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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Analyse des coordinations entre la posture et le mouvement lors de l’initiation de la marche avec enjambement d’obstacle : anticipation posturale, adaptation et modélisation. / Coordination analysis between posture and movement during gait initiation over an obstacle to be cleared : postural anticipation, adaptation and modelization.

Artico, Romain 27 June 2019 (has links)
L’objectif général de cette thèse était d’investiguer l’organisation posturale de l’initiation de la marche (IM) lors de l’application cumulée de contraintes temporelles et spatiales. L’hypothèse générale était que le système postural, chez le jeune adulte sain, est capable de s’adapter à une variation du degré de contrainte imposé expérimentalement, pour maintenir un niveau de performance motrice et de stabilité invariant. Trois études ont été réalisées pour tester cette hypothèse générale, auxquelles s’est ajoutée une étude de validation de mesure des dimensions de la base de support (BS). L’objectif de la première étude était d’analyser l’effet de la pression temporelle (PT) et de la présence d’un obstacle à franchir sur l’organisation posturale de l’IM. Les résultats ont montré que la durée des ajustements posturaux anticipateurs (APA) était réduite en condition de PT forte comparativement à la condition de PT faible. Cette contrainte n’entrainait cependant pas d’altération de la stabilité et de la performance motrice, vraisemblablement grâce à l’augmentation concomitante de l’amplitude des APA. Par ailleurs, il a été montré que l’enjambement de l’obstacle induisait une augmentation de la durée de la phase oscillante provoquant, de fait, une augmentation potentielle de l’instabilité posturale. Cet effet négatif était cependant contrebalancé par un développement d’APA plus important qu’en condition sans obstacle. Dans cette première étude, la hauteur et la distance à l’obstacle étaient fixes. L’objectif de la deuxième étude était d’analyser l’effet d’une modification des caractéristiques de l’obstacle, combinée à une variation de la contrainte temporelle sur l’organisation posturale de l’IM. Trois hauteurs et distances d’obstacle, et deux niveaux de PT étaient combinés. Pour mettre en évidence le caractère adaptatif de la modulation des caractéristiques des APA en fonction des contraintes spatiotemporelles imposées, un modèle mécanique original du corps humain permettant de formaliser la trajectoire du centre des masses a été élaboré. En accord avec la première étude, les résultats ont montré que la stabilité posturale et la performance motrice demeuraient équivalentes dans les différentes conditions, malgré les larges variations des contraintes imposées. Le modèle mécanique nous a permis de démontrer que cette invariance était liée à la modulation de l’amplitude des APA, témoignant ainsi de l’adaptabilité du système postural aux contraintes imposées. Cette expérimentation a également permis de mettre en évidence de façon fortuite que plus la distance à l’obstacle était importante, plus le pourcentage de pose avant-pied augmentait. L’objectif de la troisième étude était d’analyser l’effet de la pose de pied (avant ou arrière-pied) sur l’organisation posturale de l’IM avec franchissement d’obstacle. Les résultats ont montré que cette organisation posturale dépendait étroitement de la stratégie de pose du pied. Ceux-ci suggéraient l’existence d’une relation d'interdépendance entre les mécanismes de contrôle de l'équilibre de l’IM et la stratégie de pose du pied permettant ainsi, un contrôle optimal de la stabilité. L’objectif de la quatrième étude était de valider la mesure des dimensions de la BS au cours de l’IM à l’aide d’une plateforme de force (méthode dynamique), en prenant pour « gold standard » le système VICON. Les résultats ont montré que la méthode dynamique était suffisamment précise pour pouvoir être comparée au gold standard. En conclusion, l’ensemble de ces résultats suggère que chez le jeune adulte sain, le SNC est capable de moduler de façon adaptative et optimale les mécanismes de contrôle de l’équilibre en fonction des contraintes spatiotemporelles imposées. En termes d’implications cliniques, l’IM avec franchissement d’obstacle serait une méthode de rééducation intéressante aussi bien en évaluation (test-retest) qu’en rééducation où l’obstacle permettrait de proposer une contrainte dosable et reproductible / The main objective of this thesis was to investigate the postural organization of gait initiation (GI) during the application of temporal and spatial constraints. The main hypothesis was that the postural system, in the healthy young adult, is able to adapt to the degree of constraint imposed experimentally, in order to maintain an invariant level of motor performance and stability. Three studies were conducted to test this main hypothesis, with the addition of a validation study measuring the dimensions of the base of support (BOS). The objective of the first study was to analyze the effect of temporal pressure (TP) and the presence (or not) of an obstacle to be cleared on the postural organization of GI. The results showed that the duration of anticipatory postural adjustments (APA) was drastically reduced under the condition of high TP (GI in reaction time) compared to the condition of low TP (GI in self-initiated). This constraint didn’t result in a decrease of stability and motor performance, probably due to the increase in APA amplitude. In addition, it has been shown that clearing an obstacle induces an increase in the duration of the swing phase causing, a potential increase of the postural instability. This negative effect was, however, counterbalanced by the development of more significant APA than without obstacle. In this first study, the height and the distance of the obstacle were fixed. The objective of the second study was to analyze the effect of a modification in the characteristics of the obstacle to be cleared, combined with a variation of temporal constraint on the postural organization of GI. Three heights and three obstacle distances, and two TP levels were combined. To insist on the adaptive character of the characteristics of APA modulation according to the spatiotemporal constraints imposed, an original mechanical model of the human body formalizing the centre of mass trajectory has been elaborated. In agreement with the first study, the results showed that postural stability and motor performance remained equivalent under the different experimental conditions, despite wide variations in the imposed stress level. The mechanical model allowed us to demonstrate that this invariance was related to the amplitude modulation of APA, thereby demonstrating the adaptability of the postural system to imposed constraints. This experiment also highlights "fortuitously" that as the obstacle distance increase, the higher percentage of forefoot strike increase. Also, the objective of the third study was to analyze the effect of the foot strike strategy (front or rear foot) on the postural organization of the GI with an obstacle to be cleared. The results showed that this postural organization was dependent on the swing foot-off strategy. These results suggested the existence of an interdependent relationship between GI's balance control mechanisms and the foot strike strategy, allowing an optimal control of stability. Finally, the objective of the fourth study was to validate the measurement of the BOS dimensions during GI using a force platform (dynamic method), taking the VICON system as gold standard. The results showed that the dynamic method was sufficiently precise to be compared to the gold standard. In conclusion, all of these results suggest that in the healthy young adult, the CNS is able to adaptively and optimally modulate the balance control mechanisms according to the spatiotemporal constraints imposed experimentally. For clinical implications, GI with obstacle to be cleared would be an interesting method of rehabilitation in both test-retest and rehabilitation where the obstacle would provide a measurable and reproducible constraint.
12

