Pastures have been typically dominated by monocultures, only allowing herbivores access to one food type with unbalanced nutrient content and in some instances with single plant secondary compounds (SCs), which can be toxic if ingested at high concentrations. By establishing diverse pastures animals can select from a variety of plants with different concentrations and types of nutrients and SCs. The objectives of my study were to (a) determine if the type of plant diversity - tall fescue with either tannin-containing sainfoin or saponin-containing alfalfa − affects cattle preferences for these forages, (b) evaluate how readily fall-born calves reach finish body condition on these grass-legume pastures, and (c) determine the effects of sainfoin/tall fescue versus alfalfa/tall fescue pasture on meat quality and consumer acceptance. Foraging behavior, body weight, and pasture biomass before and after grazing was monitored when cattle strip-grazed 3 replications of 2 treatments repeated for 2 years (from May through September 2010 and from June through September 2012). Animals were allowed a choice between tall fescue and sainfoin [SAN] or alfalfa [ALF]) applied randomly in strips (fescue, legume, or fescue-legume mixture). No differences in average daily gains (~ 1 Kg/day) were detected between the 2 groups of cattle. I used scan samples at 5-min intervals from 0730 to 0930 to record foraging behavior. Animals spent most of the time grazing legumes and scans on legumes increased from the beginning to the end of the study. Scans and assessments of pasture biomass removal revealed greater use of sainfoin than alfalfa, whereas cattle in the ALF treatment removed more fescue than cattle in the SAN treatment. The presence of tannins in sainfoin likely contributed to these effects. Beef carcasses were very lean (select or standard quality grade), with 4-6% mean fat content. There were no differences between treatments regarding meat color, oxidative stability, fatty acid analyses, or consumer acceptance. Only 2 volatiles (nonanoic and decanoic acids) were greater in meat from the ALF treatment. Thus, cattle offered choices reached finish body weight at pasture and incorporated fescue into their diets even when legumes were available. The type of legume influenced foraging behavior but this effect did not impact animal performance, meat quality, or consumer acceptance.

Two lactation trials were used to investigate corn grazing as a management tool for dairies. Control (n = 18) cows, housed in free-stall barns were allowed ad libitum access to TMR while Grazing (n = 18 to 36) cows were limited TMR down to 70% of that in Controls and allowed 24-h access to corn plots. By wk 3, Grazing cows consumed 7.9 +/- 1.5 kg/hd/d of standing corn. By wk 7, the crop had matured and Grazing cows consumed 11.42 kg/hd/d of corn grain. Intake of TMR by Controls was 20.07 +/- 0.46 kg DM/hd/d, 19.78% greater than Grazing groups. Corn grazing had no impact on body weight, condition score, or ruminal pH, but significantly increased milk production in the Grazing group. Corn grazing reduced the need for purchased commodities, while improving milk production and performance. The value of saved commodities and increased milk production was $0.71 per cow/d.

Dairy producers across the country are evaluating the effectiveness of management intensive grazing (MIG) systems as a means of reducing the economic pressures of confinement feeding and manure handling. Systems using MIG have been promoted as an environmentally safer way of managing nutrient balance on Center. However, little research has been conducted to evaluate how these systems affect phosphorus (P) loss from the Center through runoff and forage removal. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of forage type and manure density on P levels in runoff from release plots that simulated a MIG dairy system. Two forage treatments were planted on runoff release plots and applied with three manure density treatments and four replications of each combination for a total of 24 plots. Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) and a broad-leafed forage treatment consisting of buckhorn plantain (Plantago lanceolata), red clover (Trifolium pratense), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) were planted on the runoff release plots in early spring. Manure densities with no manure (control), a density simulating a low stocking density (low), and a density simulating high stocking density (high) were applied to plots during grazing simulations. Six rainfall simulations were conducted over the season simulating grazing conditions when forage was removed and re-growth conditions when forage had reached its target re-growth height before re-grazing occurred. Thirty minutes of runoff was collected from the runoff release plots to determine first flush phosphorus losses from the various treatments. Mass losses of total phosphorus (TP) for manure treatments in series 1 were significant due to plot installation disturbance. No significant effect for ortho-phosphorus (ortho-P), particulate phosphorus (PP) or TP concentration or mass losses were observed for other simulation series. Significantly higher mass losses were observed in series 1 for both forage treatments, again due to installation disturbance. Seasonal mass losses for TP were significantly lower for the orchardgrass treatment. Forage mass removal over the season increased as the stands established. Orchardgrass treatments appeared to control P losses earlier in the season, while broadleaf treatments observed a steady increase in ortho-P losses up to series 5. Both mass and concentration losses of TP were controlled earlier in the season by orchardgrass, while PP showed no significant mass or concentration loss effects. / Master of Science

