Rangers and Celtic Football Clubs, together known as the ?Old Firm?, have received the lion?s share of attention given to Scottish association football in both scholarly and popular literature. During Scottish football?s formative years, however, the ascendancy of the OldFirm was far from set in stone. The exhaustive study of these two extraordinary organisations, therefore, greatly distorts our understanding of Scottish football?s Victorianorigins. Both clubs were part of a far greater scene which included not only fellow ?senior?,well-established clubs, but also any number of ?junior?, ?juvenile? and non-classified football clubs, as well as fledgling associations which oversaw the regulation of the younggame. This thesis will examine the birth and growth of football in the west of Scotland,during a period stretching from the mid-1860s to the Ibrox disaster of April 1902.Clubs were formed at any number of locations, from schools and churches, to factories and coal pits, as well as the many spaces in between. Clubs? respective connections in their own communities not only dictated how and why the game was played, but also determined the local support and patronage that each club received from local establishment figures. Victorian football organisations were as much social clubs as they were organisations dedicated to the playing and winning of the sport, and the sociability and conviviality of clubs determined their place in a complex social hierarchy, often leading to hedonistic excess. What pulled football away from this social scene, however, was its undisputed status as a gate money bonanza, one which saw not only the formation of a partisan supporter culture, but also the creation of a niche press dedicated to the ins and outs of the nascent game, both of which continued to fuel participation in the young sport. When the game itself became the main attraction, and when victory became more important than camaraderie, professionalism was not far behind. Play-for-pay irrevocably changed the relationship between players, supporters, the press and football clubs? local communities. This thesis will examine the interrelationships between the players, the supporters, sport clubs? patrons and the press, as well as the local and national connotations present in the building and advancement of the newly-popular association game.

This thesis examines how early cinema’s social function was mediated by local and national institutions as well as civic agencies in Scotland between c. 1896 and 1933. It proposes a social-historical approach that is based on extensive archival research of documents such as local newspapers, town council minutes, education authority minutes and Scottish Office records. As an empirical and historical study it focuses attention on the social-historical circumstances of cinema exhibition and reception as proposed by New Cinema History. The thesis’ main argument is that institutional responses fell into two categories – constraining and constructive strategies to negotiate cinema’s role in Scottish society. Parts 1 and 2 discuss strategies of control which sought to limit cinema’s social impact as a commercial institution while the third part is concerned with attempts to redefine cinema’s social purpose through the creation of alternative film cultures and exhibition practices. The first part identifies for the first time the specificities of the legal and administrative framework within which cinemas were allowed to operate in Scotland before 1933. It contends that the legal basis of the framework was determined by the Scottish Office’s relationship with Britain’s central government, and that its application by local licensing authorities depended also on the dynamics of municipal power structures. A further argument is that Scottish licensing authorities were more resistant than their southern counterparts to interfere with the content of film shows and exercised control mainly through the regulation of the cinema space and negotiations with local cinema trade bodies. Part 2 analyses British national debates about the legitimacy of cinema as well as film’s potential for education, providing a discursive context for the practices explored in the first part. Centring on the 1917 and the 1925 Cinema Commissions, it focuses especially on the perceived link between cinema-going and juvenile crime and film’s usefulness as a teaching aid. These themes are explored from a Scottish perspective incorporating local debates from Edinburgh and Glasgow. This part maintains that the discourse about the negative effect of children’s cinema-going and the debate on the potential teaching value of films were connected in that they both constructed the child as an impressionable spectator that required institutional guidance and protection. Part 3 considers two constructive endeavours to shape early cinema’s social role in Scotland. It engages with the field of Useful Cinema and argues that this must not be confined to particular films or technologies but must include cinema exhibition practices that were religiously-, educationally- or politically motivated. First, municipal cinema is discussed as an alternative exhibition practice that tried to expand the role of the municipality as public service provider and match the ambitions of its organisers with the taste of local audiences. Second, the diversity of attempts to mediate cinema’s social role is once more illustrated in the case of the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society’s cinema and film work. This is explored diachronically and demonstrates that the Society’s engagement with cinema corresponded to broader contemporary debates discussed throughout the thesis. This part illustrates that the boundaries of cinema’s social function were constantly shifting during the period under consideration and that constructive strategies to define it anticipated characteristic strands of cinema culture emerging in Scotland subsequently.