Classificação de dados cinéticos da inicialização da marcha utilizando redes neurais artificiais e máquinas de vetores de suporte

Takáo, Thales Baliero 01 July 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-05-20T12:55:18Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Thales Baliero Takáo - 2015.pdf: 2798998 bytes, checksum: f90a7c928230875abd5873753316f766 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-05-20T12:56:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Thales Baliero Takáo - 2015.pdf: 2798998 bytes, checksum: f90a7c928230875abd5873753316f766 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-20T12:56:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Thales Baliero Takáo - 2015.pdf: 2798998 bytes, checksum: f90a7c928230875abd5873753316f766 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The aim of this work was to assess the performance of computational methods to classify ground reaction force (GRF) to identify on which surface was done the gait initiation. Twenty-five subjects were evaluated while performing the gait initiation task in two experimental conditions barefoot on hard surface and barefoot on soft surface (foam). The center of pressure (COP) variables were calculate from the GRF and the principal component analysis was used to retain the main features of medial-lateral, anterior-posterior and vertical force components. The principal components representing each force component were retained using the broken stick test. Then the support vector machines and multilayer neural networks ware trained with Backpropagation and Levenberg-Marquartd algorithm to perform the GRF classification . The evaluation of classifier models was done based on area under ROC curve and accuracy criteria. The Bootstrap cross-validation have produced area under ROC curve a and accuracy criteria using 500 samples database. The support vector machine with linear kernel and margin parameter equal 100 produced the best result using medial-lateral force as input. It registered area under ROC curve and accuracy with 0.7712 and 0.7974. Those results showed significance difference from the vertical and anterior-posterior force. Then we may conclude that the choice of GRF component and the classifier model directly influences the performance of the classification. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de ferramentas de inteligência computacional para a classificação da força de reação do solo (FRS) identificando em que tipo de superfície foi realizada a inicialização da marcha. A base de dados foi composta pela força de reação do solo de 25 indivíduos, adquiridas por duas plataformas de força, durante a inicialização da marcha sobre uma superfície macia (SM - colchão), e depois sobre uma superfície dura (SD). A partir da FRS foram calculadas as variáveis que descrevem o comportamento do centro de pressão (COP) e também foram extraídas as características relevantes das forças mediolateral (Fx), anteroposterior (Fy) e vertical (Fz) por meio da análise de componentes principais (ACP). A seleção das componentes principais que descrevem cada uma das forças foi feita por meio do teste broken stick . Em seguida, máquinas de vetores de suporte (MVS) e redes neurais artificiais multicamada (MLP) foram treinadas com o algoritmo Backpropagation e de Levenberg-Marquartd (LMA) para realizar a classificação da FRS. Para a avaliação dos modelos implementados a partir das ferramentas de inteligência computacional foram utilizados os índices de acurácia (ACC) e área abaixo da curva ROC (AUC). Estes índices foram obtidos na validação cruzada utilizando a técnicas bootstrap com 500 bases de dados de amostras. O melhor resultado foi obtido para a máquina de vetor de suporte com kernel linear com parâmetro de margem igual a 100 utilizando a Fx como entrada para classificação das amostras. Os índices AUC e ACC foram 0.7712 e 0.7974, respectivamente. Estes resultados apresentaram diferença estatística em relação aos modelos que utilizaram as componentes principais da Fy e Fz, permitindo concluir que a escolha da componente da FRS assim como o modelo a ser implementado influencia diretamente no desempenho dos índices que avaliam a classificação.
13

