetes, the major cause for morbidity and mortality in United States raises a general curiosity regarding health care expenses when talked about treating them. Every year approximately 300,000 US adults die of reasons associated to obesity and diabetes, becoming the sixth leading cause of death. The prevalence of those diagnosed with diabetes witnessed an exponential curve in the last decade and for the year 2011 about 8.3% of the population in the US has been diagnosed with diabetes and it is predicted that in the year 2030 the prevalence of diabetes is to reach 4.4% globally. Type 2 diabetes is a condition, which develops when the body no longer makes enough insulin or when the insulin so produced does not work effectively. In reaction to the increase in obesity, treatments for obesity became more common especially the pharmacological treatments. Since this treatment also required one to change their lifestyle and food habits, bariatric surgeries were considered as an option to treat obesity and diabetes. A range of surgical procedures have been used to stimulate weight loss for obese patients. These procedures resulted in weight loss by restricting the size of the stomach (Gastric Banding) or bypassing a portion of the intestine (Gastric Bypass). Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) accomplishes weight loss during a combination of gastric restriction and malabsorption. Reduction of the stomach to a small gastric pouch results in feelings of satiety. The RYGB procedure has been performed regularly since the early 1980s; it was first performed laparoscopically in the early 1990s. Ileal interposition (IT) is a surgical procedure where a section of ileum is snipped and moved closer to the jejunum. It is said that the food takes just ten minutes to reach the ileum instead of an hour after this procedure. The ileum produces Glucagon like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) which helps in insulin secretion. Glucose is a key stimulator for mammals and is derived from the diet consumed, transferred from the circulation into the target cells. Glucose penetrates the eukaryotic cells through membrane associated carrier proteins, the Na+ coupled glucose transporter (SGLT-1) and the glucose transporter (GLUT). These transporters are structurally and functionally distinct. The main research question was "are the receptors involved in glucose transport across the membrane (GLUT2 and SGLT1) important for Ileal Interposition"? With experiments like real time PCR (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), we have observed the differences in the expression of these receptors with respect to the location and organ. Ileal interposition showed a significant difference (p<0.01) compared to sham-operated rats in the expression of GLUT2 in the gluconeogenic organs. The increased GLUT2 levels in ileal interposition may explain glucose sensitivity and these data emphasize the need for GLUT2 to maintain a positive glucose homeostasis and further study on SGLT1/GLUT2 influence on gluconeogenesis.

Le métabolisme glucidique de l’oiseau est important pour maitriser la croissance de l’animal et la qualité de la viande. Nous avons étudié l’utilisation périphérique du glucose chez le poulet au niveau musculaire en identifiant et en caractérisant les principaux acteurs impliqués. Nous avons identifié et caractérisé un nouveau transporteur de glucose chez les oiseaux, GLUT12. Il est exprimé dans les muscles, son expression est régulée in vivo par l’insuline et il peut être enrichi dans les membranes plasmiques des cellules suite à une stimulation insulinique. In vitro, une augmentation du transport de glucose est mesurée sur le même pas de temps que la translocation de GLUT12. Comme pour GLUT4 chez les mammifères, la PI3K est impliquée dans la translocation de GLUT12. L’expression des GLUTs musculaires varie avec l’âge des animaux mais aussi avec leur état physiologique, le type métabolique et/ou la fonction du muscle. L’ensemble de nos résultats explique en partie le métabolisme glucidique atypique des oiseaux et laisse entrevoir le développement de nouvelles stratégies d’élevage pour répondre à une demande croissante de produits avicoles de qualité. / Glucose metabolism in birds is important to control animal growth and meat quality. We studied peripheral glucose utilization in chicken muscle by identifying and characterizing a new glucose transporter in birds, GLUT12. This transporter is expressed in muscles, its expression is regulated in vivo by insulin and it can be enriched in cells plasma membranes following insulin stimulation. In vitro an increase of glucose transport is measured in the same time than GLUT12 translocation. As for GLUT4 in mammals, PI3K pathway is involved in GLUT12 translocation. Expression of muscular GLUTs varies depending on animals’ age but also depending on their physiological state and on the metabolic type and/or function on the muscle. All of our results partly explain the atypical glucose metabolism in birds and let us foresee development of new farming strategies in order to answer to increased demand of avian quality products.