My three cited studies, The Kop, Red Voices and The Boot Room Boys, focus on two English football clubs, Liverpool and Manchester United and some of the footballing communities within these clubs. All three books use oral history as means of detailing various aspects for historical study. The clubs have been deliberately chosen because they rank as the most successful and best supported clubs in English football. Red Voices is an oral history of fans at Manchester United and as such is a wider examination of the social history of the club’s fans and the culture of fandom at Old Trafford since the 1930s. The two other books are about Liverpool Football Club and focus on different communities. The Kop focuses on a particular area of the ground known as the Spion Kop, where the most fervent of Liverpool fans used to stand but now sit. The other book, The Boot Room Boys, focuses on a community that is centred on the club’s coaching staff who took up residence in the club’s boot room beneath the Main stand. This room took on mythical proportions during the 1960s, 70s and 80s when the club’s successes seemed to have emanated from the discussions, tactics and approach of its occupants. Across these three publications interviews have been conducted with more than 250 people ranging from ordinary fans to owners, directors, players, administrators and managers. By drawing on this wide range of personal experiences, many going back to before the Second World War, it is possible to gauge the importance of the various communities to the footballing map and to ascertain the various changes that have taken place in the culture of football. Backed by extensive research, the reader is able to reconsider the history of football spectatorship in the twentieth century through the experiences of pre-generational fans. My findings suggest that spectatorship divides into three distinct: the pre-1960s; the period 1962 to 1989; and the post Hillsborough period, 1989 to the present. The interviews detail the social, ethnic and gender makeup of spectators throughout the years and also reveal important findings on rites of passage and the role played by fathers and elder siblings in the initiation of younger people into spectatorship. Ritual also emerges as a crucial element in spectatorship. In the case of Liverpool Football Club the interviews suggest that being a ‘Kopite’ is a crucial statement in terms of social identity. Anfield, the home of Liverpool is also identified as the focal point for the emergence of chanting and singing by fans on the terraces in the 1960s. Fashion at Liverpool and hooliganism at Manchester United are shown to have been important in the later period identified as ‘fanatical fandom’. And finally there is evidence from the interviews to suggest that significant cultural changes in fandom have taken place with the introduction of all-seater stadia. Not only does this testimony highlight the social history of spectatorship but it also encourages a new perspective, based on the individual experience which can also include emotional responses to spectatorship. In doing so this has had the effect of fleshing out the history of football, enabling it to break free from the traditional perspective of events on the pitch towards the inter-relationship between sport and everyday life.

La mesure de la performance au hockey sur glace est une problématique majeure à laquelle bon nombre de chercheurs du domaine sportif et d'entraîneurs sont confrontés. L'insatisfaction liée aux techniques actuelles de mesure, principalement les mesures de type indirect, a mené à ce projet de thèse de validation d'un outil de mesure de la performance au hockey sur glace en situation réelle de match. L'adaptation d'une procédure de mesure de la performance " Team Sport Assessment Procedure ", créée par Gréhaigne, Godbout et Bouthier, (1997) pour une situation de hockey sur glace et en situation réelle a été effectuée. Une première étude de validation des variables observées a permis de clarifier les définitions de ces variables et d'expérimenter l'outil de mesure en contrôlant certaines variables externes (temps de jeu et nombre de joueurs impliqués). Des coefficients de corrélation de -0,77 et -0,774 ont été obtenus entre le rang moyen accordé par des experts à 17 joueurs et les scores de performances provenant du TSAP utilisé par les pairs. / Les analyses de variance (ANOVA) effectuées ont démontré des valeurs significatives entre les moyennes des scores de performance des joueurs excellents par rapport aux joueurs faibles, tels que catégorisés sur la base du jugement des experts. La seconde étude a analysé la performance de cent trois (n=103) joueurs de hockey Pee-Wee A de la région de Québec lors des championnats régionaux de hockey de 1997-98. Cette étude a permis de conduire les différentes étapes d'analyse de validité et de fidélité de ce nouvel instrument de mesure. Deux méthodes de comparaison des résultats de score de performance, en fonction d'abord du nombre de points marqués pour chaque joueur lors du championnat et ensuite par rapport aux caractéristiques attribuées par leurs entraîneurs respectifs, ont permis de noter des différences significatives entre les moyennes des groupes observés (ANOVA). Dans les deux cas, les joueurs présumés supérieurs ont obtenu des scores de performance plus élevés; ce double résultat confirme la validité du TSAP. Les résultats de chacune des études permettent de conclure que le "Team Sport Assessment Procedure" permet de mesurer de façon valide et objective la performance en hockey sur glace.