Modulation corticale de la locomotion / Cortical modulation of locomotion

Tard, Céline 10 December 2015 (has links)
Les patients atteints de maladie de Parkinson présentent des troubles de la marche, parfois paroxystiques, pouvant être aggravés ou améliorés par les stimuli environnementaux. L'attention portée, soit aux stimuli extérieurs, soit à la marche, pourrait ainsi moduler la locomotion.L’objectif principal était donc de mieux caractériser la manière dont les stimuli environnementaux modulent par le biais de réseaux attentionnels la locomotion. Ceci a été étudié chez les sujets sains puis chez les patients parkinsoniens, avec ou sans enrayage cinétique.Nous avons d'abord défini précisément les déficits attentionnels des patients, avec ou sans troubles de la marche. Ils présentaient respectivement des difficultés en flexibilité mentale et plus particulièrement en attention divisée.Nous avons ensuite exploré l'interaction attention-locomotion grâce à l'étude de la préparation motrice. Ainsi, nous avons pu démontrer que les ajustements posturaux anticipés étaient un marqueur sensible de l’attention. Chez les patients, ils pouvaient témoigner d’une altération de l'interaction attention-programmation motrice.L'étude des régions cérébrales activées lors de la locomotion visuo-guidée chez ces patients a permis de confirmer l'implication de structures corticales attentionnelles. Un déséquilibre d’activation au sein du réseau pariéto-prémoteur (nécessaire à la modulation de l'action motrice en fonction des stimuli externes) était présent.Enfin, nous avons essayé de modifier l'excitabilité du cortex prémoteur via des techniques de stimulation magnétique transcrânienne répétitive afin de moduler la locomotion visuo-guidée. / Patients with Parkinson 's disease present gait impairments, sometimes sudden and unexpected, either improved or deteriorated with environmental stimuli. Attention focalization, either on external stimuli or on gait, could then modulate locomotion.The main objective was to better characterize how environmental stimuli would modulate locomotion, via attentional networks, in healthy subjects and in parkinsonian patients, with or without freezing of gait.At first, we precisely defined the attentional deficits in patients, with or without gait impairment. They showed altered performance respectively in mental flexibility and in divided attention.Then, we explored the attention-locomotion interaction by studying motor preparation. So, we highlighted that anticipatory postural adjustments were a sensitive marker of attention. In patients, they evidenced an alteration of the attention-motor program interaction.Studying the brain activation during the visuo-driven locomotion in these patients confirmed the involvement of cortical attentional regions. We observed an imbalance inside the parieto-premotor network (useful to modulate motor action according external stimuli)Finally, we tried to change the excitability of the premotor cortex with transcranial magnetic stimulation to modulate visuo-driven locomotion.

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