O comportamento de escolha de locais da pastagem por bovinos pode causar pastejo desuniforme, o que é prejudicial para a produtividade e sustentabilidade do sistema. Em duas invernadas com diversidade topográfica e vegetacional, em Londrina (PR), o uso de subunidades de 1 ha pelos animais foi quantificado pela redução da altura da forragem (capim colonião - Panicum maximum) e observações visuais em pastejo nas subunidades. Os animais utilizados foram novilhas cruzadas Nelore-Charolês, com pelo menos ¾ Nelore. Foram feitas análises de regressão múltipla na tentativa de explicar o uso das subunidades considerando a distância horizontal e vertical da água, declividade, porcentagem de plantas daninhas, número de sombras, proporção de componentes morfológicos e altura da forragem. O efeito da presença de plantas daninhas na proporção de componentes morfológicos da forragem também foi avaliado. O período de ocupação da pastagem foi de 60 dias, de janeiro a março de 2005, e as avaliações foram separadas em quatro quinzenas. O efeito da localização do cocho de sal no uso das subunidades foi avaliado em análise isolada. Em cada uma das quinzenas, a localização do cocho de sal foi alterada de próximo para longe da aguada e o consumo de sal foi quantificado. As alterações na altura da forragem indicaram preferência dos animais por áreas que minimizassem o deslocamento horizontal e vertical em relação à aguada e por áreas com forragem com maior relação folha:haste. A presença de planta daninha em um determinado ponto na pastagem diminuiu a relação folha:haste da forragem e, quando a daninha possuía espinho, a relação folha:haste foi ainda menor, o que sugere subutilização próximo a daninhas ou acúmulo de haste pela forragem em condição de sombreamento. As sombras não foram determinantes importantes na escolha de locais para pastejo e o uso de sombras pelos animais foi praticamente nulo. O cocho de sal não foi eficiente para atrair o gado para áreas subutilizadas. Não foi observado efeito do posicionamento do cocho em relação à aguada no consumo de sal. Os dados de altura da forragem sugerem que, com o avanço do período de ocupação, a escassez de forragem nas áreas preferidas fez com que os animais passassem a freqüentar mais as áreas preteridas. Portanto, foi mostrada uma distribuição temporal do uso da pastagem e por isso a estrutura das plantas das áreas preteridas pode ficar prejudicada se o tempo para que o animal visite estas áreas for grande o suficiente. A implicação prática destas observações é que, para se obter pastejo uniforme, devese evitar a existência de áreas "preferidas" e "preteridas" dentro de uma pastagem, reduzindo as distâncias da aguada e evitando cercar áreas com divergência de topografia e vegetação. As observações visuais de locais de pastejo não foram boa opção de coleta de dados. Um método de estimativa visual de altura e porcentagem de plantas daninhas em parcelas de 1 ha foi testado, e mostrou-se viável. / Cattle selective foraging behavior may cause overuse of some areas and low utilization of others, which is negative to the yield and sustainability of the grazing system. Cattle use of subunits in two pastures with heterogeneous topography and vegetation, in Londrina (PR), was evaluated through sward height monitoring (guinea grass - [i]Panicum maximum[/i]) and visual observations of cattle grazing locations. Animals were Nelore/Charolaise cross-bred heifers with at least ¾ Nelore. Multiple regressions were used to predict the use of subunits using stepwise selection method to select against the independent variables: horizontal and vertical distance from water, slope, weed percentage, tree shade number, forage plant part proportion and sward height. Weed effects on forage plant part proportion were evaluated. The grazing period had 60 days, from January through March 2005, and separated analysis were made for each 15 days period. Effects of salt trough on cattle use of subunits were evaluated. In each of the 15 days period, salt trough was moved from near water to a subunit far from water, and salt intake was measured. Pasture height patterns indicated cattle preference to areas that minimizes horizontal and vertical movements from water, and also areas which forage had higher leaf:stem proportion. Weed presence on a vegetation sample point decreased forage leaf:stem proportion, and when the weed had thorns, the leaf:stem proportion were even higher, suggesting underutilization near weeds or effect of weed shade on forage stem accumulation. Tree shades were not an important factor influencing cattle use of pasture sites, and use of shades by heifers was almost null. Salt trough was not efficient to lure cattle to underutilized areas, and there was no evident effect of salt location on it’s consumption. Pasture sward height reduction was higher in sites close to water at the beginning of grazing period but, at the end of the grazing period, the horizontal distance from water did not predict sward height reduction at one pasture, and on the other pasture, sward height reduction was higher in areas far from water. Sward height data suggests that, along the grazing period, forage became scarce on preferred sites and forced animals to use previously rejected sites. Hence, a temporal distribution of pasture utilization was showed, and forage on rejected areas may get steamy if the time an animal takes to visit these areas is large enough. Practical implications are that, to overcome uneven grazing problems, managers have to avoid presence of "preferred" or "rejected" areas inside a pasture, by reducing distances from water, and enclosing areas of uniform topography and vegetation. Visual observations were not satisfactory as dependent variable to predict cattle use of 1 hectare subunits, due to high variation on cattle location between observations dates. A satisfactory visual estimation method was tested to estimate weed height and percentage on 1 hectare plots.