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 flaviacarvalhodossantos.pdf: 1715148 bytes, checksum: 8d3b3a1bad0d54e229909d7945245b96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-30 / O presente texto, desenvolvido no âmbito do Mestrado Profissional em Gestão e Avaliação da Educação Pública (PPGP) do Centro de Políticas Públicas e Avaliação da Educação da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (CAEd/UFJF), compreende um caso de gestão que analisa o setor de cultura do campus avançado de Governador Valadares da UFJF (UFJF-GV), implantado em 2012, por meio do Programa de Apoio a Planos de Reestruturação e Expansão das Universidades Federais (Reuni). A partir das observações no cotidiano profissional, com o trabalho de produção cultural dentro do setor de Comunicação, Cultura e Eventos (CCE), foi possível identificar problemas que dificultam o planejamento e a efetivação de ações de cunho artístico-cultural no campus. A dificuldade encontrada na UFJF-GV apresenta-se como algo comum às instituições públicas de educação superior, limitando o papel das universidades de garantirem que seus estudantes tenham acesso à produção e à apreciação de ações de cunho cultural, estando assim na contramão de um projeto de país que visa o desenvolvimento integral dos cidadãos. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi analisar as principais barreiras no desenvolvimento de projetos e ações de cultura na UFJF-GV. Os objetivos específicos foram apresentados como: (I) descrever os fatores que dificultam o desenvolvimento das atividades culturais na UFJF-GV; (II) analisar a perspectiva dos gestores da Pró-Reitoria de Cultura da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF) e da Diretoria Geral do campus avançado sobre a gestão cultural no campus de Governador Valadares, bem como as demandas da comunidade acadêmica no campo cultural e (III) propor um Plano de Ação Educacional (PAE) coerente com a realidade do campus avançado e que possibilite o desenvolvimento de atividades culturais de forma bem sucedida. Para isso, foi aplicado um questionário sociocultural junto aos estudantes da UFJF-GV. Por meio da aplicação do instrumento, identificamos a carência de formação no campo artístico-cultural dos discentes, bem como uma demanda relevante para a prática de ações de cunho cultural, tendo em vista que a atual formação acadêmica tem se limitado às questões tecnicistas. Também foram realizadas entrevistas com os gestores da UFJF-GV e da Pró-Reitoria de Cultura da UFJF. Entre as principais questões identificadas pelas entrevistas está a indefinição da responsabilidade pela gestão do trabalho cultural no campus avançado, bem como o déficit de recursos e de servidores atuando na área. A partir desses diagnósticos, o Plano de Ação Educacional propõe a realização de sete ações que visam, entre outras coisas, minimizar os impactos da formação tecnicista imposta às universidades públicas, bem como a criação de um planejamento que defina responsabilidades e ações a serem executadas pela área cultural do campus avançado. De um modo geral, o plano busca intervir nas lacunas identificadas com a pesquisa e com as entrevistas, contribuindo para que a UFJFGV cumpra a sua missão como instituição de ensino e espaço de promoção à diversidade e à cultura, cooperando, assim, para o desenvolvimento regional. / The present text, developed in the scope of the Professional Master in Management and Evaluation of Public Education (PPGP) of the Center for Public Policies and Education Evaluation of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora (CAEd / UFJF), comprises a management case that analyzes the (UFJF-GV), implemented in 2012 through the Support Program for Restructuring and Expansion of Federal Universities (Reuni). From the observations in the professional daily life, with the work of cultural production within the sector of Communication, Culture and Events (CCE), it was possible to identify problems that make difficult the planning and the accomplishment of actions of an artistic and cultural nature in the campus. The difficulty found in the UFJF-GV is something common to public institutions of higher education, limiting the role of universities to ensure that their students have access to the production and appreciation of cultural actions, thus being against a project country that aims at the integral development of citizens. The general objective of this work was to analyze the main barriers in the development of projects and actions of culture in the UFJFGV. The specific objectives were presented as: to describe the factors that hinder the development of cultural activities in the UFJF-GV; to analyze the perspective of the managers of the UFJF's Pro-Rectory of Culture, the General Directorate and the UFJF-GV students on cultural management at the Governador Valadares campus; and propose a plan of intervention consistent with the reality of the advanced campus and that enables the development of cultural activities in a successful way. For this, a sociocultural questionnaire was applied to the students of UFJF-GV, which identified the lack of training in the cultural