L'insuline résistance (IR), caractérisée par une diminution cellulaire de la sensibilité à l'insuline dans les organes insulinosensible, est un élément central de l'obésité, du syndrome métabolique, du diabète sucré et conduit à une augmentation des maladies cardiovasculaires en particulier l'insuffisance cardiaque. Tous ces événements sont aujourd'hui de graves problèmes de santé publique. Mais actuellement, il n'existe pas d'outil simple pour mesurer la résistance à l'insuline. La technique de référence reste le clamp euglycémique hyperinsulinémique. Cependant, la complexité et la longueur de cette technique la rendent impropre à l'utilisation clinique de routine. De nombreuses méthodes ou l'index ont été proposées pour évaluer la résistance à l'insuline chez l'homme, mais aucune n'a montré suffisamment de pertinences pour être utilisée dans un usage clinique. L'équipe de unité INSERM U1039 a validé un nouveau traceur du transport du glucose radiomarqué avec de l'iode 123 et a élaboré un protocole d'imagerie rapide et simple avec une petite gamma-caméra animale, qui permet l'obtention d'un indexe de résistance à l'insuline pour chaque organe, se montrant encore plus discriminant pour le cœur. Le projet de ma thèse était de transférer à l'humain cette technique de mesure, parfaitement validé chez l'animal. La première partie de cette thèse évaluait la tolérance, la cinétique in vivo, la biodistribution et de la dosimétrie de ce nouveau traceur du transport du glucose, le [123I] - 6DIG. La sécurité du nouveau traceur et de la technique de mesure était adéquate. Il n'y a pas eu d'effets indésirables avec une excellente tolérance de l'ensemble du protocole. L'élimination du 6DIG est rapide, principalement dans les urines et complète dans les 72h. La dose efficace pour un scan complet avec injection de 92,5 × 2 MBq était de 3 à 4 mSv. La deuxième partie de cette thèse évaluait chez l'homme la faisabilité et la reproductibilité de la technique de mesure validée chez l'animal. La troisième partie montre les techniques utilisées pour permettre le transfert à l'homme de cette méthode. Le protocole d'étude a été appliqué sur 12 sujets (volontaires sains (n = 6) et 2 patients diabétiques de type (n = 6)). Avec une méthode adaptée à une mesure chez l'homme, nous avons déterminé un index d'IR permettant de discriminer une population résistante d'une population sensible à l'insuline. Nous rapportons ici la première utilisation clinique du 6DIG et décrivons une méthode d'imagerie originale pour évaluer le transport du glucose myocardique. Cette étude supervisée par l'INSERM, est le premier à utiliser un traceur SPECT pour étudier le transport du glucose. / Insulin resistance (IR), characterized by a depressed cellular sensitivity to insulin in insulin-sensitive organs, is a central feature to obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus and leads to increase cardiovascular diseases, particularly heart failure. All these events are today serious public health problems. But actually, there is no simple tool to measure insulin resistance. The gold standard technique remains the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. However, the complexity and length of this technique render it unsuitable for routine clinical use. Many methods or index have been proposed to assess insulin resistance in human, but none have shown enough relevance to be used in clinical use. The U1039 INSERM unit previously has validated a new tracer of glucose transport, radiolabelled with123 iodine and has developed a fast and simple imaging protocol with a small animal gamma camera, which allows the obtaining of an IR index for each organ, showing more discriminating for the heart. The project of my thesis was the human transfer of this measurement technique, perfectly validated in animal. The first part of this thesis evaluated to tolerance, in vivo kinetics, distribution and dosimetry of novel tracer of glucose transport, the [123I]-6DIG. The safeties of new tracer and measurement technique were adequate. There were no adverse effects with excellent tolerance of the whole protocol. 6DIG eliminating was fast, primarily in the urine and complete within 72h. The effective whole-body absorbed dose for a complete scan with injection of 92.5 × 2 MBq was between 3 to 4 mSv. The second part of this thesis evaluated in human feasibility and reproducibility of the measurement technique validated in animal. The third part showed techniques used to allow human transfer of this method. The study protocol was applied on 12 subjects (healthy volunteers (n=6) and type 2 diabetic patients (n=6)). With a method adapted to measure in humans, we determined an IR index to discriminate resistant population of a sensitive population to insulin. We report the first clinical use of 6DIG and describe an original method of imaging to assess myocardial glucose transport. This study supervised by INSERM, is the first to use a SPECT tracer to study the transport of glucose.

