Understanding what influences movement patterns in animals is important to the understanding of colonization, range expansion, and sourcesink dynamics. Rosss geese (Chen rossii) have been expanding their nesting range eastward, and, as recently as 1994, have been nesting in large numbers in such newly colonized areas. I sampled nests at the McConnell River Migratory Bird Sanctuary (MCR), the largest known Rosss goose nesting colony outside the Queen Maud Gulf Migratory Bird Sanctuary (QMG) to estimate its nesting population size. To understand whether immigration by Rosss geese to a new colony located outside traditional nesting areas has an adaptive basis, I compared nutritional, nesting, and survival metrics between geese nesting at the MCR and those nesting at Karrak Lake (KAR) in QMG. I hypothesized that because of longer nesting season, Rosss geese at MCR would have more fat and protein reserves, larger clutch sizes, and greater nest success than those at KAR. Additionally, I hypothesized that population change at MCR was due largely to in situ recruitment. To better understand factors motivating dispersal, movement by Rosss geese between nesting attempts at MCR was measured between years. I hypothesized that dispersal distance of nesting females between years t, and t+1 was a function of both a females own reproductive success as well as that of her neighbours.<p> In 1997 over 23,000 Rosss geese were counted at MCR. By 2007, population estimates (± SE) had increased to 81,408 (±12,367). Survival of both juvenile and adult geese marked at MCR was similar to those nesting at KAR; however, recovery rate estimates were greater than those for KAR. On average, Rosss geese arrived and initiated nests at MCR seven days earlier than at KAR. Abdominal fat was lower when nest initiation date was later in both areas, but was generally greater in geese nesting at MCR. Similarly, there was more indexed protein in geese at MCR than those at KAR in 2 of 3 years. Nesting indices such as clutch size and nest success did not show a consistent area effect, which interacted with a year effect.<p> Rosss geese at MCR did not appear to use individual or conspecific reproductive success when deciding if or how far to disperse between years, and temporary emigration rates also did not vary based on reproductive success the previous year. Instead, variables other than prior individual or neighbour nest success influenced Rosss goose nest site selection and colony fidelity. The number of Rosss geese nesting at MCR increased at an average rate of 11.4% per year from 20032007, despite no increase (0%) from 2006 to 2007. Vital rate information gathered during this time suggests that immigration may have contributed to this growth; however, with few assumptions it can be concluded that MCR is a sustainable population. As a result, studies of geese breeding at MCR provide evidence that arctic geese are capable of successfully colonizing nesting areas great distances beyond historic range.

Very little work has been done to study and understand the internal mechanisms that provide goose down with its resiliency under repeated compression. We have employed low magnification optical microscopy to identify some of these important mechanisms. Microscopy showed that a small tertiary structure exists on most goose down fibers and creates an important point of contact when two fibers interact. This tertiary contact mechanism has been coupled with fiber orientation and incorporated into a unique strain-energy function. The principal stresses for an initial compression cycle can be determined from this strain-energy function according to the hyperelastic constitutive theory. Irreversible deformation and hysteresis necessitate another means to determine the stresses during unloading and reloading. For these stages, the framework used by Beatty et al. (2002) for an ideal Mullins material will be utilized in conjunction with a shift in the stress-free state to determine the principal stresses. The proposed model is then evaluated for uniaxial compression and shown to capture the general behavior of goose down in compression including the irreversible deformation and hysteresis.

The nutritional and sociocultural significance of Canada Goose was documented through field research in Wemindji, Quebec and laboratory analyses (proximate composition, trace elements, fatty acids and heavy metals) at McGill University. Consumption of different parts varies by age/gender groups. Cooked flesh samples contained 25.04--36.46 g/100g protein, 6 19--26.35 g/100g fat, 5.58--11.68 mg/100g iron, 2.77--4.81 mg/100g zinc, 4.91--27.59 mg/100g calcium and 0.22--0.75 mg/100g copper. Lung and liver samples contained high amounts of iron (44.24 and 49.18 mg/100g, respectively). Canada goose provides lower amounts of saturated fatty acids and higher amounts of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids as compared to lard. Heavy metal content of Canada goose was found to be very low, with exception of several samples containing high lead levels. Canada goose is a highly valued food, providing important amounts of energy, protein, iron, zinc and copper. This resource also has significance in spiritual, cultural and social life of the Cree.

Thesis (Master of Engineering in Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. / As far as substation automation systems are concerned, one of the prime requirements of most utilities today is the interoperability between Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) of different manufacturers. The standard IEC 61850 - Communication Networks and Systems in Substations - allows such interoperability between IEDs for protection and automation of substations. Presently, many manufacturers have implemented, or are in the process of implementing this standard in their IEDs. This has encouraged some utilities to specify IEC is to ensure that both system requirements are met and the features and benefits of the standard are fully exploited. The author of this thesis investigated and brought forward the design of an integrated monitoring protection and control system of a network in Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT) campus based of the IEC 61850 standard. A method of testing the physical IED based on Hardware-In-Loop (HIL) configuration with the Real-Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) is developed and implemented. Mapping of IED Substation Configuration Language (SCL) with that of the RTDS GTNET cards is discussed and implemented to further exploit the use of realtime testing with Generic Object Oriented Substation Event messages (GOOSE). The thesis highlight the benefits of interconnecting the reticulation IEDs into a standardised communication network for protection, control and monitoring of each substation event. This improves the access to information and reduces maintenance cost on the reticulation network.

Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / Electricity substation monitoring and control systems have evolved over the years from simple systems capable of achieving minimalistic functions to autonomous, self-healing smart grid schemes (Farhangi, 2010). The migration of technology to networked smart grid systems was driven by the need for standardisation of communication networks, system configuration and also the reduction of system implementation costs and engineering time. Before the introduction of a uniform communication standard, legacy (non-standardised) communication protocols, for example, the Distributed Network Protocol (DNP3) were used by Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) for information exchange (Luwaca, 2014). These communication protocols could not provide a standard naming convention or data semantics since the data/information was accessed using an address-based system. The implementation of automation systems based on legacy protocols and RTUs was expensive because of parallel copper wiring required to connect instrument transformers and circuit breakers to multiple RTUs for protection and monitoring functions (Iloh et al., 2014). Legacy systems refer to Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems implemented using RTUs and legacy communication protocols. Legacy systems tended to be vendor specific because devices from different vendors did not support the same communication protocol. These issues led to the introduction of the IEC 61850 standard. The IEC 61850 standard for “communication networks and systems in a substation” provides standardised naming convention, data semantics, standardised device configuration and also device interoperability and interchangeability in some instances. The IEC 61850 standard provides a solution to expensive parallel copper wiring and standardisation issues experienced with legacy protocols. In as much as the introduction of the IEC 61850 standard addresses problems experienced with legacy system there is still a need to provide inexpensive access to IEC 61850-compliant devices and effective knowledge transfer to facilitate implementation of automation systems based on this standard. The development of an IEC 61850-compliant device requires a specialised skillset and financial investment for research and industrialisation therefore only a few vendors manufacture these devices resulting in an increase in production and manufacturing costs. For this reason this research project develops VHDL modules for mapping IEC 61850-9-2 Sampled Value (SV) messages and IEC 61850-8-1 Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) messages on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) platform. Sampled values are used for transmitting current and voltage transformer (CT and VT) measurements to protection devices while GOOSE messages exchange information/commands between primary equipment (CT, VT and circuit breaker) and protection devices over an Ethernet network known as the process bus.

This thesis is focused on IEC 61850 communication protocols SMV, GOOSE and MMS and their implementation in SCADA systems. There is a simulator, run on Raspberry Pi, that generates data according to IEC 61850 and transmits the data using protocols in question. The simulation consist of various virtual devices e.g. surge protection, undervoltage protection, circuit breaker, disconnector, HMI. The MMS protocol is used for station control. Simulation can be user-defined from textual configuration file.

The work deals with communication protocols of the IEC 61850 standard. The protocols GOOSE (Generic Object Oriented Substation Events), SMV (Sampled Measured Values) and MMS (Manufacturing Message Specification) are described. The protocols are used to create a simulation network, which is described in this work. The simulation network is created in the OMNeT ++, program installed in the Ubuntu virtual environment.

This thesis contains an overview of a new standard IEC 61850. Parts of the standard are described particularly. More space is devoted to the analysis of communication in substations and to features of horizontal GOOSE messages. The other part is devoted to testers of protection and their use in testing of communication in substations according with IEC 61850. The last part is a practical example of using the tester and software for communication network monitoring and measurement of reaction of the system which is controlled with GOOSE messages.

The amount of information transmitted in automation systems has grown exponentially, since the modern digital protection and control devices had been introduced. These systems with different features, limited data flow and the mutual incompatibility were mostly based on the principles defined by vendors themselves. The international communication standard IEC 61850 was created with the aim of introducing definite rules and the structure into the communication part of the electrical substations with the application of the latest technologies. This standard also emphasises the mutual interoperability of the different vendors´ devices. This thesis is focused on the comprehension of basic principles, the practical application and the testing of digital protections with IEC 61850 communication standard implemented. The first part of my thesis is a theoretical one and describes basic principles, services and possibilities of the abstract communication model defined by IEC 61850 standard. The second part of my thesis describes the configuration of IEC 61850 communication standard of the protective terminal REF 542plus with the partial support of this standard including only the vertical communication and the subsequent testing using the OMICRON's testing tool IED Scout. The third part of my thesis is focused on the configuration of the feeder protection REF615 which has fully implemented IEC 61850 standard covering both vertical and horizontal communication by means of the GOOSE messages and the subsequent testing using the ABB's testing tool ITT600 SA Explorer. The testing of both protective devices was carried out in the laboratory of the protection relays on the testing panels at ABB PPMV Brno. The conclusion summarizes the contributions of IEC 61850 communication standard and there are also compared the engineering procedures of the protective terminal REF 542plus and the feeder protection REF615.

There are a number of species of geese in Sweden that can be found in large flocks during spring migration, but are also relatively numerous during breeding. The accumulation of geese can cause damage to growing crops, something that costs farmers and the state a large amount annually. In this study, nesting geese were counted in fields in the vicinity of Lake Tåkern, Southern Sweden, during six days in the spring in the year 2015. Their location on the fields was noted to investigate any preferences regarding distances to the lake, buildings, trees and roads. The conclusion is that proximity to water was the factor that had the greatest importance in field selection, but it also showed that they avoid trees but not settlements and roads.