L’histoire normative française comme l’histoire normative sarde, démontre une certaine ambivalence vis-à-vis des jeux de hasard, exprimée dans les textes répressifs (le décret du 24 juin 1806 et les articles 410 et 475 du Code pénal de 1810). Le cadre répressif dominant, au travers des lois du 21 mai et du 18 juillet 1836, révèle de nouveau cette ambivalence. En effet, l’article 4 du décret de 1806 et l’article 5 de la loi du 21 mai 1836, traduisent déjà une tolérance de l’administration supérieure vis-à-vis de la progression des jeux. Aussi, les autorités préfectorales confirment une tolérance progressive vis-à-vis des jeux de hasard. Localement, des casinos sont autorisés, après l’annexion à la France en 1860, ils suscitent des controverses de la presse et d’une partie de l’opinion publique. Néanmoins, face à la concurrence d’un État limitrophe (la principauté de Monaco), les pouvoirs publics des Alpes-Maritimes encouragent une politique d’exploitation des jeux, car favorable au développement urbain, généré par la villégiature, puis le tourisme. Un droit empirique des jeux de hasard se développe alors dans la zone de villégiature du département. La réforme nationale normative du 15 juin 1907, en légalisant alors les casinos-cercles dans les stations balnéaires, thermales et climatiques, est particulièrement favorable aux Alpes-Maritimes. Dorénavant, les intérêts économiques prévalent sur des considérations morales. La sphère des jeux devient un élément convoité. L’attraction financière, notamment vis-à-vis du prélèvement communal sur le produit des jeux, laisse entrevoir un droit utilitariste conforté par la réforme de la loi de finances en 1953. / The French normative history, just like the Sardian normative history shows a certain ambivalence when it comes to gambling games, as it’s expressed in repressive texts (the June 24th 1804 bill and the 410 and 475 articles from the 1810 criminal Code). The dominant repressive framework, through the laws of May 21st and July 18th 1836, reveals again that ambivalence. Indeed, the article 4 from the 1806’s bill and the 5 from the May 21st 1836’law, already translate a progressive tolerance of the games progression from the superior administration. Also, the prefectural authorities confirm a progressive tolerance about gambling games. Locally, some casinos are allowed, after the annexion to France in 1860, they bring up some controversial reactions from the press and the public opinion. However, because of the concurrence coming from a neighboring state (the principality of Monaco), the public authorities of the Alpes-Maritimes, encourage the game exploitation, because of their favorable impact on the urban development, generated by resorts then tourism. An empirical right to gambling games is then developing in the resort area of the department. The national reform of June, which legalized the casinos in the seaside, health and thermal stations is especially beneficial to the Alpes-Maritimes. From now on, the economic interests prevail on moral considerations. The gambling sphere becomes a much coveted domain. The financial attraction, especially from the communal tax on gambling games, shows a glimpse of the utilitarian law later confronted by the financial reform in 1953.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o comportamento de jogadores que frequentam casas de bingo, videopoker e Jockey Club. Foram pesquisados 171 sujeitos, sendo 63 no Jockey Club, 65 em casas de bingo e 43 em casas de videopoker. Em cada categoria de jogo obtiveram-se 25 questionários classificados como jogadores patológicos pela escala SOGS. A maioria dos entrevistados eram de sexo masculino, casados, de religião católica, tinham 2o. grau ou superior completo e trabalhava em período integral. A média de idade foi de 40 anos e a mediana da renda foi R$ 4.000,00. Em ordem decrescente, os jogos mais praticados pelo menos uma vez na vida pelos jogadores pesquisados foram: loteria, bingo, cartas e corridas de cavalo. Jogadores patológicos e jogadores não patológicos não se diferenciaram quanto a nenhuma das características socio-demográficas pesquisadas, mas se diferenciaram quanto à prática de alguns jogos. Na vida, mais jogadores patológicos jogaram carta, em corridas de cavalo, videopoker e dados do que os não patológicos. Nos últimos 12 meses e nos últimos 30 dias, jogadores patológicos se diferenciaram por jogar mais videopoker. Esses jogadores também utilizaram mais dinheiro para apostar em um só dia, além declararem ter ganho quantias maiores de dinheiro no jogo. Quanto ao estado emocional relativo ao jogo, jogadores patológicos tendem a ficar mais ficam tensos antes de jogar e relatam sentimentos negativos durante e depois do jogo. Não patológicos sentem-se bem e tranquilos antes, relatam sentimentos neutros durante e positivos depois de jogar. Quando pararam de jogar por um tempo, jogadores patológicos relataram sentimentos negativos enquanto que os não patológicos relataram sentimentos neutros. Jogadores patológicos sentem mais falta do jogo quando param de jogar, mas poucos procuraram ajuda devido a problemas associados ao jogo. Pais de jogadores patológicos não se diferenciaram quanto ao fato de jogarem ou beberem demais de pais de jogadores não patológicos . Quando se analisa o uso de álcool e outras drogas, a única diferença significativa encontrada foi maior uso de tabaco na vida pelos jogadores patológicos. Os jogadores patológicos pesquisados no bingo, videopoker e Jockey Club foram também comparados entre si. As únicas diferenças significativas encontradas foram: presença de mais jogadores casados no bingo e jovens no videopoker; no Jockey Club, maior frequência de apostas em esportes, de discussão familiar por causa do dinheiro gasto no jogo e de empréstimo por agiotas. / In this study sociodemographic variables and gambling behavior of videopoker, bingo and horse-race gamblers were examined. One hundred seventy one subjects, 63 from the Jockey-Club of