abstract: A noninvasive optical method is developed to monitor rapid changes in blood glucose levels in diabetic patients. The system depends on an optical cell built with a LED that emits light of wavelength 535nm that is a peak absorbance of hemoglobin. As the glucose concentration in the blood decreases, its osmolarity also decreases and the RBCs swell and decrease the path length absorption coefficient. Decreasing absorption coefficient increases the transmission of light through the whole blood. The system was tested with a constructed optical cell that held whole blood in a capillary tube. As expected the light transmitted to the photodiode increases with decreasing glucose concentration. The average response time of the system was between 30-40 seconds. The changes in size of the RBC cells in response to glucose concentration changes were confirmed using a cell counter and also visually under microscope. This method does not allow measuring the glucose concentration with an absolute concentration calibration. It is directed towards development of a device to monitor the changes in glucose concentration as an aid to diabetic management. This method might be improvised for precision and resolution and be developed as a ring or an earring that patients can wear. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Bioengineering 2013

Previous epidemiological studies have shown that the diabetic population has a poor oral status compared to healthy subjects. While changes of the local microcirculation observed during diabetes can somehow explain periodontal pathologies this hypothesis does not stand for the carious decay. We propose the hypothesis that the increase of carious incidence might be linked to changes in the salivary composition, such as an increase of salivary glucose concentrations.The amount of glucose in saliva has been widely discussed in various scientific articles. Subsequently, we performed an initial study that allowed us to confirm that the concentration and excretion of glucose in the saliva were higher in diabetic patients compared to normal patients. In diabetic patients, the relative increase in salivary glucose concentration is even comparable to the rise of blood glucose.We conducted experimental studies in animals in order to investigate the presence and the level of expression of glucose transporters (GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT4, SGLT1) in rat parotid glands. Through immunohistochemical labeling techniques, gene expression studies and protein expression studies, we demonstrated that GLUT1, GLUT4 and SGLT1 were found in rat parotid glands of normal and diabetic rats. Functional studies targeting the activity and the flux through those glucose transporters strengthened our hypothesis on the potential role of glucose transporter in salivary glucose.This original work introduce for the first time the hypothesis of a secretion mechanism of glucose by the salivary glands through GLUT1 & SGLT1 transporters, the first one being located on the apical and baso-lateral membranes of acinar cells, while the second one is located on the baso-lateral membrane. Secretion of glucose by the parotid gland is no longer at any doubt even though further studies must now specify the specific mechanisms. / Doctorat en Sciences dentaires / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Myo-[3H]-inositol accumulation in cultured bovine lens epithelial cells (BLECs) occurred by both high- and low affinity, Nat-dependent transport sites. High ambient glucose significantly inhibited myo-[ 3 H]-inositol uptake; the co-administration of sorbinil, an aldose reductase inhibitor, prevented the inhibitory effect on the low affinity transport site. A glucose-sensitive process for myo-[3 H]-inositol uptake on the high-affinity transport site was uncovered by Lineweaver-Burk analysis. Dixon plot analysis confirmed that the effect of glucose was due to competitive inhibition of the high-affinity myo-inositol transport site while the effect of sorbitol was due to competitive inhibition of the low-affinity myo-inositol transport site.