O comportamento de escolha de locais da pastagem por bovinos pode causar pastejo desuniforme, o que é prejudicial para a produtividade e sustentabilidade do sistema. Em duas invernadas com diversidade topográfica e vegetacional, em Londrina (PR), o uso de subunidades de 1 ha pelos animais foi quantificado pela redução da altura da forragem (capim colonião - Panicum maximum) e observações visuais em pastejo nas subunidades. Os animais utilizados foram novilhas cruzadas Nelore-Charolês, com pelo menos ¾ Nelore. Foram feitas análises de regressão múltipla na tentativa de explicar o uso das subunidades considerando a distância horizontal e vertical da água, declividade, porcentagem de plantas daninhas, número de sombras, proporção de componentes morfológicos e altura da forragem. O efeito da presença de plantas daninhas na proporção de componentes morfológicos da forragem também foi avaliado. O período de ocupação da pastagem foi de 60 dias, de janeiro a março de 2005, e as avaliações foram separadas em quatro quinzenas. O efeito da localização do cocho de sal no uso das subunidades foi avaliado em análise isolada. Em cada uma das quinzenas, a localização do cocho de sal foi alterada de próximo para longe da aguada e o consumo de sal foi quantificado. As alterações na altura da forragem indicaram preferência dos animais por áreas que minimizassem o deslocamento horizontal e vertical em relação à aguada e por áreas com forragem com maior relação folha:haste. A presença de planta daninha em um determinado ponto na pastagem diminuiu a relação folha:haste da forragem e, quando a daninha possuía espinho, a relação folha:haste foi ainda menor, o que sugere subutilização próximo a daninhas ou acúmulo de haste pela forragem em condição de sombreamento. As sombras não foram determinantes importantes na escolha de locais para pastejo e o uso de sombras pelos animais foi praticamente nulo. O cocho de sal não foi eficiente para atrair o gado para áreas subutilizadas. Não foi observado efeito do posicionamento do cocho em relação à aguada no consumo de sal. Os dados de altura da forragem sugerem que, com o avanço do período de ocupação, a escassez de forragem nas áreas preferidas fez com que os animais passassem a freqüentar mais as áreas preteridas. Portanto, foi mostrada uma distribuição temporal do uso da pastagem e por isso a estrutura das plantas das áreas preteridas pode ficar prejudicada se o tempo para que o animal visite estas áreas for grande o suficiente. A implicação prática destas observações é que, para se obter pastejo uniforme, devese evitar a existência de áreas “preferidas” e “preteridas” dentro de uma pastagem, reduzindo as distâncias da aguada e evitando cercar áreas com divergência de topografia e vegetação. As observações visuais de locais de pastejo não foram boa opção de coleta de dados. Um método de estimativa visual de altura e porcentagem de plantas daninhas em parcelas de 1 ha foi testado, e mostrou-se viável. / Cattle selective foraging behavior may cause overuse of some areas and low utilization of others, which is negative to the yield and sustainability of the grazing system. Cattle use of subunits in two pastures with heterogeneous topography and vegetation, in Londrina (PR), was evaluated through sward height monitoring (guinea grass - [i]Panicum maximum[/i]) and visual observations of cattle grazing locations. Animals were Nelore/Charolaise cross-bred heifers with at least ¾ Nelore. Multiple regressions were used to predict the use of subunits using stepwise selection method to select against the independent variables: horizontal and vertical distance from water, slope, weed percentage, tree shade number, forage plant part proportion and sward height. Weed effects on forage plant part proportion were evaluated. The grazing period had 60 days, from January through March 2005, and separated analysis were made for each 15 days period. Effects of salt trough on cattle use of subunits were evaluated. In each of the 15 days period, salt trough was moved from near water to a subunit far from water, and salt intake was measured. Pasture height patterns indicated cattle preference to areas that minimizes horizontal and vertical movements from water, and also areas which forage had higher leaf:stem proportion. Weed presence on a vegetation sample point decreased forage leaf:stem proportion, and when the weed had thorns, the leaf:stem proportion were even higher, suggesting underutilization near weeds or effect of weed shade on forage stem accumulation. Tree shades were not an important factor influencing cattle use of pasture sites, and use of shades by heifers was almost null. Salt trough was not efficient to lure cattle to underutilized areas, and there was no evident effect of salt location on it’s consumption. Pasture sward height reduction was higher in sites close to water at the beginning of grazing period but, at the end of the grazing period, the horizontal distance from water did not predict sward height reduction at one pasture, and on the other pasture, sward height reduction was higher