Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2003. / Härtill 7 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Univ., 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2005.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Department of Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Physiology, June 2000. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

La Galanine est un peptide ubiquitaire de 29 acides aminés chez les mammifères (30 chez l'homme) qui contrôle de nombreuses fonctions biologiques: (I) secrétions endocrines (insuline, somatostatine, glucagon); (II) comportement (prise alimentaire, nociception, apprentissage, mémoire); (III) tonicité musculaire dans le tractus digestif. Ce peptide a particulièrement été étudié dans le système nerveux central où il joue un rôle dans l'évolution de certaines maladies neurodégénératives telles que les maladies de Parkinson et d'Alzheimer. La galanine agit en se fixant sur 3 récepteurs connus, GalR1-2-3 qui appartient à la grande famille des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (GPCR). Bien que la Galanine et ses trois récepteurs soient fortement exprimés au niveau périphérique, leur rôle dans les effets périphériques et leur implication en pathologie ont été très peu étudié. L'objectif de mon travail de thèse a été d'identifier le rôle de la galanine dans le remodelage myocardique, qui constitue un déterminant majeur dans la progression de l'insuffisance cardiaque. Dans un premier temps, nous avons démontré que la galanine possède des propriétés anti-apoptotiques et anti-oxydantes in vitro dans les cardiomyocytes. En effet, le traitement de cellules par la galanine entraîne une diminution de l'apoptose et de la production de radicaux libres oxygénés en réponse à l'hypoxie. En accord avec ces effets bénéfiques au niveau cellulaire, les études in vivo réalisées dans un modèle d'ischémie-reperfusion cardiaque, ont montré que le traitement à la galanine dans la phase précoce de reperfusion réduit l'apoptose et la nécrose myocardique. De plus, nous avons confirmé in vivo l'importance de la galanine dans la défense contre le stress oxydant associé aux lésions mitochondriales post-ischémiques. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons mis en évidence le rôle important de la galanine dans le contrôle de l'activité des fibroblastes cardiaques in vitro. Nous avons montré que la galanine inhibe des étapes clés d'activation de la cascade pro-fibrotique dans les fibroblastes cardiaques. Les propriétés anti-fibrotiques de la galanine ont également été confirmées in vivo dans un modèle de surcharge en pression par constriction aortique chez la souris. Dans ce modèle, nos résultats montrent que le traitement chronique à la galanine s'accompagne d'une amélioration de la fonction cardiaque. Ces données nous ont permis de démontrer que la galanine joue un rôle clé dans le remodelage cardiaque et de proposer la galanine comme un candidat potentiel dans le traitement de l'insuffisance cardiaque. / Galanin is an ubiquitous 29 amino acid peptide in mammals (30 in humans) that controls many biological functions: (I) endocrine secretions (insulin, somatostatin, glucagon); (II) behavior control (food intake, nociception, learning, memory, pain); (III) muscle tonicity in the digestive tract. This peptide has been particularly studied in the central nervous system where it plays a role in the evolution of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. Although Galanin and its three receptors (GalR1, GalR2, GalR3) are strongly expressed at the peripheral level, their role in peripheral effects and their involvement in the pathology have been poorly studied. The objective of my thesis work was to identify the role of galanin in myocardial remodeling, which is a major determinant in the progression of heart failure. Firstly, we demonstrated that galanin has anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant properties in vitro in cardiomyocytes. Indeed, the treatment of cells with galanin causes a dose-dependent decrease in apoptosis and reactive oxygen species in response to hypoxia. In line with these beneficial effects at the cellular level, using in vivo model of cardiac ischaemia-reperfusion we showed that galanin treatment reduces apoptosis and necrosis in the early phase of reperfusion. In addition, we confirmed in vivo the importance of galanin in the defense against oxidative stress associated with post-ischemic mitochondrial lesions. Secondly, we demonstrated the important role of galanin in controlling the activity of cardiac fibroblasts. Using in vitro models, we have shown that galanin inhibits activation of key steps of the pro-fibrotic cascade in cardiac fibroblasts. The anti-fibrotic properties of galanin were also confirmed in vivo in a mouse model of pressure overload-induced heart failure. This observation is accompanied by an improvement of cardiac function. These data reveal that galanin plays a key role in cardiac remodeling and suggest galanin as a potential candidate in the treatment of heart failure.