São Paulo, 65 from bingo clubs and 43 from videopoker clubs were administered a questionnaire adapted from the South Oacks Gambling Screen - SOGS, and 25 individuals of each group were classified as pathological gamblers. The majority of subjects were married catholic males, who had at least a high school degree and full-time jobs. Mean age was 40 years and median income was U$ 4000.00. In descending order, lottery, bingo, card games, and horse-race were the most frequent types of games played at least once by the subjects. Comparisons between pathological and non-pathological gamblers revealed no significant difference in any sociodemographic variables, but the two groups differed in their gambling activities. Pathological gamblers had played significantly more cards, bet on horses, played videopoker and dice games in their lives than the other group. Pathological gamblers also played significantly more videopoker in the previous month and previous year than non-pathological gamblers. They also bet more money in one day of gambling and also reported making more money from this activity than non-pathological gamblers. With respect to gambling-related emotions, pathological gamblers reported feeling tense before gambling and negative affects during and after gambling. The non-pathological group reported a sense of well being before gambling and neutral affects during and after it. Pathological-gamblers reported negative affects during periods when they stopped gambling, while neutral feelings were reported by the non-pathological group. The former also missed this activity more than the non-pathological group, but few sought help for problems associated with gambling. Gambling habits and alcohol use between parents of pathological and non-pathological gamblers were not significantly different. The two groups also did not differ in their use of alcohol and other drugs but tobacco, which was significantly more consumed in a lifetime by the pathological gambling subjects. Comparisons between bingo, videopoker and horse-race subgroups evidenced few significant differences. There were more married subjects in the bingo group and younger individuals in the videopoker group. The pathological gamblers interviewed at the Jockey Club reported higher frequency of bets in sports, of family arguments between family members because of the amount of money spent on gambling and more credit lines with bookies.

Šiame darbe atskleidžiama azartinių lošimų santykių prigimtis, jų specifinis pobūdis ir poveikis visuomenei. Pagrindžiamas specialaus azartinių lošimų reglamentavimo poreikis, formuojami tokio reglamentavimo uždaviniai bei reikalavimai šių uždavinių įgyvendinimo būdams. Azartinių lošimų srityje nurodomi svarbiausi socialiniai pokyčiai, keliantys naujus reikalavimus nagrinėjamų santykių teisinam reglamentavimui. Remiantis Lietuvos Respublikos ir pasirinktų užsienio šalių (Austrijos, Belgijos, Didžiosios Britanijos, Lenkijos, Šveicarijos ir kitų šalių) norminių teisės aktų bei kitų šaltinių analize išskiriamos specialios azartinių lošimų reguliavimo priemonės. Vertinamas šių priemonių bei jų taikymo būdų atitikimas suformuluotiems reglamentavimo uždavinių įgyvendinimo reikalavimams (suformuluotam bendrajam idealumo kriterijui). Remiantis autoriaus gautomis išvadomis darbo pabaigoje pateikiamas abstraktus, aprašomojo pobūdžio idealus azartinių lošimų reglamentavimo modelis, kuriame siūlomos principinės nuostatos, orientacinės gairės azartinių lošimų reglamentavimo modeliui šiuolaikinėje demokratinėje valstybėje. / In this graduation work the nature of gambling, specific character of it and the influence of gambling to the society is being disclosed. Also, the special regulation of gambling is being justified and the main goals of such special regulation are being formed as well as the requirements to the implements of these goals. In the area of gambling games the main social changes that brings new chalenges for gambling regulation are being pointed. The law and special sources of gambling in Lithuania and other countries (Austria, Belgium, United Kingdom, Poland, Switzerland and others) is also being analyzed. Acording to the mentioned analysis, the special instrumentalities of gambling regulation are being parted. After that, the parted instrumentalities of gambling regulation are being considered to the formed general perfect gambling regulation criterion. Finally, according to the author's conclusions, an abstract, descriptive model of gambling perfect gambling regulation is being proposed. In this model principled attitudes, orientational guidlines of gambling regulation in modern democracy are being proposed.

Legal regulation of lotteries and other similar games The thesis deals with legal regulation of lotteries and other similar games not limited in the legal system of Czech Republic, but also from the perspective of European law. The main objective of this work is to analyze the legal provisions of the Act No. 202/1990 Coll., on the Lotteries and other similar games. It is a valid law, the basis adjustments operation of lotteries and other similar games in our country. The thesis is divided into the three chapters. The first chapter is subdivided into two major parts. The first part deals with the legal regulation of the lotteries and other similar games in the Czech legal order and the second part is focused on the legislation of this part of industry in the European legal order. The first part begins with a brief overview into the history of the gambling. Consequently I analyze the private law regulation with a focus on key provisions of the Act No. 40/1964 Coll., Civil Code. The largest part of the first chapter is devoted to analysis of the public law regulation of the games of chance in the relevant provisions of the Act No. 202/1990 Coll., on the Lotteries and other similar games. These are the provisions that define special properties of gambling and the specific conditions for gambling...