in areas far from water. Sward height data suggests that, along the grazing period, forage became scarce on preferred sites and forced animals to use previously rejected sites. Hence, a temporal distribution of pasture utilization was showed, and forage on rejected areas may get steamy if the time an animal takes to visit these areas is large enough. Practical implications are that, to overcome uneven grazing problems, managers have to avoid presence of “preferred” or “rejected” areas inside a pasture, by reducing distances from water, and enclosing areas of uniform topography and vegetation. Visual observations were not satisfactory as dependent variable to predict cattle use of 1 hectare subunits, due to high variation on cattle location between observations dates. A satisfactory visual estimation method was tested to estimate weed height and percentage on 1 hectare plots.

Data derived from a long-term grazing trial were used to determine short-term effects of mixed grazing by cattle and sheep in Highland Sourveld. Five cattle to sheep ratio treatments (viz. 1 :0, 3:1, 1 :1, 1 :3, 0:1) were applied, each at three stocking rates (viz. 0.5 (low), 0.71 (medium) and 1.0 (high) animal unit equivalents (AUE) ha¯¹). Ratios were expressed in terms of AUE cattle: AUE sheep. Stocking rate and ratio treatments were balanced at the start of each grazing season. Fourteen-month old Hereford steers and 'two-tooth' Merino wethers were used as experimental animals. The trial comprised two components, viz. an animal production component and a simulated component. The animal production component was conducted only in the medium stocking rate treatment where the effect cattle to sheep ratio on the performance of cattle and sheep was determined for each of four grazing seasons (viz. 1989/90, four-paddock rotational grazing The low and high stocking rate 1990/91, 1991/92, 1992/93). A management system was applied. treatments were implemented by simulating a four-paddock rotational grazing system and using a single paddock for each stocking rate/ratio combination. Grazing of the simulated treatments coincided with the grazing of a specific 'test' paddock in each ratio of the medium stocking rate treatment. These 'test' paddocks and the simulated treatment paddocks were monitored to determine the impact of mixed grazing by cattle and sheep on individual grass plants and the sward. The whole of the experimental area was rested during the growing season prior to the start of the trial and all paddocks were burnt in the dormant season just before the start of the first grazing season. The trial therefore commenced with a with a uniform sward of immature herbage in all paddocks allocated to each group of animals. ln the second and subsequent growing seasons only those paddocks which had been rested in the previous season were burned prior to the onset of growth in early spring. Rainfall for the first three grazing seasons was similar to the long-term mean of 790mm whilst the last season was considered 'dry' with 554mm recorded during 1992/93. In all grazing seasons, as the proportion of cattle in the species mix increased, sheep performance increased. A decline in sheep performance was recorded in each ratio treatment from the first to the third season. This decline was attributed to the increased maturity and thus lower quality of herbage on offer to the sheep, and the fact that only one paddock available to the animals in the second and third grazing seasons had been burned prior to the start of the season. Sheep performed best during the 'dry' season where herbage quality was maintained for longer into the grazing season than in previous seasons. In contrast, cattle performance was affected by the stocking rate (animals ha¯¹) of cattle rather than the presence of sheep. As the quantity of herbage on offer per steer declined steer performance declined. Animal performance data were also used to predict the effects of adding cattle to a sheep production enterprise and vice versa. The general trends were that the introduction of cattle into a low stocking rate, sheep-only production enterprise would allow for an increase in the stocking rate of sheep while maintaining the performance of the sheep. In this way the carrying capacity of a farm may be improved. Stocki ng rate and ratio treatments varied from those established at the start of each grazing season due to the differential performance of the cattle and sheep in each treatment. As the proportion of cattle in the species mix increased, stocking rate increased and the ratio widened in favour of cattle. Stocking rate (AUE ha¯¹), calculated a posteriori for each season, was the major influence on the severity of grazing on individual plants and within patches. As stocking rate of cattle and sheep at the various ratios increased, the extent and severity of grazing increased. At stocking rates in excess of O.8AUE ha¯¹ however, sheep-only grazing resulted in a greater proportion of plants, per species and per area, being grazed more severely than was the case for an equivalent