Sex steroids in general and estrogens in particular – in addition to their effects on the reproductive organs – affect a large number of crucial bodily functions, including “higher” brain functions. Neuropeptides constitute the phylogenetically oldest neurotransmitter system and are currently thought to act mainly during stress, disease or injury. The concentration of galanin is i.a. up-regulated by injury to the nervous system and by estrogen. The main focus of the present thesis was to investigate whether the reported neuroprotective effect of 17β-estradiol in experimental animal stroke models is partially mediated through its effects on galanin and if galanin per se exerts neuroprotective effects in stroke. An exploratory study of the effects of sex steroid concentrations due to gender and pubertal development showed differences in concentrations of i.a. the neuropeptides galanin and neuropeptide Y also in brain regions of female rats important for higher brain functions, including hippocampus and cortex, brain regions not directly involved in reproduction. Puberty brings about changes in several hormonal mechanisms, and our studies showed that the major effect on the concentrations of galanin in various brain regions of ovariectomized (ovx) rats, was brought about by 17β-estradiol. The pathophysiological mechanisms involved in thrombolysis – the current treatment of choice in human stroke – attempts the re-establishment of perfusion (reperfusion) to the lesioned area of the brain. This prompted us to develop a reperfusion stroke model in rats designed to be mild, focal and transient, allowing long-term observation periods of animals thriving well postoperatively. Mortality and morbidity during and after the middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion are important confounding factors crucial for the results. Changing anaesthesia from intraperitoneally administered chloral hydrate to isofl urane inhalation anaesthesia using endotracheal intubation and controlled ventilation markedly reduced the mortality rate from 25% to 10.6%, which was even further reduced down to 2.7 % by successively improved surgical skills. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, long-term 17β-estradiol treatment resulted in larger ischemic lesions in our stroke model compared to control treatment. After 3 days the cerebral ischemic lesion area was doubled after 17β-estradiol treatment in rats subjected to 60 min microclip occlusion of the MCA followed by reperfusion. A similar, but not statistically signifi cant difference was found after 7 and 14 days. Three groups studying different types of experimental animal stroke and different doses of 17β-estradiol treatment have recently also demonstrated lack of neuroprotection by 17β-estradiol treatment. Furthermore, large epidemiological clinical studies have recently also reported an increased risk and poorer outcome in postmenopausal women subjected to hormone replacement therapy. The concentrations of galanin-like immunoreactivity in extracts of punch biopsies from the penumbra area after transient MCA occlusion were found unchanged, but were decreased (p=0.015) in the apparently undamaged ipsilateral hippocampus. Galanin administered by continuous intracerebroventricular infusion (2.4 nmol/day) resulted in a 30% larger ischemic lesion compared to controls, measured 7 days after the MCA occlusion. Taken together, these results indicate that galanin in the brain is primarily a factor reacting to ischemic injury rather than a neuroprotective factor in its own right. Very limited information is available about the steady state serum concentrations of 17β-estradiol in response to different modes of administration to rats for days and weeks. The need for this information has become especially apparent during recent years due to the observable dichotomy of estrogens effects – neuroprotective or not – in the various animal models of brain ischemia reported in the current scientific literature. The cause of this dichotomy is likely to be found in the experimental setup, including the mode of administration of 17β-estradiol. Delayed steady state of serum 17β-estradiol concentrations were found when comparing two common modes of exogenous administration of 17β-estradiol – slow-release osmotic pumps vs. daily subcutaneously injections of 17β-estradiol solved in sesame oil – to ovx rats during 2 times 6 weeks crossover treatment. Steady state was reached at week 4 in the daily injections group compared to at week 6 in the slow release osmotic pumps group. Once steady state was reached, the concentration was the same in both groups for the reminder of the experiment (in total 12 weeks). / On the day of the public defence of the doctoral thesis, the status of article V was: Available on line since 24th of May 2005.

Diss. Linköping : Univ., 2001.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2010.

In the nervous system galanin primarily displays a modulatory role. The galaninergic system consists of a number of bioactive peptides with a highly plastic expression pattern and three different receptors. The lack of receptor subtype selective ligands and antibodies have severely hampered the charac-terization of this system. Therefore, most of the knowledge has been drawn from experiments with transgenic animals, which has given some major conclusions, despite the compensatory effects seen in several animal studies. Therefore, the production of subtype selective ligands is of great importance to delineate the galanin system and slowly experimental data from receptor subtype selective ligand trials is emerging. This thesis aims at studying galanin receptor-ligand interactions and to increase and improve the utilized tools in the galanin research field, espe-cially the development of novel galanin receptor subtype selective ligands. Paper I demonstrates the potential to N-terminally extend galanin ana-logues and the successful development of a galanin receptor 2 (GalR2) selec-tive ligand. In addition, a cell line stably expressing galanin receptor 3 (GalR3) was developed, to improve and simplify future evaluations of sub-type selective galanin ligands. Paper II measures the affinities of M617 and M871 to GalR3 and demon-strates that M871 preferentially binds GalR2. Furthermore, the relatively high affinity of M617 was evaluated by assessing the contribution in recep-tor interaction of individual amino acid residues in the C-terminal part of the M617. In conclusion, this thesis has provided a novel design strategy for galanin receptor ligands and increased the understanding of ligand interactions with the GalR3. Furthermore, M1145 has together with new analogues proven to be highly GalR2 specific, holding promises to future delineation of the galaninergic system as a therapeutic target.

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