artistic field of the students, as well as a relevant demand for the practice of cultural actions, considering that the current formation has been limited to technical issues. Interviews were also conducted with the managers of UFJF-GV and the UFJF's Department of Culture. Among the main issues identified by the interviews are the lack of definition of the responsibility for the management of cultural work in the advanced campus, as well as the deficit of resources and servers working in the area. Based on these diagnoses, the Educational Action Plan proposes to carry out seven actions that aim, among other things, to minimize the impacts of technical training imposed on public universities, as well as the creation of a plan that defines responsibilities and actions to be carried out by the advanced campus cultural area. In general, the plan seeks to intervene the gaps identified with the research and interviews, contributing to the UFJF-GV fulfilling its mission as an educational institution and space for the promotion of diversity and culture, thus cooperating for development regional level.

This study explores the possible influence of the media on teenagers’ constructions of gendered identities, with a specific focus on drinking alcohol and engaging in sexual/romantic relationships. Understanding the factors underlying alcohol consumption and sexual activity in this age group is an important public health priority. Teenagers in ‘western’ countries are drinking more alcohol than ever before and these drinking habits may be associated with risky behaviour, such as unprotected sex, and with morbidity and mortality. In comparison to other west European nations, the UK demonstrates a poor history of sexual health in teenagers, with the highest levels of teenage pregnancy and the second-highest level of abortions in women under the age of 20. Approximately half of all sexually transmitted infections diagnosed in the UK in 2009 were seen in the under-25s. Research also suggests that the mass media influence teenagers’ behaviours, including drinking alcohol and sexual practices. The question about the influence of the media is complex. There are two opposing theoretical positions which purport to explain the influence of the media: the 'media as powerful' versus the 'media audience as powerful'. This study adopts a theoretical approach which accommodates both of these: the 'influence of presumed media influence' theory (Milkie, 1999). A contentious issue is how the media is understood by teenagers to influence their alcohol consumption and their sexual/romantic relationships. This thesis has sought to address these issues by answering the following research questions: 1: Is the media integrated into the lives of teenage boys and girls? 2: How do teenagers’ understandings of gender-appropriate alcohol-use relate to media portrayals of alcohol use? 3: How do teenagers’ understandings of gender-appropriate engagement in sexual/romantic relationships relate to media portrayals of sexual/romantic relationships? 4: Is Milkie’s (1999) ‘influence of presumed media influence’ theory a useful way to understand the media’s position in teenagers’ lives, and specifically their understandings of gender-appropriate alcohol use, and of romantic and sexual relationships? 5: How are teenagers’ understandings of gender-appropriate behaviours with regards to drinking alcohol and sexual/romantic relationships used in the construction of their gendered identities? Fieldwork was conducted with teenagers aged 13-16 years, specifically in Edinburgh and in Ayrshire. The main sample comprised 25 semi-structured group discussions with 11 follow-up individual interviews, during which participants were asked to reflect on, and interpret, images from popular British television programmes that portrayed instances of alcohol use and sexual/romantic relationships. This method was intended both to prompt discussion on the process of media influence and to allow the participants to reflect on similar situations in their own lives. The research found that the mass media does shape teenagers’ perceptions and expectations of drinking alcohol and engaging in sexual/romantic relationships; and in doing so shapes their gendered identities. Importantly, the research confirmed Milkie’s ‘influence of presumed media influence’ theory that resolved the apparently incompatible ‘powerful media’ versus ‘powerful audience’ approaches to media influence. This suggests that media influence might be all the stronger for not being readily recognised or acknowledged as being influential. Media were more influential for teenagers’ understandings of gender-appropriate engagement in sexual/romantic relationships than they were for teenagers’ understandings of gender-appropriate drinking. The reason that media portrayals of drinking were considered to be only a minor influence among other stronger influences such as peers and family may be that these activities are more public. Sexual behaviour is less public therefore teenagers rely more on media to shape their images of what is considered to be appropriate behaviour. Sexual behaviour and drinking alcohol were intertwined. Many participants talked of how sexual negotiation and activities were often accompanied by drinking. Being drunk, or, importantly, pretending to be drunk, may be understood as a process that is useful for teenagers when trying out perceived gender-appropriate identities as they engage in their relationships. As with alcohol, romantic and sexual relationships are acted out in a particular way which is informed by discourses which specify gender-appropriate behaviour, attitudes and roles (and with the help of alcohol itself, which acts as a social ‘lubricant’) and in doing so is a component of the project of identity construction. The implication of this research is that existing concern about the influence of the media should be concentrated on the media portrayals of behaviours that are less public, such as sexual/romantic relationships, rather than media portrayals of behaviours that are more public, such as drinking alcohol.