stocking rate (AUE ha¯¹ ) of cattle. Furthermore, cattle and sheep had similar effects on patch size distribution when stocked at the same number of AUE ha¯¹. There were no measurable effects of stocking rate and ratio on proportional species composition and basal cover over a two year monitoring period. A technique for estimating basal cover in tufted grasslands was developed and is presented as an appendix to the thesis. Data were also used to evaluate the use of AUE as an integral part of the grazing capaci ty concept. Results indicated that cattle and sheep cannot be equated in terms of AUE when referring to the grazing impact. It is suggested that the definition of grazing capacity should include the species of livestock and assume a grazing management system appropriate to the grazing habit of the animals concerned. Resul ts of the trial provide strong indications that, in the long-term, the current recommendations of grazing cattle together with sheep in order to prevent the degradation or loss of veld condition which occurs in sheep-only grazing systems, will not succeed. A four-paddock rotation grazing system does not appear to be an appropriate veld management system for sustainable sheep production in sour grassveld. An alternative approach to veld management is suggested in which the sheep are confined to only those areas of the farm which were burnt at the start of the grazing season. Ideally, sheep should not allocated to the same paddock for two consecutive grazing seasons. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1994.

The aim of the thesis is to assess an influence on a grassland composition and grassland condition with different grazing method, frequency of grazing and animal composition. A basis is a literature review which contains a brief description of productive and nonproductive function of a permanent grassland, an grazing importance of grassland maintenance, a way and intensity of grazing and The experiment was performed in Carlsbad region (Czech republic), near Fojtov township. The experiment contains botanical images of three different grazings, cattle, horse and sheep. At these grazings where made two two-year cycle observations (2013, 2014), on the 15th of June and on the 13th of September. At these grazings where three different observation areas with different water regime and with different agro-botanical composition. Gained data were used to calculate diversity species indices (Simpsons and Hills), site water regime and a grazing forage value. Data were also statistically processed. A part of this experiment was also to calculate grazing load for a whole grazing period and for one grazing cycle.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-05-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:04:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 casagrande_dr_dr_jabo.pdf: 1193230 bytes, checksum: f4942366b12e0580d2389de8bbd1e175 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Objetivou-se com presente trabalho avaliar as características estruturais do dossel, o comportamento e o desempenho de novilhas de corte, suplementadas, em pastagem de capim-marandu submetidas à diferentes intensidade de pastejo, sob lotação contínua, assim como o efeito do histórico desses fatores sobre a fase de terminação. Para isso realizou-se quatro experimentos. No primeiro foram avaliadas três ofertas de forragem aliadas a dois tipos de suplementação, sal mineral e suplemento protéico energético. No segundo e terceiro experimentos os tratamentos foram três alturas do dossel aliados a três suplementos, sal mineral e dois suplementos protéicos energéticos. E no quarto foi estudado o efeito destes tratamentos sobre a terminação no confinamento ou no pasto. Observou que a altura do dossel influenciou todas as características estruturais do pasto. A suplementação não interferiu na estrutura do dossel, porém tendeu a reduzir o tempo de pastejo dos animais, principalmente nos períodos que antecederam o fornecimento do suplemento, contudo sem afetar o consumo de forragem. O uso de suplemento protéico energético aumentou o desempenho animal. Os fatores relacionado a fase de recria interferiram no período de terminação, porém não afetaram as características das carcaças. A terminação em confinamento aumentou a deposição de gordura nas carcaças e cortes cárneos. Concluiu-se que pastos de capim-marandu sob lotação contínua, sob pastejo por novilhas em recria, destinadas ao abate, podem ser manejados com alturas entre 15 a 35 cm, sendo a altura 25 cm a mais indicada. Suplementação protéica energética aumenta o desempenho animal e a produtividade do sistema / The objective of this study was to evaluate the structural characteristics of the canopy, grazing behavior, and performance of beef heifers supplemented at pasture of Marandu grass submitted to different grazing intensity under continuous stocking rate, and the effect of these historical factors on the finish of these, in different systems. Four experiments were conducted. The first evaluated three forage allowances combined with two types of supplementation, mineral and protein/energy supplement. In the second and third experiments the treatments were three canopy heights combined with three supplements: mineral and two protein/energy supplements. And in the fourth, studied the effect of these treatments on the finish system, feedlot or in pasture. It was observed that the height of the canopy affected all the structural characteristics of the pasture. Supplementation did not affect the structure of the pasture canopy, but tended to reduce the grazing time of the animals, especially in periods leading up to the supplement supply, however forage intake was not altered. Concentrate supplementation increased animal performance. At all the evaluated situations the animals’ weight gain was limited by energy intake. Factors related to the growing phase interfered in the finishing period, but did not affect the heifers’ carcass characteristics. The finishing in feedlot increased fat deposition in the carcasses and in the meat cuts. It was concluded that Marandu grass pasture under continuous stocking, grazing by growing beef heifers intended for slaughter, can be managed in heights between 15 and 35 cm height, and 25 cm appears to be most appropriate. Protein/energy supplementation increases animal performance and system productivity

Resumo: Objetivou-se com presente trabalho avaliar as características estruturais do dossel, o comportamento e o desempenho de novilhas de corte, suplementadas, em pastagem de capim-marandu submetidas à diferentes intensidade de pastejo, sob lotação contínua, assim como o efeito do histórico desses fatores sobre a fase de terminação. Para isso realizou-se quatro experimentos. No primeiro foram avaliadas três ofertas de forragem aliadas a dois tipos de suplementação, sal mineral e suplemento protéico energético. No segundo e terceiro experimentos os tratamentos foram três alturas do dossel aliados a três suplementos, sal mineral e dois suplementos protéicos energéticos. E no quarto foi estudado o efeito destes tratamentos sobre a terminação no confinamento ou no pasto. Observou que a altura do dossel influenciou todas as características estruturais do pasto. A suplementação não interferiu na estrutura do dossel, porém tendeu a reduzir o tempo de pastejo dos animais, principalmente nos períodos que antecederam o fornecimento do suplemento, contudo sem afetar o consumo de forragem. O uso de suplemento protéico energético aumentou o desempenho animal. Os fatores relacionado a fase de recria interferiram no período de terminação, porém não afetaram as características das carcaças. A terminação em confinamento aumentou a deposição de gordura nas carcaças e cortes cárneos. Concluiu-se que pastos de capim-marandu sob lotação contínua, sob pastejo por novilhas em recria, destinadas ao abate, podem ser manejados com alturas entre 15 a 35 cm, sendo a altura 25 cm a mais indicada. Suplementação protéica energética aumenta o desempenho animal e a produtividade do sistema / Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the structural characteristics of the canopy, grazing behavior, and performance of beef heifers supplemented at pasture of Marandu grass submitted to different grazing intensity under continuous stocking rate, and the effect of these historical factors on the finish of these, in different systems. Four experiments were conducted. The first evaluated three forage allowances combined with two types of supplementation, mineral and protein/energy supplement. In the second and third experiments the treatments were three canopy heights combined with three supplements: mineral and two protein/energy supplements. And in the fourth, studied the effect of these treatments on the finish system, feedlot or in pasture. It was observed that the height of the canopy affected all the structural characteristics of the pasture. Supplementation did not affect the structure of the pasture canopy, but tended to reduce the grazing time of the animals, especially in periods leading up to the supplement supply, however forage intake was not altered. Concentrate supplementation increased animal performance. At all the evaluated situations the animals' weight gain was limited by energy intake. Factors related to the growing phase interfered in the finishing period, but did not affect the heifers' carcass characteristics. The finishing in feedlot increased fat deposition in the carcasses and in the meat cuts. It was concluded that Marandu grass pasture under continuous stocking, grazing by growing beef heifers intended for slaughter, can be managed in heights between 15 and 35 cm height, and 25 cm appears to be most appropriate. Protein/energy supplementation increases animal performance and system productivity / Orientador: Ricardo Andrade Reis / Coorientador: Telma Teresinha Berchielli / Banca: Sila Carneiro da Silva / Banca: Marco Antonio Alvares Balsalobre / Banca: Flavio Dutra de Resende / Banca: Alexandre Amstalden Moraes Sampaio / Doutor

MRDV / Institute of Rural Development / See the attached abstract below