This study examined the relationships and differences amongst selected physical education and psychological characteristics of boys before and after secondary school transfer. The purpose of the study was to determine the significance of boys' attitudes to physical education, motor performance and physical education self-esteem (self-perceptions of performance in physical education) at the age of school transfer, and establish the role of physical education before and during adjustment to secondary school. Independent samples of Primary schoolboys (n = 50) and secondary schoolboys(n = 107) formed a cross-sectional study, whilst twenty-five primary school transferees formed a small-scale longitudinal study. Pupils' attitudes towards physical education, motor performance and physical education self-esteem (PESE) were assessed during the last term at primary school and on two occasions (December and June) during the first year at secondary school. In addition, global self-esteem and anxiety were measured at each stage, and a self-report school transfer questionnaire was administered at the end of the transfer year. From these sources, low self-esteem, high anxiety and negative attitudes to secondary school were used as indicators of poor school adjustment. Differences amongst the psychological variables across transfer revealed that the move to secondary school appeared to be a positive experience for most boys. However, those boys identified as poorly adjusted to secondary school were less sure of themselves, more anxious, and recorded lower global and physical education self-esteem. Correlational analysis and discriminant analysis of low, average, and high motor performers (actual and perceived) revealed that poor motor performance was not consistently associated with low global self-esteem, high anxiety, or poor school adjustment. In contrast, low physical education selfesteem was associated with negative psychological characteristics and all the indicators of poor secondary school adjustment. Findings also suggested that physical education self-esteem may serve (1) as a mediating variable between actual motor performance and global self-esteem, and (2) as a mediating variable between physical education experiences and school adjustment. On the basis of the results, a preliminary model of secondary school adjustment incorporating physical education is presented for discussion and empirical test. Also in light of the study's findings, the National Curriculum for England and Wales is analysed to consider the extent to which physical education experiences are likely to assist children's motor and psychological development before transfer and during secondary school adjustment.

Military computer games continue to evoke a uniquely contradictory public, intellectual, and critical response. Whilst denigrated as child’s play, they are played by millions of adults; whilst dismissed as simplistic, they are used in education, therapy, and military training; and whilst classed as meaningless, they arouse fears over media effects and the propagandist influence of their representations of combat. They remain the object of intense suspicion, and as part of a new and growing mass medium, they are blamed for everything from obesity to falling literacy standards, and from murder to Abu Ghraib. Much of the suspicion surrounding military computer games has been caused by the development of the military-entertainment complex - the relationship between the computer game industry and the U.S. military which has seen the production of dual-use games, co-produced by the military and the computer game industry and released for both military training and commercial sale. This relationship has placed military computer games at the centre of an intensely politicized debate in which they have become characterized as a mass medium which functions under the control of the military and political establishment and which promotes the militaristic ideals of the neoconservative Bush administration. This thesis serves as a fundamental reevaluation of such preconceptions and prejudices, and in particular, a complete reevaluation of the understanding of the relationship between computer games and American militarism. Its analysis focuses on three main areas: firstly, the content of military computer games; secondly, the determinants which affect the production and representation of war in computer games; and thirdly, the contribution of the representation of war in computer games to the misunderstandings and misconceptions concerning warfare which, in turn, have supported American militaristic beliefs.

Physical activity (PA) (30 minutes of accumulated moderate intensity PA on most days) can protect against and enhance physical and mental ill-health. Despite this, 60% to 75% of the Scottish population do not meet the current PA recommendations. Those living in socially and economically deprived communities are particularly susceptible to chronic diseases related to sedentary lifestyles. Three studies were conducted as part of this research. Study One - Aim: To develop a reliable, valid, self-assessing, British, 7-day recall measure of occupational and leisure PA. Study Two - Aim: To pilot the procedures necessary to conduct the main study. Study Three - Aim: To assess the effects of a fitness assessment compared to a control intervention and an exercise consultation compared to a control intervention on PA, SOC and POC over 1 year in a community population high in social and economic deprivation. Methodology Three thousand residents of 2 socially and economically deprived communities were invited to volunteer for a fitness assessment or exercise consultation. Fitness assessment volunteers were randomly assigned into an experimental or control group (receiving PA information only) as were exercise consultation volunteers. This produced 4 groups; fitness assessment experimental (FAE, N=112) and control (FAC, N=113) and exercise consultation experimental (ECE, N=73) and control (ECC, N=72). Results For those not regularly active (contemplators and preparers), leisure PA initially increased and was maintained to 6 months before falling at 1 year post test. There were few group differences. Only the ECE group reported significantly higher levels of leisure PA at 1 year compared to baseline. SOC mirrored PA, with baseline contemplators and preparers mostly progressing into action, maintaining this to 6 months before regressing back to baseline SOC at 1 year for those not regularly active at baseline. Exercise consultations offered the best chance of study adherence and long-term SOC maintenance.

This thesis proposes an empirical approach to the history of film distribution and exhibition in Scotland before 1918. It deploys geo-database tools as a way to collect and analyse data from a range of archival and print sources, and to engage with historiographical questions about the emergence of cinema as an institution in a non-metropolitan context. The first part introduces the theoretical and methodological premises that underpin the project, situating it in relation to growing academic interest in early distribution and local film practices. A research method is outlined, involving the construction of a relational database documenting the places of film exhibition and the geographical variation in programming practices. This database, working alongside more detailed archival case studies, constitutes the foundation for broader discussions about the commercial, social and ideological roles of film and cinema. The analytical framework incorporates notions such as the commodity nature of film and the tension between different conceptions of the social role and position of cinema within Scottish communities. The emergence of institutional practices and structures in Scotland is thus described as occurring in a complex field of forces where two main polarities appear as prominent: Firstly, a tension between decentralised, local practices and the increasingly globalised operations of the film industry; and secondly, a shifting balance between regularisation and distinction, or the ordinary and the extraordinary. It is in terms of this fluid equilibrium that two overlapping moments in the history of the early Scottish film trade are described in the second and third parts of the thesis. Part II follows the creation and expansion of the Scottish market and popular demand for moving pictures, showing how different forms of film supply enabled the coexistence of various types of itinerant exhibition, and then of a gradual transition to fixed-site shows. It starts by exploring the continuities between film exhibition and existing cultural forms such as lantern lecturing and the music hall. It highlights the significant level of agency exercised by local exhibitors and renters within an open-market model that allowed the outright sale of films, and which also established a commercial interdependency between city-centre and peripheral exhibition. Part III argues that, once the market reached a relatively stable state with the regularisation of supply and the growing standardisation of the film product, the increasing concentration of capital and power in larger companies (both in the regional and the global scale) marked a shift in the balance of forces, away from unrestricted circulation and towards exclusivity. This is seen as a reformulation of the commodity status of film, associated with the emergence of feature programming. The consequences of the new textual and industrial trends for the Scottish distributors and exhibitors are considered, revealing geographical variation in their adoption, as well as incipient forms of resistance to the emerging institutional practices.